Biokemi

In the early 1980s, a few scientists started working on a Xenopus transcription factor, TFIIIA. They soon discovered a novel domain associated with zinc, and named this domain "e;zinc finger. "e; Th e number of proteins with similar zinc fingers grew quickly and these proteins are now called C2H2, Cys2His2 or classical zinc finger proteins. To date, about 24,000 C2H2 zinc finger proteins have been recognized. Approximately 700 human genes, or more than 2% of the genome, have been estimated to encode C2H2 finger proteins. From the beginning these proteins were thought to be numerous, but no one could have predicted such a huge number. Perhaps thousands of scientists are now working on C2H2 zinc finger proteins fi-om variou s viewpoints. This field is a good example of how a new science begins with the insight of a few scientists and how it develops by efforts of numerous independent scientists, in contrast to a policy-driven scientific project, such as the Human Genome Project, with goals clearly set at its inception and with work performed by a huge collaboration throughout the world. As more zinc finger proteins were discovered, several subfamilies, such as C2C2, CCHC, CCCH, LIM, RING, TAZ, and FYVE emerged, increasing our understanding of zinc fingers. The knowledge was overwhelming. Moreover, scientists began defining the term "e;zinc finger"e; differently and using various names for identical zinc fingers. These complications may explain why no single comprehensive resource of zinc finger proteins was available before this publication.

The book explores distinct aspects of protein purification and characterization steps. It discusses solubility problems, resin selection tricks, and essential credentials in a purification process. In addition, the book examines aggregation and proteinopathy-related protein detection methods and reviews several essential protein detection and characterization methods in cancer for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, western blot, mass spectrometry, and others.

This book gives a current review of the links between the structure and function of hydrolases and ligases, as well as ideas for better using these critical enzymes. The book is split into two sections: ¿Cleavage¿ and ¿Ligases.¿ These enzymes are the biggest and most varied family of enzymes, allowing researchers to investigate the structural variety that underpins their different biological roles. In light of recent scientific advances, there is a desire to examine and update our knowledge of these enzymes¿ functional and structural changes.

This volume focuses on protein analysis, and covers a wide array of uses of protein microarray for disease analysis. The chapters in this book discuss different stages of protein microarrays from their construction to their use, including different types of protein microarrays such as recombinant proteins, antibody, phage, and NAPPA protein microarrays, in planar format or in solution via beads arrays. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Protein Microarrays for Disease Analysis: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for graduate and post-doctoral fellows interested in protein microarrays, as well as senior researchers interested in gaining more insight into this developing field.

Basic Chemistry for Life Science Students and Professionals is an ideal introduction to organic chemistry in the context of the life sciences and pharmacy related disciplines; utilising drug molecules to illustrate the chemical basis of their efficacy and interaction with biological targets.

Basic Life Science Methods: A Laboratory Manual for Students and Researchers presents forty of the most executed life science assays. The authors use a consistent structure to cover the preparation, execution and analysis of data from each method. Assays include estimation of cholesterol fractions, C-Reactive Protein, Genomic DNA isolation, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, RT-PCR, DNA solution preparation, how to design primers, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This book provides a complete reference containing step-by-step instructions on how to run life science assays. Laboratory staff can also benefit of the book as a training resource.

Applications of microbial nanotechnology are currently emerging with new areas being explored. Biosynthesis of nanomaterials by microorganisms is a recently attracting interest as a new, exciting approach towards the development of ¿greener¿ nano-manufacturing compared to traditional chemical and physical approaches. This book will cover recent advances of microbial nanotechnology in agriculture, industry, and health sectors.

This book serves as an introduction to graduate students and early career researchers on chemistry and botany of the cannabis plant. Cannabis botany, propagation, biotechnology, chemistry, cannabinoids and their biosynthesis, chemovars of cannabis and their identification as well as the other chemical classes of compounds known to exist in the plant. Analytical method are discussed to establish identity and Potency changes over the years in the United States. This book will build a base of knowledge on the complexity of cannabis chemistry. Features Introduction to the fundamental chemistry and botany of Cannabis. State of the art research on Cannabis sativa. The history, botany, major chemical classes of cannabis as well as methods of analysis and potency trends over several decades in the United States. Written by prominent scientists in the field of cannabis. The Cannabis Chemistry Subdivision of the American Chemical Society recently founded in 2022 the ElSohly Award sponsored by Heidolph North America in honour of Prof. Mahmoud A. ElSohly. This award provides researchers, students, and industry professionals with resources to present their work at the Spring National Meeting of the American Chemical Society at the ElSohly Award Symposium. More information: https://cann-acs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CANN-Postcard-Award.pdf

Cancer is an incredibly diverse and difficult disease to treat, and even after decades of research there is no definitive cure. Heterocyclic anticancer agents are an important class of drugs for cancer therapies. This book explores different heterocycles and their use as anticancer therapies. Topics covered include different heterocyclic derrivatives, the impact of heterocycles on anticancer agent development, and naturally occuring heterocycles.

