Adfærdsbiologi og dyrs opførsel

Charles Darwins banebrydende værk som ligger til grund for al biologisk evolutionsteori.Når man læser Darwins bog, forbavses man over hans alsidighed, viden og kombinationsevne. Han er naturhistoriker af det helt store format og så kendte han store dele af jorden".Få andre bøger har skabt en sådan storm af kontroverser som Arternes Oprindelse. Darwins teori om, at arter stammer fra andre arter ved en gradvis evolutionær proces – og at gennemsnitsniveauet for hver art øges ud fra grundtanken om at – kun den bedst egnede overlever (”the survival of the fittest”), hvilket fik debatten til at tage nye højder. Den senere accept af Darwins teorier, revolutionerede det videnskabens forløb.Darwins bidrag til den moderne videnskab, er altafgørende for, hvordan vi ser verden i dag - og næsten umulig at evaluere. Arternes oprindelse bør læses af alle med interesse indenfor biologi og for verdens evolution. Ligesom bogen har bidraget til heftig debat og fortolkning indenfor områder som filosofi og teologi.Bogen regnes for det vigtigste bidrag til biologien i videnskabens historie.Den originale version af Darwins "Arternes Oprindelse" udgives af Paludans Forlag, hvor bogen indgår i serien blandt klassiske historiske værker.

What does it mean to be intelligent? Is it something unique to humans - or do we share it with other beings? Recent years have seen rapid advances in 'artificial' intelligence, which increasingly appears to be something stranger than we ever imagined. At the same time, we are becoming more aware of the other intelligences which have been with us all along, unrecognized. These other beings are the animals, plants, and natural systems that surround us, and are slowly revealing their complexity and knowledge - just as the new technologies we've built are threatening to cause their extinction, and ours. In Ways of Being, writer and artist James Bridle considers the fascinating, uncanny and multiple ways of existing on earth. What can we learn from these other forms of intelligence and personhood, and how can we change our societies to live more equitably with one another and the non-human world? From Greek oracles to octopuses, forests to satellites, Bridle tells a radical new story about ecology, technology and intelligence. We must, they argue, expand our definition of these terms to build a meaningful and free relationship with the non-human, one based on solidarity and cognitive diversity. We have so much to learn, and many worlds to gain.

"This book holds up the honey bee colony as a lens through which we can view the evolutionary processes that give rise to complex organisms"--

"This book provides a generally accessible introduction to what is known about dinosaur behavior, including how scientists even study dinosaur behavior to begin with"--

