Kernefysik

Esta monografia é uma coletânea de artigos científicos publicados pelo pessoal do Departamento Internacional de Física Nuclear, Novos Materiais e Tecnologias, do Laboratório de Perfil de Engenharia da Universidade Nacional Eurasiática L.N. Gumilev e do Laboratório de Física do Estado Sólido da Sucursal de Astana do Instituto de Física Nuclear do DOE RK, dedicados ao estudo dos mecanismos de formação de defeitos resultantes da irradiação de iões pesados em materiais estruturais baseados em cerâmica. Na monografia é dada especial atenção aos métodos não destrutivos de avaliação dos danos causados pela radiação na cerâmica, resultantes da interação com iões pesados, bem como à cinética das suas alterações em função da dose de irradiação e do tipo de irradiação.Esta monografia foi apoiada pelo Comité de Ciência do Ministério da Educação e Ciência da República do Cazaquistão no âmbito do projeto de subvenção AP08051975 "Estudo da resistência à radiação e avaliação da aplicabilidade de cerâmicas de nitreto como materiais estruturais para engenharia de energia nuclear".

Bei dieser Monographie handelt es sich um eine Sammlung wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten, die von den Mitarbeitern der Internationalen Abteilung für Kernphysik, neue Materialien und Technologien, des Labors für technisches Profil der Eurasischen Nationalen Universität L.N. Gumilev und des Labors für Festkörperphysik der Astana-Abteilung des Instituts für Kernphysik des DOE RK veröffentlicht wurden und sich mit der Untersuchung der Mechanismen der Defektbildung bei der Bestrahlung von Schwerionen in Strukturmaterialien auf Keramikbasis befassen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird in der Monographie auf zerstörungsfreie Methoden zur Bewertung von Strahlenschäden in Keramiken gelegt, die durch die Wechselwirkung mit schweren Ionen entstehen, sowie auf die Kinetik ihrer Veränderungen in Abhängigkeit von der Bestrahlungsdosis und der Art der Bestrahlung.Diese Monographie wurde vom Wissenschaftskomitee des Ministeriums für Bildung und Wissenschaft der Republik Kasachstan im Rahmen des Projekts AP08051975 "Untersuchung der Strahlungsbeständigkeit und Bewertung der Anwendbarkeit von Nitridkeramiken als Konstruktionswerkstoffe für die Kernenergietechnik" unterstützt.

This book focuses on the modern development of techniques for analysis of the hierarchical structure of polymers from both the experimental and theoretical points of view. Starting with molecular and crystal symmetry, the author explains fundamental and professional methods, such as wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, NMR, and synchrotron radiation. In addition, the author explains another indispensable method, computer simulation, which includes energy calculation, lattice dynamics, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry. These various methods are described in a systematic way so that the reader can utilize them for the purpose of 3D structure analysis of polymers. Not only such analytical knowledge but also the preparation techniques of samples necessary for these measurements and the methods of analyzing the experimental data collected in this way are given in a concrete manner. Examples are offered to help master the principles of how to clarify the static structures and dynamic structural changes in the phase transitions of various kinds of crystalline polymers that are revealed by these novel methods. The examples are quite useful for readers who want to apply these techniques in finding practical solutions to concrete problems that are encountered in their own research. The principal audience for this book is made up of young professional researchers including those working in industry, but it can also be used as an excellent reference for graduate-level students.This book is the first volume of a two-volume set with Structural Science of Crystalline Polymers: A Microscopically Viewed Structure-Property Relationship being the second volume by the same author.

Non-Abelian gauge theories, such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) or electroweak theory, are best studied with the aid of Green's functions that are gauge-invariant off-shell, but unlike for the photon in quantum electrodynamics, conventional graphical constructions fail. The pinch technique provides a systematic framework for constructing such Green's functions, and has many useful applications. Beginning with elementary one-loop examples, this book goes on to extend the method to all orders, showing that the pinch technique is equivalent to calculations in the background field Feynman gauge. The Schwinger¿Dyson equations are derived within the pinch technique framework, and are used to show how a dynamical gluon mass arises in QCD. Finally the volume turns to its many applications. This book is ideal for elementary particle theorists and graduate students. This 2011 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

A clear and original introductory 2000 text on the physics of heavy quarks, written by two world leading experts.

