Partikelfysik og højenergifysik

This book is a collection of invited contributions presented at the 8th edition of the International Workshop on Theory, Phenomenology and Experiments in Flavour Physics, held on the Island of Capri, Italy, on 11¿13 June 2022. It is a joint workshop between experimentalists and theoreticians aiming at debating recent results and hot topics in flavour physics, in an interdisciplinary effort. Flavour, electroweak physics and neutrino physics are all foremost in the assessment of results within the standard model and search for physics beyond. Anomalies in flavour physics are hints on new physics, while with neutrino masses and oscillations the new physics has already started. Contributions deal mainly with the flavour anomalies, the flavour problem from leptons to quarks and back, including continuous versus discrete symmetries, and the connections between the Higgs sector and neutrinos, embracing see-saw models and Higgs potential analyses. Focus is on neutrinos, at highand low scales, including LHC searches and CLVF, leptogenesis, connections with dark sectors and NP mediators, non-standard neutrino interactions and the problem of the nature of massive neutrinos.

This book explores the Higgs boson and its interactions with fermions, as well as the detector technologies used to measure it. The Standard Model of Particle Physics has been a groundbreaking theory in our understanding of the fundamental properties of the universe, but it is incomplete, and there are significant hints which require new physics. The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 was a substantial confirmation of the Standard Model, but many of its decay modes remain elusive. This book presents the latest search for Higgs boson decays into c-quarks using a proton-proton collision dataset collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This decay mode has yet to be observed and requires advanced machine learning algorithms to identify c-quarks in the experiment. The results provide an upper limit on the rate of Higgs boson decays to c-quarks and a direct measurement of the Higgs boson coupling strength to c-quarks. The book also discusses the future of particle physics and the need for significant improvements to the detector to cope with increased radiation damage and higher data rates at the High-Luminosity LHC. It presents the characterization of the ATLAS pixel detector readout chip for the inner detector upgrade (ITk). The chip was subjected to irradiations using X-rays and protons to simulate the radiation environment at the HL-LHC. The tests showed that all readout chip components, including the digital logic and analogue front-end, are sufficiently radiation-tolerant to withstand the expected radiation dose. Finally, this book describes monolithic pixel detectors as a possible technology for future pixel detectors. This book is ideal for individuals interested in exploring particle physics, the Higgs boson, and the development of silicon pixel detectors.

"Provides a broad and accessible introduction to quantum field theory and the Standard Model of particle physics, adopting a distinctive pedagogical approach with clear intuitive explanations to complement the mathematical exposition. Includes topics of current research both within and beyond the Standard Model"--

Die beiden Bände von Quantenmechanik zu Fuß führen Schritt für Schritt in die Grundlagen der nichtrelativistischen Quantenmechanik ein.Dieser erste Band konzentriert sich hauptsächlich auf die wesentlichen Prinzipien, während Anwendungen und Erweiterungen des Formalismus in Band 2 zu finden sind.Um die Grundideen der Quantenmechanik und ihre mathematische Formulierung schnell und anschaulich darzustellen, wird in den ersten Kapiteln systematisch zwischen analytischer und algebraischer Darstellung gewechselt. Auf diese Weise können neben dem traditionellen Lehrstoff frühzeitig auch aktuelle Themen detailliert besprochen werden, wie z.B. Neutrino-Oszillationen und Quantenkryptographie. Ausgearbeitete Beispiele erleichtern den Zugang. Die erforderlichen mathematischen Werkzeuge werden dabei nach Bedarf eingeführt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt ist die Darstellung und Diskussion des Messproblems und anderer grundlegender konzeptueller Fragen. Ein Kapitel über die Postulate der Quantenmechanik schließt diesen ersten Band ab.Im Anhang findet sich eine kompakte Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten mathematischen Hilfsmittel, sodass auf ergänzende Literatur verzichten werden kann. Außerdem werden dort weiterführende Themen wie der Quanten-Zeno-Effekt und Time-delay-Experimente behandelt. Über 250 Übungsaufgaben mit ausführlichen Lösungen helfen dabei, das Verständnis für die behandelten Themen zu vertiefen.Die vorliegende überarbeitete und aktualisierte zweite Auflage ist um eine Einführung in einige Ideen und Probleme der relativistischen Quantenmechanik erweitert. In diesem ersten Band werden die Klein-Gordon- und die Dirac-Gleichung behandelt. Für die Relativistik benötigte Grundlagen anderer Gebiete werden in kompakter Form bereit gestellt (spezielle Relativitätstheorie, klassische Feldtheorie und Elektrodynamik).Quantenmechanik zu Fuß richtet sich an alle Studierenden der Physik und andere, die eine angemessen einfache, frische und moderne Einführung in die Quantenmechanik suchen. Das Buch eignet sich auch sehr gut zum Selbststudium.