”Tau har skrevet den fineste bog med fortællinger, der går lige i hjertet. Den har gjort stort indtryk på mig. En hjertevarme og berigende bog.” Marianne FlormanDenne bog er en hjertesag. Den er skrevet ud fra et ønske om, at vi mennesker bliver bedre til at leve i kærligt, respektfuldt og nysgerrigt partnerskab med vores dyr.I bogen deler jeg nogle af de oplevelser og opdagelser dyrene har beriget mig med. Dyrene lærer mig noget nyt hver dag. Både om dem selv, men i lige så høj grad om mig selv. De er mine bedste læremestre og et spejl, der peger tilbage på mig selv, hver gang noget er godt, og hver gang noget går i kludder.Begrebet “ven” er kernen i min tilgang til dyrene. Et venskab er en tovejs relation. I et harmonisk venskab kan jeg ikke være vigtigere end dig. Jeg kan ikke være mere værd end dig eller have mere taletid end dig. Et godt venskab bygger på gensidig respekt og forståelse.En stor del af dyrenes kommunikation foregår uden lyd. De kommunikerer via krop, billeder, følelser og energi. De bruger hele det sanseapparat, vi alle er udstyret med, men som vi mennesker har skruet ned for. For os er talesproget det altoverskyggende kommunikationsmiddel. Dyrene derimod spiller på mange flere tangenter, når de kommunikerer, og det skaber en meget præcis og autentisk kommunikation.I bogens fortællinger møder du bla. den traumatiserede hund Mina, hus-kyllingen Julius, den kloge empatiske hest Sir Price, den handikappede killing Bellis, de vilde firben i Peru og mange flere. Der er også en række øvelser, der kan hjælpe dig med at blive endnu bedre til at kommunikere, støtte og samarbejde med dit dyr.Uddrag fra bogen:"(Hunden) Mina virker dybt traumatiseret. Af sin tid på internatet i Bosnien, af sin rejse til Danmark, af sit nye og meget anderledes liv som indendørs kæledyr hos min mor. Da der er gået et år bor Mina stadig kun i sengen. Hun er bange for alle bevægelser, og når min mor nærmer sig sengen, skal det ske meget langsomt, med blikket væk og siden til, for at Mina ikke trykker sig angst ned i madrassen. Men lige meget hvor forsigtigt min mor nærmer sig, reagerer Mina altid med usikkerhed. Mina spiser i sengen, sover i sengen og er vågen i sengen.Det er ikke et godt hundeliv. Selv om Mina bevæger sig fra sengen og ud på gårdspladsen flere gange dagligt, bliver hun ved med at opleve turen gennem huset som en farlig tur. Hver gang. Ude på gårdspladsen er hun også stresset og bevæger sig hele tiden uroligt rundt. Når Mina skal ind igen, fjerner min mor alt, hvad der ligger på gulvet, så Mina ikke bliver forskrækket over uforudsete ting på sin rute tilbage til sengen. Det kræver rigtig mange tilløb for Mina at finde modet til at løbe ind ad døren, gennem huset og op i sengen. Ofte må labradoren Nanna hjælpe hende ved at stå i entreen. Så tør Mina bedre komme ind. Nanna er tryghed. Når Mina endelig kommer ind, spurter hun direkte op i sengen. Hun vælter næsten i svingene. Det kan ikke gå hurtigt nok med at komme tilbage i sikkerhed. Sengen er hendes safe space. Hendes tømmerflåde.Min mor elsker sin lille sorte Mina. Men hun er frustreret og ked af det over, at Mina ikke får det bedre. Hun overvejer mange gange, om det mest barmhjertige vil være at aflive hende. Mina har ingen livskvalitet. Der sker intet i hendes liv, og hun er totalt understimuleret. Enten må Mina få et større liv, eller også må hun aflives.Det bliver mit startskud. Jeg beslutter mig for at forsøge at lære Mina at komme ud i verden igen og gå ture. Hvis jeg kan. Jeg ved det ikke. Jeg har ikke prøvet det her før, men Mina skal have en chance. Selvfølgelig skal hun det.Første gang vi skal på tur, tager jeg hundeselen i hånden og nærmer mig sengen stille og roligt, mens jeg fortæller Mina, at vi skal på tur. Det kan vi godt det her, siger jeg kærligt men bestemt til hende. Ikke for at presse hende, men for at indgyde hende mod. Ligesom hvis jeg skulle lære et barn at cykle. Jeg siger hele tiden “vi” i stedet for “du”, for ligesom at tage presset af hende, så der ikke er en tung forventning til hende, noget hun skal præstere. Det her er noget, vi gør i fællesskab. Vi er sammen om det her. Jeg er med hende og skal lige så meget lære at gøre det her sammen med hende, som hun skal. Men jeg tror på, at vi kan.Selv om jeg nærmer mig meget forsigtigt og respektfuldt, kryber hun helt sammen. Hun flygter ned i den anden ende af sengen, da jeg tager selen frem, men vi skal det her, så jeg følger efter, selv om hun tydeligt siger nej tak. Jeg overskrider hendes grænser, men fortæller hende hele tiden kærligt og opmuntrende hvorfor. Jeg anerkender hendes angst, men støtter hendes samtidig i, at det her kan vi godt. Da hun får selen på går hele hendes lille krop i panik, og hun ryster fuldstændig ukontrollabelt. Jeg giver hende et øjeblik til lige at ligge lidt, mens jeg selv tager overtøj på. Så går jeg ind og taler roligt videre med hende og fortæller, at vi bare skal ud på en lille bitte tur. Ikke længere end vi kan klare. Vi går ud på grusvejen og så ser vi, hvor mange skridt eller hvor mange meter, vi kan gå. Vi gør kun det, vi kan.Mina er ude af stand til at bevæge sig, så angst er hun. Derfor tager jeg hende forsigtigt op og bærer hende gennem huset, hen over gårdspladsen og ud gennem porten til vi står på grusvejen. Jeg ved, hvor vigtigt det er, at jeg er en god støtte for Mina nu, så jeg må ikke slingre i min egen tro på, at vi godt kan det her. Min tro og ro er det eneste, Mina kan læne sig op ad lige nu. Labradoren Nanna følger glad med, hun elsker at gå tur. Hun er også en god støtte.Jeg sætter Mina ned, og hun tager et par hurtige skridt fremad og væk fra mig. Så stopper hun op og ryster sig. Det er som om, hun ryster alt det, hun lige har været igennem, ud af kroppen, for bagefter er hun klar til at gå. Jeg har hende i en lang line. Jeg ved ikke, hvor tæt på mig, hun har lyst til at være. Hun holder sig to meter fra mig. Ikke for tæt, men heller ikke for langt væk. Jeg er alligevel en slags livline. Mina er meget nervøs og kigger hele tiden op på mig for at blive bekræftet i, hvad vi skal. “Hvor er vi seje,” siger jeg og smiler til hende. “Vi er ude at gå tur. Det kan vi godt det her(...)”