This 2002 book introduces the quantum theory of gauge fields. Emphasis is placed on four non-perturbative methods: path integrals, lattice gauge theories, the 1/N expansion, and reduced matrix models, all of which have important contemporary applications. Written as a textbook, it assumes a knowledge of quantum mechanics and elements of perturbation theory, while many relevant concepts are pedagogically introduced at a basic level in the first half of the book. The second half comprehensively covers large-N Yang-Mills theory. The book uses an approach to gauge theories based on path-dependent phase factors known as the Wilson loops, and contains problems with detailed solutions to aid understanding. Suitable for advanced graduate courses in quantum field theory, the book will also be of interest to researchers in high energy theory and condensed matter physics as a survey of recent developments in gauge theory.

This book develops the basic formalism and theoretical techniques for studying relativistic quantum field theory at high temperature and density. Specific physical theories treated include QED, QCD, electroweak theory, and effective nuclear field theories of hadronic and nuclear matter. Topics covered include: functional integral representation of the partition function, diagrammatic expansions, linear response theory, screening and plasma oscillations, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone theorem, resummation and hard thermal loops, lattice gauge theory, phase transitions, nucleation theory, quark-gluon plasma, and color superconductivity. Applications to astrophysics and cosmology cover white dwarf and neutron stars, neutrino emissivity, baryon number violation in the early universe, and cosmological phase transitions. Applications to relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are also included. The book is written for theorists in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Released initially in 2006, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Providing a new perspective on quantum field theory, this book gives a pedagogical and up-to-date exposition of non-perturbative methods in relativistic quantum field theory and introduces the reader to modern research work in theoretical physics. It describes in detail non-perturbative methods in quantum field theory, and explores two- dimensional and four- dimensional gauge dynamics using those methods. The book concludes with a summary emphasizing the interplay between two- and four- dimensional gauge theories. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book covers topics from two-dimensional conformal symmetry, affine Lie algebras, solitons, integrable models, bosonization, and 't Hooft model, to four-dimensional conformal invariance, integrability, large N expansion, Skyrme model, monopoles and instantons. Applications, first to simple field theories and gauge dynamics in two dimensions, and then to gauge theories in four dimensions and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in particular, are thoroughly described.

This book introduces the physics and technology of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC), highlighting the most recent modifications that shaped the final configuration, which is now in the advanced stages of its construction.This new High-Luminosity configuration of the LHC is the major accelerator project of this decade and will give new life to the LHC after its first fifteen years of operation, allowing for more precise measurements of the Higgs Boson and extending the mass limit reach for new particles.The LHC is such a highly optimized machine that upgrading it requires breakthroughs in many areas. Unsurprisingly, the High-Luminosity LHC required a long R&D period to bring into life an innovative accelerator magnet, based on Nb3Sn and capable of generating fields in the 11-12 T range, as well as many other new accelerator technologies such as superconducting compact RF crab cavities, advanced collimation concepts, a novel powering technology based on high temperature superconducting links, and others.The book is a self-consistent series of papers, which addresses all technology and design issues. Each paper can be read separately as well. The first few papers provide a summary of the whole project, the physics motivation, and the accelerator challenges. Altogether, this book brings the reader to the heart of the technologies that will also be key for the next generation of hadron colliders.This book is an essential reference for physicists and engineers in the field of hadron colliders and LHC related issues and can also be read by postgraduate students.

Le mot laser est formé à partir des premières lettres de l'expression latine "amplification de la lumière par émission inductive de rayonnement", qui se situe généralement dans les longueurs d'onde du spectre électromagnétique proche de l'infrarouge, du visible et de l'ultraviolet. Les émissions de longueurs d'onde plus importantes dans la région des micro-ondes, semblables à celles d'un laser, sont appelées "masers". Fondamentalement, le laser est une source de lumière cohérente et monochromatique. La proposition d'utiliser l'émission inductive d'un système à population inverse pour l'amplification des micro-ondes a été faite indépendamment par Weber, Gordon, Zeiger, Townes, Basov et Prokhorov. La première utilisation pratique de ces amplificateurs a été réalisée par le groupe de Jordon, Zeiger et Townes à l'Université de Californie. Ce groupe a choisi le nom de Mizer, formé à partir du début des lettres Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (amplification des micro-ondes par émission stimulée de rayonnement). Le premier maser a été fabriqué en utilisant la transition micro-ondes dans les molécules d'ammoniac. En 1958, la première suggestion d'activité de maser à des fréquences légères a été faite dans un article de Scavolo et Townes. En 1960, moins de deux ans plus tard, Millman a réussi à fabriquer un laser à rubis pulsé.

