Mikrobiologi (ikke-medicinsk)

This detailed volume spotlights methods to investigate a variety of virus-host interactions in humans, other mammals, fish, or insects. It explores viruses such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), honeybee viruses, Nipah virus, EBV, SVCV, HSV-1, HIV-1, A H1N1, and SARS-CoV-2, as well as applications of techniques such as qPCR, serum antibody responses, 4C analysis, cell membrane fusion, biosensors, computational modelling, quantitative proteomics, and other genetic tools to decipher those viral infections and interactions. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Virus-Host Interactions: Methods and Protocols serves as a valuable resource for researchers both in academia and in the biosciences industry who are engaged in the search for a better understanding of threatening virus-hosts interactions, virus detection, their characterization, and ultimately their taming and control.

This volume guides researchers on how to characterize, image rare, and  hitherto unknown taxa and their interactions, to identify new functions and biomolecules and to understand how environmental changes condition the activity and the response of the organisms living with us and in our environment.Chapters cover different organism types (i.e., archaea, bacteria, fungi, protist, microfauna and microeukaryotes) and propose detailed protocols to produce high quality DNA, to analyse active microbial communities directly involved in complex interactions or processes through stable isotope probing, to identify and characterize new functional genes, to image in situ interactions and to apply bioinformatics analysis tools to complex metagenomic or RNAseq sequence data. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Microbial Environmental Genomics (MEG): Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to serve as a primary research reference for researchers in microbiology working to in the expanding field of molecular ecology and environmental genomics.

The advent of X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) as a tool for the soil sciences almost 40 years ago has revolutionised the field. Soil is the fragile, thin layer of material that exists above earth's geological substrates upon which so much of life on earth depends. However a major limitation to our understanding of how soils behave and function is due to its complex, opaque structure that hinders our ability to assess its porous architecture without disturbance. X-ray imagery has facilitated the ability to truly observe soil as it exists in three dimensions and across contrasting spatial and temporal scales in the field in an undisturbed fashion. This book gives a comprehensive overview of the "e;state of the art"e; in a variety of application areas where this type of imaging is used, including soil water physics and hydrology, agronomic management of soils, and soil-plant-microbe interactions. It provides the necessary details for entry level readers in the crucial areas of sample preparation, scanner optimisation and image processing and analysis. Drawing on experts across the globe, from both academia and industry, the book covers the necessary "e;dos and don'ts"e;, but also offers insights into the future of both technology and science. The wider application of the book is provided by dedicated chapters on how the data from such imagery can be incorporated into models and how the technology can be interfaced with other relevant technical applications. The book ends with a future outlook from the four editors, each of whom has over 20 years of experience in the application of X-ray CT to soil science.

In the vast world of microbiology, there is a fascinating field known as environmental microbiology. This branch of science focuses on the study of microorganisms and their interactions with the environment. This subchapter aims to introduce students to the exciting world of environmental microbiology and provide insights into its relevance and significance.Environmental microbiology is concerned with understanding the diversity, distribution, and ecological roles of microorganisms in various environments, such as soil, water, air, and even extreme habitats like hot springs or deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Microorganisms are the most abundant and diverse forms of life on Earth, and they play crucial roles in maintaining the balance of ecosystems.One key aspect of environmental microbiology is studying the role of microorganisms in nutrient cycling. Microbes are the primary drivers of decomposition, breaking down complex organic matter into simpler compounds, and recycling essential elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. This process is vital for the sustenance of life on Earth.Moreover, environmental microbiologists investigate the impact of microorganisms on human health and the environment. They study the presence and behavior of pathogens in various environments, helping to identify and prevent disease outbreaks. Understanding how microorganisms interact with pollutants and toxins is also crucial for developing strategies to mitigate environmental contamination.Environmental microbiology employs various techniques and tools to explore and analyze microorganisms. Traditional methods include culturing microorganisms in the lab, while modern techniques like DNA sequencing and metagenomics allow scientists to study the microbial communities directly in their natural habitats. These advancements have revolutionized the field, enabling researchers to discover previously unknown microorganisms and uncover their unique functions.Studying environmental microbiology not only provides insights into the fundamental workings of ecosystems but also offers potential applications in fields such as biotechnology, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Microorganisms have the ability to produce enzymes, biofuels, and bioplastics, and they can be harnessed for wastewater treatment, soil restoration, or biocontrol of pests.

