Biokemi

Enzymes have played a crucial role in various industrial processes and have revolutionized the fields of biotechnology and biochemistry. This book provides a comprehensive history of enzymes, delving into their mechanisms, kinetics, production, recovery, and characterization. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of the application of immobilized enzymes, bioreactor design, and reaction engineering. The latest advancements in bioinformatics and its application in enzyme technology are also thoroughly explored. Moreover, the book discusses the fascinating topics of biosensors, ribozymes, and artificial enzymes, offering valuable insights into the cutting-edge developments in this field.Whether you are a student, researcher, or industry professional, this book serves as an indispensable resource, presenting a detailed and informative exploration of enzyme technology. With its comprehensive coverage and in-depth analysis, this book is an essential read for anyone interested in gaining a thorough understanding of enzymes and their profound impact on modern technology and science.

"Biomolecules" is an indispensable academic resource, meticulously crafted to cater to students of biochemistry, biotechnology, nanotechnology, microbiology, pharmacy, zoology, and other life sciences at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The book's primary objective is to provide a foundational understanding of cell biology and the intricate world of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, and water, along with an in-depth look at the crucial role of vitamins in biological systems.Structured in a clear and coherent manner, the book begins with an introductory chapter that lays down the general concepts of various biomolecules. This sets the stage for nine detailed chapters, each dedicated to a specific type of biomolecule, offering a comprehensive study of their structure, function, and metabolism. The book opens with a thorough examination of different cell types - animal, plant, yeast, bacterial, and viral - and explores the processes of cell division and reproduction.The journey through biomolecular science continues with a deep dive into the central dogma of life, encompassing the world of DNA and RNA in Chapter 2, followed by an exploration of amino acids and proteins in Chapter 3, including their structural diversity and metabolism. A special focus on pharmaceutical proteins highlights their genetic engineering and applications. Chapter 4 delves into enzymes, elucidating their structure, mechanisms of action, and real-world applications.Carbohydrates take center stage in Chapter 5, discussing their classification and metabolism, with a unique focus on blood group antigens. Chapter 6 explores the diverse world of fatty acids and lipids, detailing their types, properties, and metabolic pathways. The metabolic end products of biomolecules and their conversion into energy are thoroughly analyzed in Chapter 7, covering key metabolic pathways like the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.The book also pays homage to water, the quintessential molecule of life, in Chapter 8, explaining its structure and functions. Vitamins, essential for growth and as precursors for coenzymes, are comprehensively covered in Chapter 9, discussing both fat-soluble and water-soluble varieties and their roles in the body.Each chapter not only imparts scientific knowledge but also introduces a relevant scientist, celebrating their achievements to inspire students and ignite a deeper interest in the subject. Concluding each chapter are review questions and multiple-choice questions for self-assessment, ensuring a thorough grasp of the material."Biomolecules" stands as a beacon of knowledge, guiding students through the fascinating world of biomolecular science, laying a solid foundation for future scientific explorations.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the valorization of agri-food waste and discusses the main process conditions needed to overcome the difficulties of using waste as alternative raw materials.

The widespread and increasing use of carbon nanotubes in scientific and engineering research and their incorporation into manufactured goods has urged an assessment of the risks and hazards associated with exposure to them. The field of nanotoxicology studies the toxicology of nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and has become a major growth area aimed towards risk assessment of nanoparticles. Compiled by a team of leading experts at the forefront of research, this is the first book dedicated to the toxicology of carbon nanotubes. It provides state-of-the-science information on how and why they are so potentially dangerous if breathed in, including their similarities to asbestos. The book examines various aspects of carbon nanotubes, from their manufacture and aerodynamic behaviour to their effects at molecular level in the lungs. It is invaluable to the many groups involved with research in this area, as well as to regulators and risk assessors.

Comparative work of Urinary Sediment between data obtained in automated platform, Roche UF 1000 flow cytometer versus the gold standard optical microscopy method. This work was carried out with raw data from known patients whose expected results allowed us to define the non-pathological sample parameters obtained in automated equipment. The experience was enriching, working with trained laboratory personnel, using standardized guidelines for urine preparation for microscopic observation and obtaining highly efficient and reliable results. The new protocol was applied to the reports received by the physician.

