Relativitetsfysik

'If you want to remember why you once fell in love with the idea of the cosmos, or want to fall in love with it for the first time, then this book is for you' ObserverFrom Carlo Rovelli, the bestselling author of Seven Brief Lessons on Physics, this is a story of wonder, new worlds and why the end is just the beginningLet us journey into the heart of a black hole. Let us slip beyond its boundary, the horizon, and tumble - on and on - down this crack in the universe. As we plunge, we'll see geometry fold, we'll feel the equations draw tight around us. Eventually, we'll pass it: the remains of a star, deep and dense and falling further far. And then - the bottom. Where time and space end, and the white hole is born . . .With lightness and magic, here Carlo Rovelli traces the ongoing adventure of his own cutting-edge research, of the uncertainty and joy of going where we've not yet been. Guiding us to the edge of theory and experiment, he invites us to go beyond, to experience the fever and the disquiet of science. Here is the extraordinary life of a white hole.A BOOK OF THE YEAR ACCORDING TO THE FINANCIAL TIMES * SUNDAY TELEGRAPH * NEW STATESMAN * NEW SCIENTIST

The truth is that his teachers did not find him all that remarkable. Fair is fair... einstein didn't find his teachers all that remarkable either. He detested the type of learning styles used in the schools as he was growing up, and the way that information was all processed by memorization. Not everyone can learn well that way. Here we are, years later, and we are discovering what einstein realized way back then... there are different styles of learning to be used by different styles of learners. Inside you will read about...A genius shows up with a deformed headThe odd shaped head starts to readEinstein had a "miracle year"Einstein finds he has enemiesAlbert had his problems tooDid einstein have a 3rd son? You decideThe end is soon to comeWhat exactly was the legacy of einstein?They all had rather different personalities but what unites them is that they all wanted to know how the world really worked were able to train their minds to accomplish that goal. It wasn't easy for any of them and they all lived in relative isolation developing their ideas and inventions while often receiving opposition from the existing scientific, political, and cultural establishment, but in so doing they were able to transform our understanding of universe and society in a way that led to the birth of the modern scientific age. The modern world is indebted to these men for good or ill.

This book deals with theoretical mechanics. Newton published the "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" in 1687. In it, he sets out the basic principles of physics that are required to understand the motion of the planets, their moons, and the comets in the solar system. It includes the gravitational (inverse square) law, the inertial principle, and the basic elements of mechanics. Since its publication, a large number of refinements and reformulations have been introduced, thereby adding enormous insight into the structure of mechanics, which is commonly known as ¿classical mechanics¿. All these have in common that by taking a suitable limit, Newton's original principles re-appear. Thus, physicists and mathematicians who work on the subject always have a notion that if their theories do not return to Newton's foundations, then there is something wrong. Newton himself acknowledged that 'if I have seen further (than others), it is by standing on the shoulders of giants'. One of these giants was undoubtedly Galileo who died in the year Newton was born. So, Newton himself adhered to the 'classical limit'.

By the star physicist and author of multiple #1 Sunday Times bestsellers, a major and definitive narrative work on black holes and how they can help us understand the universe. At the heart of our galaxy lies a monster so deadly it can bend space, throwing vast jets of radiation millions of light years out into the cosmos. Its kind were the very first inhabitants of the universe, the black holes.Today, across the universe, at the heart of every galaxy, and dotted throughout, mature black holes are creating chaos. And in a quiet part of the universe, the Swift satellite has picked up evidence of a gruesome death caused by one of these dark powers. High energy X-ray flares shooting out from deep within the Draco constellation are thought to be the dying cries of a white dwarf star being ripped apart by the intense tides of a supermassive black hole ? heating it to millions of degrees as it is shredded at the event horizon.They have the power to wipe out any of the universe's other inhabitants, but no one has ever seen a black hole itself die. But 1.8 billion light years away, the LIGO instruments have recently detected something that could be the closest a black hole gets to death. Gravitational waves given off as two enormous black holes merge together. And now scientists think that these gravitational waves could be evidence of two black holes connecting to form a wormhole ? a link through space and time. It seems outlandish, but today's physicists are daring to think the unthinkable ? that black holes could connect us to another universe.At their very heart, black holes are also where Einstein's Theory of General Relativity is stretched in almost unimaginable ways, revealing black holes as the key to our understanding of the fundamentals of our universe and perhaps all other universes.Join Professors Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw in exploring our universe's most mysterious inhabitants, how they are formed, why they are essential components of every galaxy, including our own, and what secrets they still hold, waiting to be discovered.