This volume provides basic insight and protocols relating to endophytic microbes. Chapter are divided into five major sections detailing basic isolation, bioactive metabolites production. endophytism, isolation and identification of endophytes, bioactive potentials, and screening of metabolites.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Endophytic Microbes: Isolation, Identification, and Bioactive Potentials aims to provide comprehensive and accessible methods to undergraduate, graduate, and established scientist.

Big Data technologies have the potential to revolutionize the agriculture sector, in particular food safety and quality practices. This book is designed to provide a foundational understanding of various applications of Big Data in Food Safety. Big Data requires the use of sophisticated approaches for cleaning, processing and extracting useful information to improve decision-making. The contributed volume reviews some of these approaches and algorithms in the context of real-world food safety  studies.  Food safety and quality related data are being generated in large volumes and from a variety of sources such as farms, processors, retailers, government organizations, and other industries. The editors have included examples of how big data can be used in the fields of bacteriology, virology and mycology to improve food safety.  Additional chapters detail how the big data sources are aggregated and used in food safety and quality areas such as food spoilage and quality deterioration along the supply chain, food supply chain traceability, as well as policy and regulations. The volume also contains solutions to address standardization, data interoperability, and other data governance and data related technical challenges. Furthermore, this volume discusses how the application of machine-learning has successfully improved the speed and/or accuracy of many processes in the food supply chain, and also discusses some of the inherent challenges. Included in this volume as well is a practical example of the digital transformation that happened in Dubai, with a particular emphasis on how data is enabling better decision-making in food safety. To complete this volume, researchers discuss how although big data is and will continue to be a major disruptor in the area of food safety, it also raises some important questions with regards to issues such as security/privacy, data control and data governance, all of which must be carefully considered by governments and law makers.

This detailed volume examines classical and cutting-edge methods involving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), specifically regarding isolation, visualization, characterization, production, and application. Many protocols, such as co-immunoprecipitation-based isolation of double-stranded RNA-associated protein complexes, identification of mycoviruses by dsRNA extraction, application of dsRNA for fungi disease management (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cin), and production of double-stranded RNA in plants by plant viral vectors for gene silencing, can also be easily adapted for identification of viruses from other organisms, control of other pathogens, and fundamental research. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Reliable and practical, Double-Stranded RNA: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal reference book for students and researchers who work with dsRNA.

This book is divided into five sections and ten chapters, highlighting recent advances in Aspergillus and aspergillosis from pathogenicity to novel diagnosis based on biosensors and metagenomic next-generation sequencing, mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance, Aspergillus¿human interactions, immunopathogenesis of invasive aspergillosis, post-viral aspergillosis, treatment strategies, and the importance of beneficial and harmful metabolites of Aspergillusin public health and industry. This book presents cutting-edge research on Aspergillus along with useful information for mycologists, microbiologists, toxicologists, plant pathologists, and pharmacologists who may be interested in understanding the impact, significance, and recent advances within the genus Aspergillus that have not been critically noticed elsewhere.

This textbook provides an up-to-date overview of the most important parasites in humans and their potential vectors. For each parasite, the book offers a concise summary including its distribution, epidemiology, life cycle, morphology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapeutic measures. Numerous tables, diagrams and over 200 colorful illustrations highlight the main aspects of parasitic infestations and present suitable control measures. 60 questions help to test readers' theoretical knowledge of the field. In short, the book is highly recommended for anyone looking to delve into the field of human parasitology. It is intended for students of biology and human medicine, medical doctors, pharmacists and laboratory staff alike. Furthermore, persons who plan to visit or live longer in endemic regions will find essential information on necessary preventive and control measurements.