Die beiden Bände von Quantenmechanik zu Fuß führen Schritt für Schritt in die Grundlagen der nichtrelativistischen Quantenmechanik ein.Während sich der erste Band mit den wesentlichen Prinzipien befasst, werden in diesem zweiten Band Anwendungen und Erweiterungen auf komplexere Probleme erörtert.Neben Gebieten, die zum traditionellen Stoff der Quantenmechanik gehören wie z.B. Symmetrien, Streutheorie oder Vielteilchenprobleme, werden auch aktuelle Themen ausführlich behandelt, etwa Verschränkung, Bellsche Ungleichung, Dekohärenz, Quantencomputer und andere Aspekte der Quanteninformation. Ausgearbeitete Beispiele erleichtern den Zugang. Die Realismusdebatte und andere konzeptuelle Fragen der Quantenmechanik werden ausführlich besprochen. Ein Kapitel über die Interpretationen der Quantenmechanik schließt diesen zweiten Band ab.Im Anhang wird das erforderliche mathematische Handwerkszeug kompakt zusammengestellt. Außerdem werden dort weiterführendeThemen wie der Lenz-Vektor, das Hardy-Experiment und der Shor-Algorithmus detailliert dargestellt. Über 150 Übungsaufgaben mit ausführlichen Lösungen helfen dabei, das Verständnis für die behandelten Themen zu vertiefen. Die vorliegende überarbeitete und aktualisierte zweite Auflage ist um eine Einführung in einige Ideen und Probleme der relativistischen Quantenmechanik erweitert. In diesem zweiten Band wird ein Überblick über die Quantenfeldtheorie gegeben und grundlegende Konzepte der Quantenelektrodynamik eingehend behandelt.Quantenmechanik zu Fuß richtet sich an alle Studierenden der Physik und andere, die eine angemessen einfache, frische und moderne Einführung in die Quantenmechanik suchen. Das Buch eignet sich auch sehr gut zum Selbststudium.

This book presents a complementary perspective to Schrodinger theory of electrons in an electromagnetic field, one that does not appear in any text on quantum mechanics. The perspective, derived from Schrodinger theory, is that of the individual electron in the sea of electrons via its temporal and stationary-state equations of motion - the 'Quantal Newtonian' Second and First Laws. The Laws are in terms of 'classical' fields experienced by each electron, the sources of the fields being quantum-mechanical expectation values of Hermitian operators taken with respect to the wave function. Each electron experiences the external field, and internal fields representative of properties of the system, and a field descriptive of its response. The energies are obtained in terms of the fields. The 'Quantal Newtonian' Laws lead to physical insights, and new properties of the electronic system are revealed. New mathematical understandings of Schrodinger theory emerge which show the equation to be intrinsically self-consistent.  Another complimentary perspective to Schrdinger theory is its manifestation as a local effective potential theory described via Quantal Density Functional theory. This description too is in terms of 'classical' fields and quantal sources. The theory provides a rigorous physical explanation of the mapping from the interacting system to the local potential theory equivalent.The complementary perspective to stationary ground state Schrdinger theory founded in the theorems of Hohenberg and Kohn, their extension to the presence of a magnetic field and to the temporal domain - Modern Density Functional Theory -- is also described. The new perspectives are elucidated by application to analytically solvable interacting systems. These solutions and other relevant wave function properties are derived.

Non-Abelian gauge theories, such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) or electroweak theory, are best studied with the aid of Green's functions that are gauge-invariant off-shell, but unlike for the photon in quantum electrodynamics, conventional graphical constructions fail. The pinch technique provides a systematic framework for constructing such Green's functions, and has many useful applications. Beginning with elementary one-loop examples, this book goes on to extend the method to all orders, showing that the pinch technique is equivalent to calculations in the background field Feynman gauge. The Schwinger-Dyson equations are derived within the pinch technique framework, and are used to show how a dynamical gluon mass arises in QCD. Finally the volume turns to its many applications. This book is ideal for elementary particle theorists and graduate students. This 2011 title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