Die Elektrodynamik wird meistens in der historisch orientierten Reihenfolge behandelt, in der das elektrische und magnetische Feld zunächst als separate Objekte eingeführt und schließlich über die Maxwell-Gleichungen miteinander verknüpft werden. Die Lorentz-Symmetrie der Theorie und die Vereinigung der beiden Felder im Feldstärketensor werden üblicherweise erst am Ende gezeigt, obwohl sich die Gleichungen dadurch vereinfachen und sie erst so in allen Bezugssystemen gelten.Damit durchläuft der Studierende zwar die historische Entwicklung, muss aber dann zum Ende der Vorlesung alles rückblickend verstehen und neu einordnen. Dieses Buch geht den umgekehrten, deduktiven Weg, der die Elektrodynamik von vornherein auf das Fundament der Speziellen Relativitätstheorie stellt und von da aus ¿ gegenüber dem üblichen Vorgehen sozusagen "rückwärts" ¿ die bekannten Phänomene und Zusammenhänge ableitet. Dieses Vorgehen erlaubt eine wesentlich straffere und ¿ was die Rolle des Elektromagnetismus im Gesamtzusammenhang der Theoretischen Physik angeht ¿ klarere Behandlung.

This book provides a concise introduction to the physics of gravitational waves. It is aimed at graduate-level students and PhD scholars. Ever since the discovery of gravitational waves in 2016, gravitational wave astronomy has been adding to our understanding of the universe.Gravitational waves have been detected in the past few years from several transient events such as merging stellar-mass black holes, binary neutron stars, etc. These waves have frequencies in a band ranging from a few hundred hertz to around a kilohertz to which LIGO type instruments are sensitive. LISA will be sensitive to much lower range of frequencies from SMBH mergers. Apart from these cataclysmic burst events, there are innumerable sources of radiation which are continuously emitting gravitational waves of all frequencies. These include a whole mass range of compact binary and isolated compact objects and close planetary stellar entities. This book discusses the gravitational wave backgroundproduced in typical frequency ranges from such sources emitting over a Hubble time and the fluctuations in the h values measured in the usual devices. Also discussed are the high-frequency thermal background gravitational radiation from hot stellar interiors and newly formed compact objects. The reader will also learn how gravitational waves provide a testing tool for various theories of gravity, i.e. general relativity and extended theories of gravity, and will be the definitive test for general relativity.

The thesis tackles two distinct problems of great interest in gravitational mechanics ¿ one relativistic and one Newtonian. The relativistic one is concerned with the "first law of binary mechanics", a remarkably simple variational relation that plays a crucial role in the modern understanding of the gravitational two-body problem, thereby contributing to the effort to detect gravitational-wave signals from binary systems of black holes and neutron stars. The work reported in the thesis provides a mathematically elegant extension of previous results to compact objects that carry spin angular momentum and quadrupolar deformations, which more accurately represent astrophysical bodies than mere point particles. The Newtonian problem is concerned with the isochrone problem of celestial mechanics, namely the determination of the set of radial potentials whose bounded orbits have a radial period independent of the angular momentum. The thesis solves this problem completely ina geometrical way and explores its consequence on a variety of levels, in particular with a complete characterisation of isochrone orbits. The thesis is exceptional in the breadth of its scope and achievements. It is clearly and eloquently written, makes excellent use of images, provides careful explanations of the concepts and calculations, and it conveys the author¿s personality in a way that is rare in scientific writing, while never sacrificing academic rigor.