This book deals with the advantages of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against the COVID-19 and against future pandemics that could threat humanity and our environment. This book is a practical, scientific and clinically relevant example of how medicine and mathematics will fuse in the 2020s, out of external pandemic pressure and out of scientific evolutionary necessity. This book contains a unique blend of the world's leading researchers, both in medicine, mathematics, computer science, clinical and preclinical medicine, and presents the research front of the usage of AI against pandemics.Equipped with this book the reader will learn about the latest AI advances against COVID-19, and how mathematics and algorithms can aid in preventing its spreading course, treatments, diagnostics, vaccines, clinical management and future evolution.

This book describes emerging and established industrial processes of biomining technologies used for the recovery of metals of economic interest from, e.g. mineral ores, mining and electronic wastes using microbiological technologies. Multiple chapters focus on engineering design and operation of biomining systems. Several industrial case studies from China, Chile, Peru, Russia/Kazakhstan and Finland are included, which emphasises the practical approach of the book. The reader not only learns more about the biology, diversity and ecology of microorganisms involved in biomining processes, but also about microbial biomolecular and cultivation tools used in the biomining industry. Special emphasis is put on emerging biotechnologies enabling the use of biomining for recycling metals from e-wastes, waste streams and process waters. Finally, the future impacts and direction of biomining towards sustainability in a metal-demanding world are also highlighted.The book is aimed at an interdisciplinary audience involving operators and researchers working across disciplines including geology, chemical engineering, microbiology and molecular biology. This is reflected by the content of this book, as well as by its authors, who are all leading practitioners and authorities in their fields.

The book provides a characteristic of sulfate karst, the features of its distribution and development in the Perm region, based on their own research and generalization of data accumulated in recent years. An updated zoning of the territory is given, partly based on the use of GIS technologies. This book also offers a detailed description of areas with characteristics of geological and hydrogeological conditions for the development of karst and karst phenomena. Besides, it also provides a detailed description of a number of caves, information about specially protected natural areas associated with sulfate karst and new unique objects that need protection. The book describes the influence of karst on economic activity and the ecological situation.The publication is intended for geologists, geographers, ecologists, karst scientists, speleologists, local historians, teachers and students of specialties related to earth sciences, as well as a wide range of karst and cave enthusiasts.

To be updated with second edition.This is a book about the science behind whisky: its production, its measurement, and its flavor. The main purpose of this book is to review the current state of whisky science in the open literature. The focus is principally on chemistry, which describes molecular structures and their interactions, and chemical engineering which is concerned with realizing chemical processes on an industrial scale. Biochemistry, the branch of chemistry concerned with living things, helps to understand the role of grains, yeast, bacteria, and oak. Thermodynamics, common to chemistry and chemical engineering, describes the energetics of transformation and the state that substances assume when in equilibrium. This book contains a taste of flavor chemistry and of sensory science, which connect the chemistry of a food or beverage to the flavor and pleasure experienced by a consumer. There is also a dusting of history, a social science.

This edited volume provides insights about the molecular virology, pathoenesis of infection and host responses to varicella-zoster virus, which is a medically important human herpesvirus.  The chapters not only discuss genetics and molecular evolution of the virus, but also new structure-based knowledge on the functions of viral glycoproteins. Further, the authors illustrate how mechanisms from the virus are used to take over and remodel host cells during pathogeneis. These mechanisms also enable viral modulation of host cells and evasion of the host immune response. Part of these evasion and survival strategies, is the reaction to triggered host cell responses like autophagy, the stress response, modulation of apoptosis and other cell death pathways. This hands-on knowledge is crucial for students and clinicians in Virology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases.Chapter "e;Common features between stroke following varicella in children and stroke following herpes zoster in adults"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via Springerlink.com.