This book provides a state-of-the-art report on our current understanding of aquaporins and the future direction of the field. Aquaporins (AQPs) are a group of water-channel proteins that are specifically permeable to water and other small molecules, such as glycerol and urea. To date thirteen water-channel proteins (AQP0 ¿ AQP12) have been cloned and the mechanisms and physiological functions of water transport across biological membranes have long been the subject of interest. Recent advances in the molecular biology and physiology of water transport have yielded new insights into how and why water moves across cell membranes, and studies on aquaporin knockout mouse models suggest that aquaporins are involved in the development of some diseases and they may be useful targets of research into selective-inhibitor drugs. By focusing on the advances made over the last 30 years in the biophysics, genetics, protein structure, molecular biology, physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of aquaporins in mammalian cell membranes, this book provides novel insights into further mechanisms and the physiological significance of water and some small molecule transport in mammals in order to stimulate further research in new directions.In the second version, fourteen chapters will be updated base on the most recent research articles. Ten new chapters will be added.

Chemical Modulation of Hepcidin in Vertebrates, written by Sandeep Basu, is a comprehensive book that explores the role of the peptide hormone hepcidin in iron homeostasis and its modulation through various chemical means in vertebrates. The book covers a wide range of topics related to iron metabolism and the regulation of hepcidin expression in different physiological and pathological conditions.The book begins by providing an overview of the structure and function of hepcidin and its role in iron regulation. It then delves into the various chemical modulators of hepcidin expression, including iron overload, anemia, inflammation, and hypoxia. The book also covers the regulation of hepcidin expression in the liver, including hepatic dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, carcinoma, injury, regeneration, and ischemia-reperfusion.In addition to hepatic regulation, the book also explores the role of hepcidin in non-hepatic tissues, such as inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and tumors. The book also covers the various signaling pathways involved in the regulation of hepcidin expression, including the hypoxia-inducible factor, bone morphogenetic protein, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Janus kinase 2, nuclear factor erythroid 2, and heme oxygenase 1.Overall, Chemical Modulation of Hepcidin in Vertebrates is a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians interested in understanding the complex regulation of hepcidin in iron homeostasis and its role in various pathological conditions. The book provides a detailed analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying hepcidin regulation, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, and the potential therapeutic strategies for modulating hepcidin expression in iron homeostasis disorders.

This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work.

Exposure of patients to a high oxygen environment is a standard treatment in a select group of patients. The development of oxygen toxicity must be avoided in those patients. This book describes the effects of normobaric and hyperbaric oxygen treatment of animal models on brain biochemical and physiological responses. This book provides a summary of our knowledge on the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation on mitochondrial activity in vivo, and other functions of the brain. A chapter covering the use of hyperbaric hyperoxia in patients¿ brain pathology and care is also included. This is an ideal book for students, research groups, and clinicians studying hyperbaric oxygen and its connection to mitochondrial activity and brain physiological functions.

This updated volume reflects new and evolved techniques to study detection, profiling, and manipulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants and animals. After overviews of how best to detect, identify, and validate microRNAs, the book continues by exploring state-of-the-art protocols for microRNA detection, approaches to profile the expression level of microRNAs, spatial expression analysis, describe in silico analysis of microRNAs and their targets, as well as protocols for functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets by CRISPR/Cas. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, MicroRNA Detection and Target Identification: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

This volume is a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of strategies, reproducible methods, and protocols for the in-depth analysis of Proteoglycans (PGs) and their glycan part, the GAGs. Chapters are divided into three parts detailing GAGs in biological specimens, protocols for the evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effects of PGs/GAGs, and protocols for compounds related with the metabolic enzymes, epigenetic regulation, and PGs/GAGs-based inhibitors. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and methods, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols.Cutting-edge and thorough, Proteoglycans: Methods and Protocols aims to provide information on the elucidated the structural and functional aspects of the complex matrix macromolecules such as the proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans.