"An encounter with a spider will never be the same again ... This warm-hearted book offers fascinating science and captivating storytelling to persuade readers to fall in love with -- or at least tolerate -- these eight-legged wonders. Eight-Legged Wonders unveils the remarkable lives of one of the most misunderstood and maligned creatures on the planet: the spider. With over 50,000 species, spiders play vital roles in our ecosystems and the vast majority are harmless to humans. With this in mind, shouldn't we at least try to set aside our creepy-crawly associations, and cultivate a deeper appreciation for these truly wonderful beings? Eight-Legged Wonders helps us do just that. In this affectionate and surprisingly giddy ode to spiders, James O'Hanlon, a scientist and spider expert, introduces spiders that we may never have noticed before, including spiders that cosplay as ants, balloon through the air, and scuba-dive. He describes the peacock spider's colorful dances and the Portia jumping spider's cunning hunting techniques. He dispels bite concerns, highlights groundbreaking research using spiders for human benefit, and aims to shift perceptions, ultimately revealing spiders as truly remarkable beings worthy of our admiration."--

"Called the Jane Goodall of wolves, world-renowned wildlife biologist Diane Boyd has spent four decades studying and advocating for wolves in the wilds of Montana near Glacier National Park. When she started in the 1970s, she was the only female biologist in the United States researching and radio-collaring wild wolves. With her two dogs for company, she faced the rigors of the Montana winter in an isolated cabin without running water or electricity. Boyd fearlessly forded icy rivers, strapped on skis to navigate thick stands of lodgepole pine, and monitored packs from the air in a tiny bush plane that skimmed the treetops so she could count wolves and see what they were feeding on. She faced down grizzly bears, mountain lions, wolverines -- and the occasional trapper -- as she stalked her quarry: a handful of wolves that were making their way south from Canada into Montana. Resilient and resourceful, she devised her own trapping methods and negotiated with locals as wolf populations grew from the first natural colonizer to more than 3,000 wolves in the West today. In this captivating book, Boyd takes the reader on a wild ride from the early days of wolf research to the present-day challenges of wolf management across the globe, highlighting her interactions with an apex predator that captured her heart and her undying admiration. Her writing resonates with her indomitable spirit as she explores the intricate balance of human and wolf coexistence."--

"In his latest book, award-winning author and renowned wolf researcher, Rick McIntyre, explores the intricate world of wolf behavior in Yellowstone National Park and highlights the individual character traits that allow wolf packs to thrive. Unveiling power struggles, pack politics, the roles of family protection, inter-pack conflicts, and more, Rick skillfully follows the intricacy of packs and the unique attributes each wolf has. In these true stories, he celebrates the many lessons we can learn from wolf packs and the dynamic personalities that enable them to expand across new territories amidst adversity."--

"In Eavesdropping on Animals, George Bumann shares the fascinating stories and insights he has gained from studying wildlife around the world for more than forty years, the last twenty of which have been spent leading popular programs on animal language and intelligence in Yellowstone National Park. Bumann shares tips, tricks, and advice for readers living in areas and clearly shows us that you don't need an exotic vacation or a biology degree to have transformative wildlife encounters. Listening to and observing creatures in your own backyard, on nearby trails, and in local parks, seashores, fields, and forests can lead to extraordinary experiences and a profound sense of belonging."--

Stepped Care 2.0: A Paradigm Shift in Mental Health, by Dr Peter Cornish, made a compelling argument for why the existing mental health care system has consistently struggled to meet the needs of clients from all walks of life, and laid out key principles and guidelines for how the system could be changed. But what challenges are involved in putting these ideas into practice? Stepped Care 2.0: The Power of Conundrums features essays, interviews, and arguments from a wide range of contributors who have tried to do just that. The Power of Conundrums dives deep into the practical application of the Stepped Care 2.0 model (SC2.0), looking at the ways SC2.0 has succeeded, the difficulties administrators face when implementing it, and how it could be improved. Chapters touch on topics including: the evidence for stepped care, the way SC2.0 can be stymied by the Western cultural values that dominate mental healthcare, implementation science and SC2.0, the riskparadigm and SC2.0, the model¿s one-at-a-time approach to therapy, what co-design means in an SC2.0 context, a case study on how implementing SC2.0 can go wrong, the understanding of recovery put forward by the model, and how SC2.0 can work for clients experiencing complex, persistent, or chronic mental health issues. Each chapter is followed by a reflection from Cornish, and the book concludes with a roundtable discussion about how SC2.0 can evolve to meet the challenges it faces. This text brings theory and practice together by including an updated version of Stepped Care 2.0: A Paradigm Shift in Mental Health, as well as the full text of Stepped Care 2.0: The Power of Conundrums.