Originally published in 1977, this book presents an extended introduction to the theory of hadrons, the elementary particles which occur in the atomic nucleus. The main emphasis is on the theory of the complex angular momentum plane 'Regge theory', which has grown from Regge's demonstration in 1959 that it is useful to regard angular momentum as a complex variable when discussing solutions of the Schrodinger equation for non-relativistic potential scattering. This theory helps to classify the many different particles which have been discovered in recent years, to explain the forces between these particles and to predict the results of high-energy scattering experiments. Regge theory thus serves as a unifying concept drawing together many different features of high-energy physics. This monograph is intended primarily for research students just beginning to concern themselves with particle physics, but more experienced workers will also find much to interest them in this detailed survey of the basic ideas and results of Regge theory.

A clear and original introductory 2000 text on the physics of heavy quarks, written by two world leading experts.

This book develops the basic formalism and theoretical techniques for studying relativistic quantum field theory at high temperature and density. Specific physical theories treated include QED, QCD, electroweak theory, and effective nuclear field theories of hadronic and nuclear matter. Topics covered include: functional integral representation of the partition function, diagrammatic expansions, linear response theory, screening and plasma oscillations, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone theorem, resummation and hard thermal loops, lattice gauge theory, phase transitions, nucleation theory, quark-gluon plasma, and color superconductivity. Applications to astrophysics and cosmology cover white dwarf and neutron stars, neutrino emissivity, baryon number violation in the early universe, and cosmological phase transitions. Applications to relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are also included. The book is written for theorists in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. Released initially in 2006, this title has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.

This 2002 book introduces the quantum theory of gauge fields. Emphasis is placed on four non-perturbative methods: path integrals, lattice gauge theories, the 1/N expansion, and reduced matrix models, all of which have important contemporary applications. Written as a textbook, it assumes a knowledge of quantum mechanics and elements of perturbation theory, while many relevant concepts are pedagogically introduced at a basic level in the first half of the book. The second half comprehensively covers large-N Yang-Mills theory. The book uses an approach to gauge theories based on path-dependent phase factors known as the Wilson loops, and contains problems with detailed solutions to aid understanding. Suitable for advanced graduate courses in quantum field theory, the book will also be of interest to researchers in high energy theory and condensed matter physics as a survey of recent developments in gauge theory.

This book provides a coherent exposition of the techniques underlying these calculations.

Providing a new perspective on quantum field theory, this book gives a pedagogical and up-to-date exposition of non-perturbative methods in relativistic quantum field theory and introduces the reader to modern research work in theoretical physics. It describes in detail non-perturbative methods in quantum field theory, and explores two- dimensional and four- dimensional gauge dynamics using those methods. The book concludes with a summary emphasizing the interplay between two- and four- dimensional gauge theories. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book covers topics from two-dimensional conformal symmetry, affine Lie algebras, solitons, integrable models, bosonization, and 't Hooft model, to four-dimensional conformal invariance, integrability, large N expansion, Skyrme model, monopoles and instantons. Applications, first to simple field theories and gauge dynamics in two dimensions, and then to gauge theories in four dimensions and quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in particular, are thoroughly described.

This book discusses possibilities and perspectives for designing and practical realization of novel intensive gamma-ray crystal-based light sources that can be constructed through exposure of oriented crystals-linear, bent and periodically bent, to beams of ultrarelativistic positrons and electrons.The book shows case studies like the tunable light sources based on periodically bent crystals that can be designed with the state-of-the-art beam facilities. A special focus is given to the analysis of generation of the gamma rays because the current technologies based on particle motion in the magnetic field become inefficient or incapable to achieve the desired gamma rays' intensities. It is demonstrated that the intensity of radiation from crystal-based light sources can be made comparable to or even higher than what is achievable in conventional synchrotrons and undulators operating although in the much lower photon energy range. By exploring the coherence effects, the intensity can be boosted by orders of magnitude. The practical realization of such novel light sources will lead to the significant technological breakthroughs and societal impacts similar to those created earlier by the developments of lasers, synchrotrons and X-rays free-electron lasers.Readers learn about the underlying fundamental physics and familiarize with the theoretical, experimental and technological advances made during last two decades in exploring various features of investigations into crystal-based light sources. This research draws upon knowledge from many research fields, such as material science, beam physics, physics of radiation, solid-state physics and acoustics, to name but a few. The authors provide a useful introduction in this emerging field to a broad readership of researchers and scientists with various backgrounds and, accordingly, make the book as self-contained as possible.