Il termine laser deriva dalle prime lettere della frase in latino light amplification by the inductive emission of radiation (amplificazione della luce attraverso l'emissione induttiva di radiazioni), che di solito si trovano nelle lunghezze d'onda del vicino infrarosso, del visibile e dell'ultravioletto dello spettro elettromagnetico. Le emissioni di tipo laser di lunghezze d'onda maggiori nella regione delle microonde sono chiamate "maser". In sostanza, il laser è una sorgente di luce coerente e monocromatica. La proposta di utilizzare l'emissione induttiva di un sistema a popolazione inversa per l'amplificazione delle microonde è stata avanzata in modo indipendente da Weber, Gordon, Zeiger, Townes, Basov e Prokhorov. Il primo utilizzo pratico di tali amplificatori fu fatto dal gruppo di Jordon, Zeiger e Townes presso l'Università della California. Questo gruppo scelse il nome Mizer, formato dall'inizio delle lettere Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Il primo maser fu realizzato utilizzando la transizione a microonde nelle molecole di ammoniaca. Nel 1958, in un articolo di Scavolo e Townes, fu fatto il primo accenno all'attività dei maser a frequenze leggere. Nel 1960, meno di due anni dopo, Millman riuscì a realizzare un laser a rubino pulsato.

Slowo lazer obrazowano iz perwyh bukw frazy usilenie sweta putem induktiwnoj ämissii izlucheniq na latyni, kotoroe obychno nahoditsq w blizhnej infrakrasnoj, widimoj i ul'trafioletowoj dlinah woln älektromagnitnogo spektra. Lazeropodobnye izlucheniq bolee dlinnyh woln w mikrowolnowoj oblasti nazywaütsq "mazerami". Po suti, lazerom nazywaüt kogerentnyj i monohromaticheskij istochnik sweta. Predlozhenie ispol'zowat' induktiwnoe izluchenie sistemy s inwersnoj naselennost'ü dlq usileniq mikrowolnowogo izlucheniq bylo nezawisimo wyskazano Veberom, Gordonom, Cejgerom, Taunsom, Basowym i Prohorowym. Perwoe prakticheskoe ispol'zowanie takih usilitelej bylo osuschestwleno gruppoj Dzhordona, Zejgera i Taunsa w Kalifornijskom uniwersitete. Jeta gruppa wybrala nazwanie Mizer, kotoroe bylo obrazowano ot nachala bukw Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Perwyj mazer byl sdelan s ispol'zowaniem mikrowolnowogo perehoda w molekulah ammiaka. V 1958 godu w stat'e Skawolo i Taunsa bylo sdelano perwoe predpolozhenie o mazernoj aktiwnosti na swetowyh chastotah. V 1960 godu, menee chem cherez dwa goda, Millmanu udalos' sdelat' impul'snyj rubinowyj lazer.

A concise and accessible explanation of the science and technology behind the domestication of nuclear fusion energy.Nuclear fusion research tells us that the Sun uses one gram of hydrogen to make as much energy as can be obtained by burning eight tons of petroleum. If nuclear fusion—the process that makes the stars shine—could be domesticated for commercial energy production, the world would gain an inexhaustible source of energy that neither depletes natural resources nor produces greenhouse gases. In Star Power, Alan Bécoulet offers a concise and accessible primer on fusion energy, explaining the science and technology of nuclear fusion and describing the massive international scientific effort to achieve commercially viable fusion energy.Bécoulet draws on his work as Head of Engineering at ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) to explain how scientists are trying to “put the sun in a box.” He surveys the history of nuclear power, beginning with post–World War II efforts to use atoms for peaceful purposes and describes how energy is derived from fusion, explaining that the essential principle of fusion is based on the capacity of nucleons (protons and neutrons) to assemble and form structures (atomic nuclei) in spite of electrical repulsion between protons, which all have a positive charge. He traces the evolution of fusion research and development, mapping the generation of electric current though fusion. The ITER project marks a giant step in the development of fusion energy, with the potential to demonstrate the feasibility of a nuclear fusion reactor. Star Power offers an introduction to what may be the future of energy production.

This textbook highlights the fundamentals, applications and research frontiers of the civil-use non-power nuclear technology, especially the radioisotopes and radiation technology. The wide scope of applications and the active research in the subject field calls for a comprehensive textbook that not only explains the basic principles but also links the fundamentals to the various application fields. The book systematically leads students from isotope preparation, to nuclear analysis, and to the civil applications in areas such as chemical engineering, agriculture, medicine, environmental protection and materials modification. The application in the energy field is briefly introduced. The book can be used as good teaching materials for upper undergraduate and graduate students in nuclear science and technology. It is also a handy reference book for researchers and engineers in the above mentioned fields.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of hydrogen negative ion sources and their applications to particle acceleration and nuclear fusion. The book begins with fundamental aspects of negative ion production by volume and surface processes in hydrogen and its isotopes. It covers key topics, such as the need for separation of negative ion production and extraction regions, the need for lowering the work function of the plasma electrode by using caesium vapor or special materials for caesium-free sources, and the ion extractor structure required for hydrogen negative ion sources. Chapters covering various specific ion sources and applications are written by scientists who participated in their development and include sources for accelerators and for neutral beam injection into controlled nuclear fusion reactors.