This book systematically develops the mathematical foundations of the theory of relativity and links them to physical relations. For this purpose, differential geometry on manifolds is introduced first, including differentiation and integration, and special relativity is presented as tensor calculus on tangential spaces. Using Einstein's field equations relating curvature to matter, the relativistic effects in the solar system including black holes are discussed in detail. The text is aimed at students of physics and mathematics and assumes only basic knowledge of classical differential and integral calculus and linear algebra.

This book is an English translation from a Hungarian book designed for graduate and postgraduate students about the use of variational principles in theoretical physics. Unlike many academic textbooks, it dashes across several lecture disciplines taught in physics courses. It emphasizes and demonstrates the use of the variational technique and philosophy behind the basic laws in mechanics, relativity theory, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The book is meant for advanced students and young researchers in theoretical physics but, also, more experienced researchers can benefit from its reading.

Alfred North Whiteheads "Das Wesen der Natur" revolutioniert das Denken über den Umgang der Naturwissenschaften mit der Philosophie. In diesem Werk sucht er nach einer alternativen Antwort auf die Frage, wie sich die Natur beschreibt und versteht. Er erforscht die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Mathematik und Philosophie und stellt tiefschürfende Fragen über die Natur des Universums. Whitehead liefert Antworten, die zu weitreichenden Einsichten führen und die Welt der Wissenschaft auf den Kopf stellen. Eine fesselnde Reise durch das Wesen der Natur. Doch kann er den Konflikt zwischen Wissenschaft und Philosophie wirklich lösen und findet Whitehead die Antwort auf die Frage nach dem Wesen der Natur?

This self-contained monograph provides a mathematically simple and physically meaningful model which unifies gravity, electromagnetism, optics and even some quantum behavior. The simplicity of the model is achieved by working in the frame of an inertial observer and by using a physically meaningful least action principle.The authors introduce an extension of the Principle of Inertia. This gives rise to a simple, physically meaningful action function. Visualizations of the geometryare obtained by plotting the action function. These visualizations may be used to compare the geometries of different types of fields. Moreover, a new understanding of the energy-momentum of a field emerges.The relativistic dynamics derived here properly describes motion of massive and massless objects under the influence of a gravitational and/or an electromagnetic field, and under the influence of isotropic media.The reader will learn how to compute theprecession of Mercury, the deflection of light, and the Shapiro time delay. Also covered is the relativistic motion of binary stars, including the generation of gravitational waves, a derivation of Snell's Law and a relativistic description of spin. We derive a complex-valued prepotential of an electromagnetic field. The prepotential is similar to the wave function in quantum mechanics. The mathematics is accessible to students after standard courses in multivariable calculus and linear algebra. For those unfamiliar with tensors and the calculus of variations, these topics are developed rigorously in the opening chapters. The unifying model presented here should prove useful to upper undergraduate and graduate students, as well as to seasoned researchers.

Neste livro, são realizados exercícios sobre os seguintes tópicos de física:teoria da relatividade especial e geralcosmologia relativísticaastronomia e astrofísica

According to the electric charge and the elastic coefficient of the object independent of the motion of the object, and based on the similar properties of the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, it is concluded that the gravitational mass of the object is a constant independent of the motion of the object. However, experimental results show that the inertial mass of the object is related to the motion of the object. Therefore, it is considered that the principle of equivalence is not satisfied. As the object moves at a low velocity, the principle of equivalence is approximately true, so it is concluded that the general theory of relativity is applicable to all space celestial bodies. When the object is moving at high velocity, the principle of equivalence is not satisfied, so the general theory of relativity is not the truth. According to the principle of force balance, it is concluded that the velocity V of the black hole must be zero. Under the necessary conditions of V = 0, the existence of the black hole cannot be deduced according to the general theory of relativity.