This book gives a comprehensive account of modern x-ray science, based on the use of synchrotron radiation and x-ray-free electron lasers (XFELs). It emphasizes the new capabilities of XFELs which extend the study of matter to the intrinsic timescales associated with the motion of atoms and chemical transformations and give birth to the new field of non-linear x-ray science. Starting with the historical understanding of the puzzling nature of light, it covers the modern description of the creation, properties, and detection of x-rays within quantum optics. It then presents the formulation of the interactions of x-rays with atomic matter, both, from semi-classical and first-principles quantum points of view. The fundamental x-ray processes and techniques, absorption, emission, Thomson, and resonant scattering (REXS and RIXS) are reviewed with emphasis on simple intuitive pictures that are illustrated by experimental results. Concepts of x-ray imaging and diffractive imaging of atomic and nano structures are discussed, and the quantum optics formulation of diffraction is presented that reveals the remarkable quantum substructure of light. The unique power of x-rays in providing atom and chemical-bond specific information and separating charge and spin phenomena through x-ray polarization (dichroism) effects are highlighted. The book concludes with the discussion of many-photon or non-linear x-ray phenomena encountered with XFELs, such as stimulated emission and x-ray transparency.

This book treats the subject of gravitational waves (GWs) production in binary stars or black-holes and in the early universe, using tools of quantum field theory which are familiar to graduate students and researchers in particle physics. A special focus is given to the generation of templates of gravitational wave signals from Feynman diagram calculations of transition amplitudes, which interests active researchers in GWs. The book presents field theory concepts, like supersymmetry realized in spinning binaries and soft-graviton theorems, that can have practical applications in novel GW signals, like the memory effect. The book also aims at specialists in both GWs and particle physics addressing cosmological models of phase transition and inflation that can be tested in observations at terrestrial and space based interferometers, pulsar timing arrays, and the cosmic microwave anisotropy observations.

The absence of new physics at the TeV scale observed thus far at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) motivates an increasing focus on searches for weakly-coupled new particles and exotic signatures. In particular, particles with macroscopic mean proper lifetimes, known as long-lived particles (LLPs), are of significant interest due to their ability to elude the majority of searches which rely on the assumption that Beyond Standard Model particles decay close to the primary interaction point. Many models which aim to solve various issues with the Standard Model (SM) introduce new particles with lifetimes that are either unconstrained, or even shown to prefer the macroscopic regime. These theories often point to the Higgs boson as a possible portal to new physics, with exotic Higgs decays being the primary phenomenological consequence and means of discovery. It is well motivated both from theory and experimental constraints to consider the scenario in which the particles produced in these exotic decays have macroscopic proper lifetimes and give rise to unique detector signatures.This work describes a search for exotic decays of the Higgs boson to two long-lived, neutral, spin-0 particles which subsequently decay to pairs of b quarks, giving the striking signature of displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS inner detector. Several other ATLAS searches have probed this decay topology previously, excluding branching ratios of the Higgs boson to LLPs of more than 10% for proper lifetimes greater than 100mm. These searches relied on dedicated triggers designed to select events with LLPs decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter or muon spectrometer. The lack of an equivalent trigger for LLP decays in the ATLAS inner detector has been a limiting factor in probing LLP lifetimes less than 100mm. To circumvent the difficulty of triggering on LLP decays, the search presented in this thesis exploits the ZH associated production mode, relying on leptonic trigger signatures to select interesting events. This is the first search for Higgs boson decays into LLPs to exploit this analysis methodology and additionally makes use of several novel methods for both background rejection and background estimation.No excess over Standard Model predictions is observed, and upper limits are set on the branching ratio of the Higgs boson to LLPs . Depending on the mass of the LLP, branching ratios greater than 10% are excluded for lifetimes as small as 4mm and as large as 100mm, probing an important gap in the ATLAS exotic Higgs decay programme. In comparison to the previous searches for Higgs decays to LLPs, these are among the most stringent limits placed on this scenario, and for LLPs with masses below 40 GeV these results represent the strongest existing constraints on the branching ratio of the Higgs boson to LLPs in this lifetime regime.