This edited book is a comprehensive compilation of applications of plant molecular farming in various fields including agriculture, industry and medicine, using different plant/crop systems as bioreactors for the bulk production of products of interest. The book places special emphasis on plant molecular farming being utilized for the bulk production of biologics, industrial enzymes, vaccines, drugs and recombinant pharmaceutical proteins.Plant molecular farming (PMF) is an upcoming promising interdisciplinary subject, and therefore the book contains contributions from experts across the disciplines. The utilization of plant viral vectors to produce biologics, virus-like particles and antimicrobial peptides via PMF have been highlighted. Molecular farming for the bulk production of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins and various types of human and veterinary vaccines in different crops/plants and genetically modified seeds has been included. The process of scaling up to manufacturing capacity, product formation by bioprocessing of plant cell suspension culture, and bioreactor engineering have been incorporated. Lastly, the book provides special coverage on utilizing PMF made products to control neglected tropical diseases and plant-made antigens as immunotherapies for allergic and autoimmune diseases.The book has chapters from leading experts on the subject, making it equally beneficial for researchers, policy planners, industrialists, medical professionals, entrepreneurs, and students of various related disciplines.

Melatonin: An Ubiquitous Pleiotropic Molecule equips researchers with an understanding of the molecular biology of melatonin in plants. The book explores the occurrence of melatonin in several plant species, covering key aspects, including its biosynthesis, physiological function in plant growth and development, and signaling pathways. It then discusses the benefits melatonin has for plant and agricultural development, as well as how it can be utilized as a therapeutic in the treatment of human diseases. The role it can play in the oxidative stress response and circadian rhythm modulation are covered, as well as its nutraceutical potential for human health. The book also covers the importance of melatonin in a range of fields, including drug discovery and disease resistance, agriculture, botany, and biotechnology, and is an ideal reference for researchers across these disciplines.

Techniques for Biochemical Analysis provides researchers with a practical guide for investigating a variety of different biomolecules. It includes a range of tried and tested protocols, outlining the principles upon which each technique is founded, as well as providing instructions on equipment setup and use, buffer preparation, reagents required, safety considerations and analysis of findings. Beginning with an introduction to biochemistry and laboratory procedures, the book moves on to specific methods focused on investigation of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, and more. The large range of protocols covered in this foundational, how-to reference are interdisciplinary and adaptable to a variety of areas, making this an ideal resource for researchers across various fields, including biochemistry, molecular biology, medical sciences, plant physiology, agriculture, and related subjects.

"Eumelanin Production from Prauserella Sp: Characterization and Applications" is a comprehensive guide on the biological and practical aspects of eumelanin production and its applications. Authored by Gandhishree, the book covers the discovery of Prauserella Sp, a bacterium that produces eumelanin pigment, and its purification and characterization processes. The book delves into the chemical properties and biological activities of eumelanin, providing a thorough understanding of its structure, functions, and applications. It also discusses the various techniques used for the purification and characterization of eumelanin from Prauserella Sp, including high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The practical applications of eumelanin are explored in detail, including its use in cosmetics, sunscreen, and biomedicine. The book discusses the potential uses of eumelanin in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing, as well as its ability to act as a natural antioxidant, reducing inflammation and combating oxidative stress."Eumelanin Production from Prauserella Sp: Characterization and Applications" is a valuable resource for researchers, scientists, and students in the fields of microbiology, biotechnology, and biochemistry. It offers a comprehensive understanding of eumelanin production and characterization, and its potential for a wide range of applications in various industries.

Unlock the secrets of citric acid production with this groundbreaking work that focuses on utilizing molasses, a sugar industry byproduct, to yield this indispensable organic acid. Delving into meticulous optimization of various parameters such as pH, temperature, aeration, phosphate concentration, time, and inoculum size, this comprehensive guide provides valuable insights for both academics and industry professionals. Join the journey to revolutionize citric acid production and discover sustainable, efficient, and economically viable methods.