It is pointed out that the magnetic field is not an independent real substance and it is considered that the electromagnetic field containing non-material magnetic field cannot establish a unified field theory with the gravitational field of the real substance.Through analysis, it is concluded that the so-called magnetic field is essentially a motion state of the electric field.The magnetic field is defined as the electric field contracting in motion.According to this definition,the Biot-Savart,Lorentz force,electromagnetic induction,displacement current and Ampere loop laws are deduced and proved.Through the experimental results of electrostatic field around the permanent magnet,it is proved that the magnetic field is indeed the electric field contracting in motion.It is believed that the electrostatic field is similar to the static gravitational field,the electric field contracting in motion can be defined as a magnetic field,and the gravitational field contracting in motion can also be defined as a similar contraction field,so that the electromagnetic field is completely similar to the gravitational contraction field,and the unification of the two fields is an inevitable result.

This paper puts forward the force equilibrium invariance axiom and derives the force transformation formula of the special relativity; puts forward the correlation analysis law and eliminates some problems resulted from the improper application of relativity; puts forward the principle of absolute velocity, determines the running speed of any moving object in real time, and solves the problem of twin paradox; puts forward the corresponding principle and determines the relationship between the rest mass and the reference frame; puts forward the concept of absolute transformation and relative transformation and clarifies two different natures of Lorentz transformation; puts forward the field similarity principle and determines the gravitational mass as a constant that has nothing to do with the velocity; infers that the equivalence principle is false and that the general relativity is only applicable to low speed moving objects; puts forward the gravity double equilibrium principle and concludes that Black Hole could not exist. It also analyzes the limiting speed of manned spaceship, and concludes that human beings cannot realize time travel of practical significance.

Dans ce livre, des exercices sont réalisés concernant les sujets de physique suivants :théorie de la relativité restreinte et généralecosmologie relativisteastronomie et astrophysique

En este libro se realizan ejercicios sobre los siguientes temas de física:teoría de la relatividad especial y generalcosmología relativistaastronomia y astrofisica

En este libro se presentan los siguientes temas básicos de física:relatividad galileanacrisis de la física clásicateoría de la relatividad especialteoría de la relatividad generalastrofísica relativista y cosmologíaintentos de unificación y preguntas abiertas

Les sujets de physique de base suivants sont présentés dans ce livre:Relativité galiléennecrise de la physique classiquethéorie de la relativité restreintethéorie de la relativité généraleastrophysique relativiste et cosmologietentatives d'unification et questions ouvertes

Negative Zahlen gibt es nicht. Negative Größen gibt es nicht. Niemals wurde eine negative Zeitdauer gemessen. Niemals wurde eine negative Strecke gemessen. Alle haben immer nur ihr Lineal rumgedreht und eine positive Länge in einer anderen Richtung gemessen.Negative Zahlen gibt es nicht. Aber es gibt intelligente Seesternchen. Intelligente Seesternchen beschreiben ihre mathematische Welt mit Hilfe der drei Richtungen, in die ihre drei Tentakel-Arme zeigen. Und alle diese drei Richtungen sind gleichberechtigt und natürlich positiv.In diesem Buch beschreiben intelligente Seesternchen die Spezielle Relativitätstheorie Einsteins auf Grundlage ihrer Mathematik der drei Richtungen. Diese drei Richtungen sind: Eine Zeit-Rchtung, eine Raum-Richtung und eine Licht-Richtung.Und vor langer, langer Zeit, Äonen werden noch kommen und gehen, streifte ein einsamer, junger und sehr, sehr scheuer Seesternchen-Wissenschaftler durch die bizarren Unterwasser-Wälder der Gog-Magog-Unterwasser-Hügel und erfand die Dirac-Algebra der Seesternchen.Mit Hilfe dieser Dirac-Algebra der Seesternchen werden die relativistischen Effekte der Zeitdilatation, der Längenkontraktion und der Lorentz-Transformation erklärt. Und weil diese Mathematik so einfach ist, müssen Sie sich auch nur beim Lesen des Textes anstrengen. nebeirhcseg sträwkcür tsi red nneD