"When ... Brian Hare and Vanessa Woods fell in love with a trained service dog named Congo, they wanted to understand what made him such a great companion. Given that there hadn't been a large-scale study of puppy development since 1950, they decided to start one. ... Using the same kinds of cognitive tests and games that have become standard for understanding human infant development, they initially wanted to know if they could predict which qualities would make puppies grow up to be great assistance dogs. But they quickly realized that these special dogs have a lot to tell us about how all dogs navigate the world, solve problems, and learn from the people around them. ... Introducing us to the many puppies who contributed to this research and synthesizing findings from cognitive neuroscience, psychology, and evolutionary anthropology, this ... book will teach readers how puppies begin to develop abilities that allow them to succeed as adults and flexibly solve problems"--

Social workers play a critical role in the well-being of communities - trained to help individuals, families, and groups effect positive change and address barriers that stand in the way of optimal life and wellbeing.

Various parallels have been drawn between wolves and humans from the perspective of their social organisation. Therefore, studying wolves may well shed light on the evolutionary origins of complex human cognition and, in particular, on the role that cooperation played in its development. Humans closely share their lives with millions of dogs - the domesticated form of wolves. Biologically, wolves and dogs can be considered to be the same species; yet only dogs are suitable living companions in human homes, highlighting the importance of cognitive and emotional differences between the two forms. The behaviour of wolves and dogs largely depends on the environment the animals grew up and live in. This book reviews more than 50 years of research on the differences and similarities of wolves and dogs. Beyond the socio-ecology, the work explores different theories about when and how the domestication of wolves might have started and which behaviours and cognitive abilities might have changed during this process. Readers will discover how these fascinating animals live with their conspecifics in their social groups, how they approach and solve problems in their daily lives and how they see and interact with their human partners.

The essential illustrated guide to how birds design and build their nests—now fully revised and expandedBirds are the most consistently inventive builders, and their nests set the bar for functional design in nature. Describing how birds design, engineer, and build their nests, Avian Architecture deconstructs all types of nests found around the world using architectural blueprints and detailed descriptions of the construction processes and engineering techniques birds use.This spectacularly illustrated book features more than 300 full-color images and more than 40 case studies that profile key species worldwide. Each chapter covers a different type of nest, from tunnel nests and mound nests to floating nests, hanging nests, woven nests, and even multiple-nest avian cities. Other kinds of avian construction—such as bowers and food stores—are also featured.Now with more case studies and an updated foreword, this revised and expanded edition includes intricate step-by-step sequences, visual spreads on nest-building materials and methods, and insightful commentary by a leading expert.Illustrates how birds around the world design, engineer, and build their nestsFeatures architectural blueprints, step-by-step sequences, visual spreads on nest-building materials and methods, and expert commentaryIncludes more than 300 full-color imagesCovers more than 100 bird species worldwide

Mutual Aid explore the role of mutually-beneficial cooperation and reciprocity in the animal kingdom and human societies both past and present. Supporting the theory and foundation for anarchist communism, Peter Kropotkin presents an altruistic view of society, comparing it to the natural laws of biology and evolution. Kropotkin argued that it is our innate instinct for mutual aid - rather than mutual struggle - which enables societies to survive and flourish. From the earliest days of evolution through to medieval guilds, indigenous nomads and modern voluntary organisations, Kropotkin's vision of small-scale, ecologically sustainable, collective communities challenged the orthodoxies of his age, whether individualism or Marxism. Mutual Aid offers instead a radical, and prescient, rewriting of the whole of human history.

"Millions of households in the United States have at least one cat as part of their family. Yet despite their popularity, cats continue to be misunderstood by their owners. This lack of understanding can lead to bored, frustrated, and under-stimulated cats, resulting in health and behavior problems. In Play with Your Cat!, animal behavior expert Dr. Mikel Maria Delgado shows cat parents what they may be missing: interactive play. Playfully written and with fun illustrations, Play with Your Cat! is an essential read for cat parents looking to understand their feline friend-and have some fun in the proccess"--

This illustrated nonfiction picture book explores the unique and disgusting things that animals sometimes do when they're scared.