The book "Data Driven Hearts: AI and ML in Cardiovascular Care" explores the relationship between cutting-edge technology and cardiovascular care, emphasizing how AI is revolutionizing the field. Understanding cardiovascular disorders, risk factors, pathophysiology, and conventional diagnostic techniques are all covered. The book also explores the use of AI in medical imaging for cardiovascular diagnosis, predictive analytics in risk assessment, and data collecting and preprocessing.The diagnostic utility of electrocardiography (ECG), data preprocessing, classification of arrhythmias, and the possibility of continuous monitoring via tele-ECG are covered. Challenges, computational screening, virtual drug design, target identification, the function of clinical trials, and drug repurposing are also covered, in addition to personalized therapy suggestions.The ethical implications of AI and ML in healthcare are also covered in the book, along with issues related to patient privacy, legal frameworks, and the function of medical ethics committees.

This book is a comprehensive collection of information on the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants. The main focus of this book is to address the abiotic stress management in plants by plant phenolics under varied environments. Plant metabolic networks contribute significantly to the plasticity of plant metabolism, which is required to afford the sessile lifestyle of a land plant under changing environmental conditions. In natural systems, plants face a plethora of antagonists and thus possess a myriad of defenses and have evolved multiple defense mechanisms by which they can cope with various kinds of stresses for adaptation. Plant phenolics being ubiquitous have been extracted from every plant part such as roots, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds and thus plays important role in adapting the plants to the varied environment. The book will provide readers with an up-to-date review of this dynamic field and sets the direction for future research. This book is of interest and use to a diverse range of topics of regulation of abiotic stress in plants. Bringing together work from leading international researchers, it is also a valuable reading material for plant and agricultural scientists, academics, researchers, students, and teachers wanting to gain insights into the role of plant phenolics in stress management in plants for sustainable agriculture.

This book is related to effect of exogenous application of gibberellic acid, potassium nitrate and silicic acid under salt stress on physiological, biochemical parameters and enzymatic activities of groundnut. GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid are potential biomolecules in reducing the adverse effect of salt stress in plant. GA3, KNO3 and silicic acid has been showed to be beneficial for plant growth and development.

The latest edition of this text provides an introduction to current risk assessment practices and procedures and explores the intrinsic complexities, challenges, and controversies associated with analysis of environmental health risks.

The book "Biological and Molecular Evaluation of Metal Complexes" written by Sasikumar G is a comprehensive guide that covers various aspects of metal complexes derived from different ligands. The book is a result of extensive research in the field of chemistry and biochemistry, providing valuable insights into the biological and molecular properties of metal complexes.The first section of the book provides an introduction to metal complexes and their importance in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, and industry. It discusses the synthesis and characterization of metal complexes and the factors that influence their biological activity.The second section of the book focuses on the biological evaluation of metal complexes. It explains the mechanisms of action of metal complexes and their potential applications in treating various diseases such as cancer, HIV, and bacterial infections. The section also covers the toxicity and safety aspects of metal complexes.The third section of the book deals with the molecular docking studies of metal complexes. It explains the molecular docking techniques and their applications in drug design and discovery. The section also discusses the computational methods used to study the interactions between metal complexes and biological targets.Overall, "Biological and Molecular Evaluation of Metal Complexes" is a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals in the field of chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmaceuticals. It provides a detailed understanding of the biological and molecular properties of metal complexes and their potential applications in various fields.

The book studies the physical principles underlying the molecular mechanisms of biological processes. It has been shown that processes of electrical polarization - ¿gating currents¿ - play a particularly important role in these mechanisms. Establishing the physical principles of these processes opens the way to the creation of functioning analogues of living systems. In classical physics there is a relationship according to which the deformation of macromolecules can be a consequence of electrical polarization. In quantum mechanics, this effect is expressed as the principle of self-consistency of molecules. At the same time, this connection lies in the underlying mechanisms of the functioning of living systems. The book introduces physical models of the transmission of nerve impulses, cis-trans isomerization of retinal in visual rhodopsin in the light, the mechanism of allosteric effects, the mechanism of rotation of the ATP synthase rotor, the mechanism of the active transport system - the operation of the ¿ion pump¿.