The Standard Model of Particle Physics is the theory explaining the fundamental constituentsthat make up all particles and interactions of matter. The Standard Model containssix quarks denoted u, d, t, b, s, and c. Quarks cannot be free in nature and so they formtwo-quark groups (mesons) and three-quark groups (baryons) called hadrons. The most stable hadrons are protons (uud) and neutrons (udd). While hadrons are composed ofconstituent quarks, leptons are particles that are unable to be broken down into smaller unitsof matter. The Standard Model has three negatively charged leptons, which are describedass having lepton flavors called the electron (e), the muon (¿) and the tau (¿). Each of thecharged leptons is accompanied by a neutral lepton partner called the neutrino, denotedby their lepton flavor as ¿e, ¿¿ and ¿¿ . Quarks and leptons have an equivalent antiparticledenoted either by a bar ( ¯ ¿e) in the case of quarks and neutrinos or by a superscript of + referring to the positive charge.

This work presents some essential techniques that constitute the modern strategy for computing scattering amplitudes. It begins with an introductory chapter to fill the gap between a standard QFT course and the latest developments in the field. The author then tackles the main bottleneck: the computation of the loop Feynman integrals. The most efficient technique for their computation is the method of the differential equations. This is discussed in detail, with a particular focus on the mathematical aspects involved in the derivation of the differential equations and their solution. Ample space is devoted to the special functions arising from the differential equations, to their analytic properties, and to the mathematical techniques which allow us to handle them systematically.  The thesis also addresses the application of these techniques to a cutting-edge problem of importance for the physics programme of the Large Hadron Collider: five-particle amplitudes at two-loop order. It presents the first analytic results for complete two-loop five-particle amplitudes, in supersymmetric theories and QCD. The techniques discussed here open the door to precision phenomenology for processes of phenomenological interest, such as three-photon, three-jet, and di-photon + jet production.

This book systematically discusses the algorithms and principles for achieving stable and optimal beam (or products of the beam) parameters in particle accelerators. A four-layer beam control strategy is introduced to structure the subsystems related to beam controls, such as beam device control, beam feedback, and beam optimization. This book focuses on the global control and optimization layers. As a basis of global control, the beam feedback system regulates the beam parameters against disturbances and stabilizes them around the setpoints. The global optimization algorithms, such as the robust conjugate direction search algorithm, genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization algorithm, are at the top layer, determining the feedback setpoints for optimal beam qualities.In addition, the authors also introduce the applications of machine learning for beam controls. Selected machine learning algorithms, such as supervised learning based on artificial neural networks and Gaussian processes, and reinforcement learning, are discussed. They are applied to configure feedback loops, accelerate global optimizations, and directly synthesize optimal controllers. Authors also demonstrate the effectiveness of these algorithms using either simulation or tests at the SwissFEL. With this book, the readers gain systematic knowledge of intelligent beam controls and learn the layered architecture guiding the design of practical beam control systems.

This book presents a modern view of anomalies in quantum field theories. It is divided into six parts. The first part is preparatory covering an introduction to fermions, a description of the classical symmetries, and a short introduction to conformal symmetry. The second part of the book is devoted to the relation between anomalies and cohomology. The third part deals with perturbative methods to compute gauge, diffeomorphism and trace anomalies. In the fourth part the same anomalies are calculated with non-perturbative heat-kernel-like methods. Part five is devoted to the family's index theorem and its application to chiral anomalies, and to the differential characters and their applications to global anomalies. Part six is devoted to special topics including a complete calculation of trace and diffeomorphism anomalies of a Dirac fermion in a MAT background in two dimensions, Wess-Zumino terms in field theories, sigma models, their local and global anomalies and their cancelation, and finally the analysis of the worldsheet, sigma model, and target space anomalies of string and superstring theories.The book is targeted to researchers and graduate students.

This book highlights the most complete characterization of the Higgs boson properties performed to date in the "golden channel," i.e., decay into a pair of Z bosons which subsequently decay into four leptons. The data collected by the CMS experiment in the so-called Run-II data-taking period of the LHC are used to produce an extensive set of results that test in detail the predictions of the Standard Model.Given the remarkable predictive power of the SM when including the Higgs boson, possible new physics will require even more extensive studies at higher statistics. A massive upgrade of the detectors is necessary to maintain the current physics performance in the harsh environment of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) project, expected to start by the end of 2027. The CMS Collaboration will replace the current endcap calorimeters with a High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL). The HGCAL will be the very first large-scale silicon-based imaging calorimeter ever employed in ahigh-energy physics experiment. This book presents the results of the analysis of the test beam data collected with the first large-scale prototype of the HGCAL. The results of this analysis are used to corroborate the final design of the HGCAL and its nominal physics performance expected for the HL-LHC operations.