Written by leading experts in the field, this book highlights an authoritative and comprehensive introduction to thermo-mechanically coupled cyclic deformation and fatigue failure of shape memory alloys. The book deals with: (1) experimental observations on the cyclic deformation and fatigue failure in the macroscopic and microscopic scales; (2) molecular dynamics and phase-field simulations for the thermo-mechanical behaviors and underlying mechanisms during cyclic deformation; (3) macroscopic phenomenological and crystal plasticity-based cyclic constitutive models; and (4) fatigue failure models. This book is an important reference for students, practicing engineers and researchers who study shape memory alloys in the areas of mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering as well as materials science.

This book highlights the intrinsic structures of all kinds of energetic compounds and some structure-property relationships therein. Energetic materials are a class of energy materials that can transiently release a large amount of gases and heat by self-redox after stimulated and usually refer to explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Nowadays, in combination with various theories and simulation-aided material design technologies, many new kinds of energetic materials like energetic extended solids, energetic ionic salts, energetic metal organic frames, energetic co-crystals and energetic perovskites have been created, in addition to traditional energetic molecular crystals. It is somewhat dazzling, and an issue of how we can understand these new types of energetic materials is raised. In the past about 20 years, we were immersed in the computational energetic materials. By means of defining a concept of intrinsic structures of energetic materials, which refers to the crystal packing structure of energetic materials, as well as molecule for molecular solid specially, the microscopic structures have been mostly clarified, and related with many macroscopic properties and performances, with molecular simulations. This book presents our understanding about it. Thereby, a simply and new way to readily understand energetic materials is expected to be paved, based on this book.It contains energetic molecular crystals, energetic ionic crystals, energetic atomic crystals, energetic metallic crystals and energetic mixed-type crystals and the substructures closest to crystal packing. Meanwhile, the common intermolecular interactions in energetic crystals will be introduced. In addition, theoretical and simulation methods for treating the intrinsic structures will be briefed, as they are the main tools to reveal the molecules and crystals. Besides, the polymorphism as a level of intrinsic structures will be briefly discussed. In the final of this book, we introduce the crystal engineering of energetic materials. This book features the first proposal of intrinsic structure and crystal engineering of energetic materials and the understanding of the properties and performances of energetic materials by maintaining a concept that structure determines property. It helps to promote the rationality in creating new energetic materials, rather than increase experience.

Fusion power may offer a long-term energy supply with an uninterrupted power delivery, a high power-generation density, and no greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to preventing the worst effects of climate change and making an enduring contribution to future energy supply. However, the intense conditions inside a fusion power plant (extreme temperatures and high magnetic fields necessary for nuclear fusion) call for addressing several potential problems. These include the development of new materials with extremely high heat tolerances and low enough vapor pressure and the design of mechanical structures that can withstand the electromagnetic force generated as well as feedback controllers to measure and counteract the unstable modes of evolution of the plasma, to name a few. The future of nuclear fusion as an efficient alternative energy source depends largely on techniques that enable us to control these instabilities. Mathematical modelling and physical experiments attempt to overcome some of the hindrances posed by these complexities. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in this fascinating and critically important field of pure and applied physics, mathematics, and engineering, presenting some of the most recent developments in theory, modelling, algorithms, experiments, and applications.

This book presents experimental work conducted on the International Space Station (ISS) in order to characterize metals and alloys in the liquid state. The internationally recognized authors present and discuss experiments performed in microgravity that enabled the study of the relevant volume and surface related properties free of the restrictions of a gravity-based environment. The collection serves also as a handbook of space experiments using electromagnetic levitation techniques. A summary of recent results provides an overview of the wealth of space experiment data, which will ignite further research activities and inspire academics and industrial research departments for their continuous development. 