This book bridges the gap between a clinician's and material scientists' knowledge by elucidating upon the different biomaterials used in anatomical systems and how those materials react to the human body. It explores both established and future prospective of biomaterial types/designs, and considerations in material selection and synthesis, to guide students from non-clinical background in understanding the relations of material science and the human body.

This book is dedicated to the discussion of several biomedical applications of the mechanical phenotyping of cells and tissues to specific disease models. The topical chapters on mechanics in disease are preceded by chapters describing cell and tissue structure and their relationship with the biomechanical properties, as well as by the description of dedicated sample preparation methods for the nano- and microscale mechanical measurements.

Tellurium, a well-known chalcogen, finds potential applications in various fields from chemistry to other branches of science such as nanotechnology and macromolecular science. However, its safety must also be taken into consideration when exploring its industrial applications. This book explores the breadth of tellurium's applications, outlines strategies for industrial use, and describes the safety concerns of this element.

This text coherently links biochemical fundamentals and mechanisms with economic and societal problems of environmental pollution. It addresses interdisciplinary topics such as regulatory problems, sampling and pollutant quantifi cation, model organisms and provides a philosophical perspective on the toxin load on a variety of organisms, including humans in the environment in the Anthropocene. Case studies and exercises illustrate current issues and discuss future aspects.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

This book is an effort to alert oceanographers to the remarkable predicting power of polymer physic laws to address the dynamics of marine biopolymers and gel formation in the ocean. It also aims to persuade polymer physicists that the ocean represents an urgent challenge for the survival of our planet, to convince them to respond not to the siren appeals from Mars, Jupiter, or distant galaxies, to which many countries remain invested, but to the urgent call of our own planet.This book is comprised of a short tutorial on the dynamics of polyelectrolytes, outlining the fundamental principles that govern marine polymer association, as a brief toolbox for oceanographers to approach macromolecular dynamics, as well as a set of minireviews that invite polymer physicists to tackle the many fundamental questions requiring urgent attention in marine macromolecular dynamics. This double aim of the book will certainly bring colleagues and students to a new frontier on marine gel chemistry, physics, microbiology, atmospheric science, and the still pending critical question of the role of gels on marine carbon cycling.

Leading researchers are specially invited to provide a complete understanding of a key topic within the multidisciplinary fields of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology. In a form immediately useful to scientists, this periodical aims to filter, highlight and review the latest developments in these rapidly advancing fields.

Hospitals worldwide are becoming increasingly plagued by antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The streptogramin and aminoglycoside antibiotics are drugs of last resort against life-threatening pathogens; however, as microbial drug resistance continues to emerge, the efficacy of these two important drug classes is decreasing. One of the most common mechanisms by which pathogens become resistant to streptogramin and aminoglycoside antibiotics is enzymatic inactivation: the Vat and AAC(3) acetyltransferases are employed by pathogens to inactivate streptogramin and aminoglycoside antibiotics, respectively. There is a dire need to not only develop new antibiotics, but to find strategies to outwit microbial resistance mechanisms. One of these strategies is to rescue the activity of antibiotics through the discovery of antibiotic adjuvants. In the current study, adjuvants which rescue the activity of streptogramin and aminoglycoside antibiotics through inhibition of the resistance acetyltransferases, VatD and AAC(3)-Ia, have been discovered¿through the development of a cell-based screening method, we have found the first inhibitors of VatD, as well as of AAC(3)-Ia and its homologues.

Osteoporosis, which simply means porous bone, is a disease that reduces bone density and quality, as bones get more porous and fragile. About 1.7 million persons had hip fractures worldwide in 1990 and this rate is expected to increase to 6 million in 2050. Osteoporosis has many causes, such as the long-term administration of glucocorticoids. All medications now used to treat osteoporosis have severe side effects. The book you are having in hands right now is the outcome of the recent study observations and procedures that have been shown to restore and avoid osteoporosis. This book will tell you how to prevent osteoporosis naturally and safely using a combination of Thymus vulgaris and bee¿s honey. Osteoporosis induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and increased bone turnover and bone loss. The natural combination of Thymus vulgaris and bee¿s honey has shown high potency in decreasing oxidative and inflammatory stress as well as promoting bone cell homeostasis. This combination is, therefore, a new therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis and health improvement.

The transformation of polysaccharides into valuable compounds for health and industry requires the careful application of enzyme protocols and controlled biocatalysis. Polysaccharide-Degrading Biocatalysts provides a thorough grounding in these biocatalytic processes and their growing role in the depolymerization of polysaccharides, empowering researchers to discover and develop new enzyme-based approaches across pharmaceuticals, fuels, and food engineering. Here, over a dozen leading experts offer a close examination of structural polysaccharides, genetic modification of polysaccharides, polysaccharide degradation routes, pretreatments for enzymatic hydrolysis, hemicellulose-degrading enzymes, biomass valorization processes, oligosaccharide production, and enzyme immobilization for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, among other topics and related research protocols. A final chapter considers perspectives and challenges in an evolving, carbohydrate-based economy.