This book discusses the microbiology of fermentation for the production of bioethanol from sugarcane. Coverage includes how selected yeasts improve ethanol yield and productivity concerning recent advances at genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels, how microorganisms (bacteria and yeasts) interact with each other in fermentation vats, and the application of microbiological monitoring methods with safety and precision. Special attention is given to antimicrobial strategies used to decrease contamination. The book is aimed at professionals working in the bioethanol industry, as well as students and researchers studying biological and biotechnological aspects of applied matters such as industrial microbiology and industrial fermentations.The English translation of this book from its Portuguese original manuscript was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service provider DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision of the content was done by the author.Covers common microbiological monitoring techniques;Reviews selected yeasts used in the bioethanol industry;Examines the role of bacteria and native yeasts in ethanolic fermentation and methods to control their growth.

This book aims to advance the understanding of deubiquitinases (DUBs) and DUB-like enzymes. Chapters detail methods used to identify, classify,and biochemically characterize DUBs along with approaches that enable both the determination and alteration of DUB biological function.. Written in the format of the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, each chapter includes an introduction to the topic, lists necessary materials and reagents, includes tips on troubleshooting and known pitfalls, and step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols.Authoritative and cutting-edge, Deubiquitinases: Methods and Protocols aims to be a useful and practical guide to new researchers and experts looking to expand their knowledge. 

This volume provides up-to-date and novel techniques for various screening technologies currently used in metagenomics and related areas. Starting with DNA/RNA isolation from environmental samples, the book continues by delving into areas such as current methods used to isolate DNA and construct metagenomic libraries, establishment of metagenome libraries in non-E. coli hosts, and topics like function-driven mining of metagenomic DNA, screening and analyzing protocols for a wide array of different genes encoding enzymes, bacterial viruses and much more. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Metagenomics: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition provides a comprehensive collection of up-to-date metagenome protocols and tools for the recovery of many major types of biocatalysts and allows for the easy setup of these screens in microbiology laboratories.

This volume provides researchers with the most updated understanding of the basics of West Nile Virus (WNV). Chapters focus on the biology, virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, as well as the step-by-step molecular, cellular, and statistical methods to study WNV infection in cell culture, mosquitos, animal models, and human clinical specimen.  Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, West Nile Virus: Methods and Protocols aims to be a valuable resource for all researchers interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

This book covers the wide set of well-regulated virulence factors and defense mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa focusing on stress responses and the evolution of this opportunistic human pathogen.Pseudomonas aeruginosa is responsible for one out of ten hospital infections.  Additionally, this Gram-negative bacterium is accountable for persistent infections in immunocompromised individuals and the leading cause of chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. This book provides insight on the metabolic versatility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its mechanisms for biofilm formation that make this organism highly efficient  in causing infections.  The book invites the readers to learn more about the intrinsic ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to resist a wide variety of antimicrobial agents due to the concerted action of multidrug efflux pumps, antibiotic-degrading enzymes, and the low permeability of bacterial cellular envelopes. Particular focus is put on the evolutionary role of different types of protein-secretion systems in pathogenesis, flagella and their role in chemotaxis and surface sensing, and host-pathogen interactions.This book is a useful introduction to the field for junior scientists interested in the biology and pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is also an interesting read for advanced scientists and medical specialists working within this field, providing a broader view of the topic beyond their specific area of specialization.

This book describes leading research in bioengineering for development of novel technologies for ferrous metal extraction. The author includes new developments in molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, cell metabolism, and engineering principles and applies them to the conventional iron ore industry - proposing innovative solutions to various industry challenges. The book focuses on applied approaches and describes emerging and established industrial processes, as well as the underlying theory of the process, and the biology of the microorganisms involved.Elaborates on bioprocessing technologies applicable for extraction of ferrous metals using cross-pollination of microbiology and extractive metallurgy;Presents a systematic overview of bioprocessing technologies encompassing laboratory research, pilot scale studies, and industrial process flowsheet design;Provides comprehensive coverage of the engineering principles behind bioprocesses of iron ores including material and energy balances, transport processes, reactions and reactor engineering.