For over 60 years, scientists and engineers have been trying to crack a seemingly intractable problem: how to build practical devices that exploit nuclear fusion. Access to electricity has facilitated a standard of living that was previously unimaginable, but as the world¿s population grows and developing nations increasingly reap the benefits of electrification, we face a serious global problem: burning fossil fuels currently produces about eighty percent of the world's energy, but it produces a greenhouse effect that traps outgoing infrared radiation and warms the planet, risking dire environmental consequences unless we reduce our fossil fuel consumption to near zero in the coming decades. Nuclear fusion, the energy-producing process in the sun and stars, could provide the answer: if it can be successfully harnessed here on Earth, it will produce electricity with near-zero CO2 byproduct by using the nuclei in water as its main fuel. The principles behind fusion are understood, but the technology is far from being fully realized, and governments, universities, and venture capitalists are pumping vast amounts of money into many ideas, some highly speculative, that could lead to functioning fusion reactors. This book puts all of these attempts together in one place, providing clear explanations for readers who are interested in new energy technologies, including those with no formal training in science or engineering. For each of the many approaches to fusion, the reader will learn who pioneered the approach, how the concept works in plain English, how experimental tests were engineered, the future prospects, and comparison with other approaches. From long-established fusion technologies to emerging and exotic methods, the reader will learn all about the idea that could eventually constitute the single greatest engineering advance in human history.

This book highlights the fundamentals for understanding the essential problems and latest progresses in basic water science. Water is the most abundant, fundamental and important matter in nature. Arguably it is also the material that human beings study the most but misunderstand the most. Compared with the environmental science and engineering research activities on water resources, water pollution and water usage closely related to social problems at the macro level, basic scientific research on water at the molecular level has just emerged, the impact of which is not fully recognized yet. This book is devoted to introducing some important advances in the field of basic water science in past decades, with a particular emphasis on recent results on water and the interactions between water and solid surfaces at the molecular level. Starting from introducing concepts and popular theoretical and experimental methods for basic water research, this book mainly focuses on the atomic composition, electronic structure, and physicochemical properties of water molecules, water clusters and water layers (including surface water layers and water surface layers), rules for water adsorption on metals, oxides, and other typical solid surfaces such as salt, as well as the microscopic processes and mechanisms of water diffusion, wetting, decomposition and phase transformations under a variety of conditions. It is a good reference book for students and researchers in water-related science.

The Case for Nukes is a unique book. In it, world-renowned nuclear and aerospace engineerDr. Robert Zubrin explains how nuclear power works and how much it has to offer humanity. Hedebunks the toxic falsehoods that have been spread to dissuade us from using it by variously theignorant, the fearful, the fanatical, and by cynical political operatives bought and paid for bycompeting interests. He tells about revolutionary developments in the field, including newreactor types that can be cheaply mass produced, that cannot be made to melt down no matterhow hard their operators try, that use a new fuel called thorium far more plentiful than uranium,and still more advanced systems, employing thermonuclear fusion - the power that lights the sun- to extract more energy from a gallon of water than can be obtained from 300 gallons ofgasoline. He tells about the bold entrepreneurs - a totally different breed from the governmentofficials who created the existing types of nuclear reactors - who are leading this revolution inpower technology.But there are broader issues involved in the nuclear debate than technology alone, and Zubrinis not shy about addressing them. He makes clear the critical difference between practicalenvironmentalism, which seeks to improve the environment for the benefit of humanity, andideological environmentalism, which seeks to use instances of human insult to naturalenvironment as evidence for a prosecutorial case against human liberty. He shows how the latterschool of thought is wrong, not only with respect to the catastrophic harm it would do tohumanity, but to nature as well. He also exposes the masters of mercenary environmentalism,who deploy troops of dupes to shut down companies or whole industries in order to eliminatecompetition in return for being suitably rewarded by the beneficiaries of such efforts. He showsthat when it comes to environmental improvement, freedom is not the problem; freedom is thesolution. He makes clear both the possibility and necessity of a nuclear-power-enabledrevolution in the human condition by putting it in a broader historical context of the overall process of development of civilization, whereby new technologies create new resources and new knowledge, which in turn make possible still more technological advance.Finally, Zubrin brings all this to bear to address the greatest threat facing humanity today- which is the possibility that we will turn on each other, as we did in the 20 th century, under thespell of the false idea that resources are finite.Only in a world of unlimited resources can all men and women be brothers and sisters.Only in a world of freedom can resources be unlimited.That is the world we can, and must, create. In The Case for Nukes, Zubrin shows us how.

Neste livro, são realizados exercícios sobre os seguintes tópicos de física:matéria e física de estado sólidofísica nuclear e subnuclearfísica das partículas e interacções fundamentais

Dans ce livre, des exercices sont réalisés concernant les sujets de physique suivants :physique de la matière et du solidephysique nucléaire et subnucléairephysique des particules et interactions fondamentales

En este libro se realizan ejercicios sobre los siguientes temas de física:física de la materia y del estado sólidofísica nuclear y subnuclearfísica de partículas e interacciones fundamentales