Dogs are a valued part of millions of households worldwide. They also serve many functions in human societies from herding livestock to detecting drugs, explosives, or illegal wildlife to providing physical assistance or emotional support to those in need. Yet, in terms of behavior and cognition, dogs have only become a serious subject of scientific study in the last 20 years. Similarly, we have recently witnessed a sharp increase in studies of canine-human interaction, exploring the motivational, emotional, cognitive, physiological, and neural mechanisms of dogs on human psychology and well-being. This book is a collection of chapters stemming from the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, which focused on Canine Cognition and the Human Bond. The primary goal of this symposium was to bring together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and anthropology to delve deeper into the canine-human bond. These chapters describe the current state of knowledge from international experts in the fields of canine cognition and canine-human interaction. Bridging these two areas can help us better understand the canine-human bond, potentially improving the lives of both dogs and people.

Despite their rich fossil history, there are only four surviving species of sirenians or sea cows, the only fully aquatic herbivorous mammals. The three species of manatees and the dugong live in the coastal waters rivers and lakes of more than 80 tropical and subtropical countries and are all on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This book examines sirenian conservation biology through the lens of their behavioral ecology and ethology. Sirenian feeding, diving, movement, social and reproductive behaviors are reviewed by an international team of scientists from eight countries, with an emphasis on data gathered in the past 15 years.  

Owls are one of the most fascinating bird families. They have inspired much folklore and superstition worldwide. This book discusses this nocturnal species and their unique physiology and anatomy. It includes owl studies from countries including Bulgaria, Ecuador, Iraq, Slovakia, Syria, and Africa.

"Many pet dogs are experiencing anxiety and frustration as they struggle to adapt to human home environments--despite being pampered, poofed, and petted, or perhaps in part because of this. We can do better for them. Who's a Good Dog challenges us to think more carefully about the limits we place on their inherited, deep-rooted behaviors. Bioethicist Jessica Pierce explores common practices of caring for, socializing, and training pet dogs. She asks broader ethical questions and helps us think more critically about what we expect of our dogs. She offers resources to help readers cultivate kindness and more mindful attentiveness. This work is about the art of noticing, of astonishment, of looking with fresh eyes (and noses!) at these dear beings we think we know. Pierce avoids judgement while taking a clear stance on important issues, connecting her research to her relationship with Bella, the dog in her life"--

EVER WONDERED WHAT ALL THE MEOWS MEAN? THIS BOOK WILL TRANSLATE THEM AND ENSURE YOU NEVER MISUNDERSTAND A MEOW AGAIN . . .'A must-have for an animal rescuer or guardian who wants to increase their feline fluency!' Hannah Shaw, bestselling author of Tiny But Mighty'Every house cat wishes their owner would read this book!' Dr. Mike Delgado, PHD, coauthor of Total Cat Mojo---Today, domestic cats live harmoniously with devoted owners all over the world. But how did the wildcats of old creep into our homes and our hearts, convincing us to keep them warm, fed, and pampered?They learned to talk to us.Renowned cat behaviour scientist Dr. Sarah Brown reveals the previously unexplored secrets of cat communication in a book that is both scientifically grounded and utterly delightful.Each chapter dives into a different form of communication, including:· Vocalisation· Tail signals· Scents· Rubbing· Ear movementsThrough observing the behaviour of two cat colonies in rural England, readers will also have the opportunity to glimpse into the lives of some of the cats behind Dr. Brown's science.With references to historical records, modern scientific studies of cat-human communication, and the inclusion of simple, elegant line drawings, The Hidden Language of Cats is perfect for any cat lover who wants to learn more about their beloved companion.----'Easily comprehendible and captivating' Kirkus Reviews

Phocid (or earless or true) seals are ecologically diverse, occupying habitats from the tropics to the poles in marine and freshwater and feeding on anything from tiny zooplankton to other marine mammals. There are 18 species of phocid seals, the smallest species (ringed seal) is more than 20 times smaller than the largest (southern elephant seal), with marked sexual dimorphism present in some species. This book examines the behavior, ecology, and physiology that allow phocid seals to inhabit such a wide range of habitats. The book is composed of 16 chapters written by 37 authors from 8 countries. The book first describes the general patterns of phocid behavior, followed by descriptions of what is known about well-studied species. We have taken a holistic approach, focusing not only on the behaviors themselves but also on the factors that constrain the expression of behavior and the proximate mechanisms driving behavior. In many cases, the chapters represent collaborations between well-established researchers and early-mid career individuals who bring new perspectives to help carry the field of phocid behavioral ecology well into the future.