This book covers the present and future of bioethanol biorefinery technologies. It discusses the efficient use of feedstock in bioethanol production, and critically reviews the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production. In addition, it describes the integrated production of bioelectricity, biopolymers, organic acids, and other biomolecules, as well as the use of process-related liquid and solid byproducts and/or wastes during bioethanol generation.Since the bioethanol industry has also led the automotive industry to explore new avenues, this book summarizes the various aspects of ethanol motorization, hybrid engine development, and biofuel electrification. For decades, clean and renewable alternatives have been sought to reduce dependence on petroleum-based fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Bioethanol appears as one of the best solutions for the production of biofuels, bioenergy and biochemicals, along with the establishment of new biorefinery concepts and a circular bioeconomy. Therefore, the ideas and technologies presented in this book contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy.This book is a useful reference for postgraduate students and researchers interested in biorefinery and biofuel technologies, both in academia- and commercial laboratories. Early career scientists can use it to fast track into the field. Advanced scientists will find it helpful to gain a broader overview of the field beyond their area of specialization.

This book covers broader application of biotechnology for the protection of environment through different bioremediation and biodegradation techniques developed for removal of environmental contaminants including the recently discovered contaminants. The book offers a comprehensive overview of environmental pollutants including their fate, behavior, environmental and associated health risks. It is useful reading material for postgraduate and graduate students of environmental biotechnology, environmental microbiology and ecology. Young researchers also find the chapters useful understanding the latest developments.

Understanding the Pandemic: Pathophysiology, Transmission, and Treatment of COVID-19 aims to cover all aspects of COVID-19 infection from the virus, transmission, pathogenesis, immune-inflammation response, systemic injury, organ damage, associated factors, and comorbidities that drive mortality. Organized into ten sections, the book aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the impact of COVID-19. The book begins a review of coronaviruses, their structure and mechanism of action. The book goes on to discuss the immune response to the virus and its effect on various organs. It examines clinical cases based on an observations and postmortem studies. Other topics include the long-term effects of COVD-19, vaccines, and public health response.

Bacteria and fungi are able to aggregate together or on surfaces in densely packed microcolonies, facilitated by extracellular polymeric substances for cell protection and stability. These biofilms have proven to be extremely hard to eradicate and remove once established. In chronic infections, this condition can result in a high degree of morbidity and mortality as regular antibiotic treatments are ineffective against biofilms. In industrial facilities, the formation of biofilms can ruin production and result in enormous financial losses.In this book, the current state of antibiofilm research is presented by experts from around the world. Novel, cutting-edge techniques and new optimized strategies based on established methods are discussed in chapters focused on biofilm prevention, treatment and control for the application in clinical, industrial and veterinary settings.Antibiofilm strategies, such as chemical and enzymatic treatments, surface modification and coatings, quorum sensing inhibition and dispersal induction, phage therapy, cold plasma treatment, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, and metal-based nanomedicine are covered, among many others.This book contributes to the UN's Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being and is a valuable resource for healthcare professionals, microbiologists, academics and for educators to inform curricula of universities and colleges.

This books comprises of 24 chapters by experts from developed and developing countries. The book cover Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, the UK and England, USA, West Africa, and Zambia.FOREWORD by David J. Hunter, Emeritus Professor, Newcastle University, the UK.

This fully updated volume serves as multidisciplinary compendium of approaches and techniques employed to analyze the role of different molecules, processes, or strategies used by different guests to survive and proliferate in their associations with eukaryotic hosts. Beginning with animal-pathogen interactions, the book then continues with chapters exploring virus-host interactions, plant-microbe interactions, as well as different molecular techniques that were initially applied to non-pathogenic interactions but can be adapted to study other host-pathogen associations. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, as well as tips for troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Authoritative and up-to-date, Host-Pathogen Interactions: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition contributes to the study of host-pathogen interactions with numerous techniques that can be used in a variety of bacteria.