This thesis presents research on novel laboratory-scale synchrotron X-ray sources based on inverse Compton scattering and applications of their X-ray radiation using the Munich Compact Light Source (MuCLS) as an example. It provides an introduction to the theory of this laser-electron interaction, laser resonators and X-ray interactions with matter. On this basis, upgrades to the laser system including the development of a new laser optic, X-ray beam stabilisation and two techniques for fast X-ray energy switching of inverse Compton sources are presented. On the application side, the beamline, designed and developed for the inverse Compton X-ray source at the MuCLS, is described before various techniques and applications are demonstrated at this laboratory-scale synchrotron X-ray facility. Among them are K-edge subtraction imaging, X-ray phase contrast imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Additionally, a new X-ray microscopy technique, called full-field structured-illuminationsuper-resolution X-ray transmission microscopy, is presented.Apart from research conducted at the MuCLS, this thesis contains an in-depth overview on the state of the art of the various types of inverse Compton X-ray sources that have been realised so far. Accordingly, this thesis may serve as a guide and reference work for researchers working with inverse Compton X-ray sources as well as future users of such devices.

This book is a set of introductory lecture notes on Conformal Field Theory (CFT). Unlike most existing reviews on the subject, CFT is presented here from the perspective of a unitary quantum field theory in Minkowski space-time. The book starts with a non-perturbative formulation of quantum field theory (Wightman axioms) and then, gradually, focuses on the implications of scale and special conformal symmetry, all the way to the modern conformal bootstrap. This approach includes topics such as subtleties of conformal transformations in Minkowski space-time, the construction of Wightman functions and time-ordered correlators both in position- and momentum-space, unitarity bounds derived from the spectral representation, and the appearance of UV and IR divergences. In each chapter, the reader finds useful exercises to master the subject.This book is meant for graduate students in theoretical physics and for more advanced researchers working in high-energy physics who are not necessarily familiar with the concepts of conformal field theory. Prior knowledge of quantum field theory is needed to master the arguments.

Diese 4. Auflage des Lehrbuch zur Elementarteilchenphysik wurde vollständig überarbeitet und wesentlich erweitert. Sie bietet eine Einführung von den Grundlagen zu den modernen Experimenten bis hin zu den jüngsten Entwicklungen der Teilchenphysik. Dabei werden auch experimentelle Hilfsmittel wie Beschleuniger und Detektoren sowie die Symmetrieprinzipien und ihre Anwendungen ausführlich vorgestellt. Zudem wird das Standardmodell ¿ das die heutige experimentelle und theoretische Diskussion weitgehend beherrscht ¿ eingeführt. Hierzu werden in diesem Buch wesentliche Bereiche der Quantenelektrodynamik, des Quarkmodells, der Quantenchromodynamik und der elektroschwachen Theorie erläutert. Der Lagrangeformalismus formuliert das Standardmodell als Eichtheorie und der Higgs-Mechnismus wird im Detail beschrieben. Ausführliche Kapitel zur Physik an Hadron-Collidern und zur Neutrino-Physik knüpfen an aktueller Forschung an und untersuchen darüber hinaus mögliche Erweiterungen des Standardmodells im Lichte jüngster experimenteller Ergebnisse. Die ansprechende Gestaltung des Lehrbuchs und die 187 Übungen mit Lösungshinweisen und Ergänzungen als Jupyter Notebooks auf GitHub dienen anschließend zur Vertiefung.

If you're a PHP developer looking for proven solutions to common problems, this cookbook provides code recipes to help you resolve a variety of coding issues. PHP is a remarkably easy language to work with, which explains why it powers more than 75% of the websites online today. It's also incredibly forgiving of programming mistakes, which can perpetuate reuse of questionable code. By leveraging modern versions of PHP through version 8.2, author Eric Mann provides self-contained recipes that will enable you to solve the problems you face in your day-to-day work. You'll also find established patterns and examples that any developer can follow for addressing common problems with PHP. With these recipes, you'll quickly identify and resolve complicated issues without having to reinvent the wheel. This practical guide will help you: Build efficient applications composed of functions and objects Explore the type system of modern PHP Understand key concepts such as encryption, error handling, debugging, and performance tuning Examine the PHP package/extension ecosystem Learn how to build basic web and command-line applications Work securely with files on a machine, both encrypted and in plain text