Filosofi: logik

Hvordan kan man bruge argumentationsteori i opgaveskrivningen? Hæftet giver en indføring i argumentationsteori og giver nogle eksempler på, hvordan og ikke mindst hvorfor det er så vigtigt at bruge argumentationsteorien i praksis, når man skriver opgaver.

Aristoteles (384-322 f.Kr.) er en af den europæiske tænknings allerstørste, og hans hovedværk Metafysikken er aldrig tidligere blevet oversat til dansk (undtagen i ganske korte uddrag), selvom det uden tvivl hører til blandt de mest betydningsfulde værker i filosofihistorien.Aristoteles udformer i dette værk sit eget særegne bidrag til spørgsmålet om, hvad det værende er. Undervejs udfoldes de klassiske grundbegreber, som lagde fundamentet for vores filosofiske sprog: form og stof, virkelighed og mulighed, aktivitet og kapacitet, sandhed og falskhed osv. Og det hele kulminerer i Aristoteles’ visdomsideal, som er koblet til teologien og forestillingen om det højeste Gode.Aristoteles’ måde at behandle alle vores grundlæggende begreber har formet vores tænkning og vores verden siden. Antikkens filosoffer kan - som også Heidegger og Arendt ofte betoner - i det hele taget hjælpe os med at få øjnene op for spørgsmål, som vi har glemt – måske fordi vi troede, at vi havde svarene på dem.

I logikken undersøger man de grundlæggende principper og regler for korrekte argumenter, og logikken er derfor et vigtigt redskab at mestre, når man skal navigere i alle former for beskrivelser, samtaler, diskussioner og debatter.Logik & argumentationsteori består af to dele og indeholder i alt seks kortfattede kapitler. Bogens første tre kapitler beskæftiger sig med argumenters natur, den specielle logiske gyldighed samt eksempler på fejlslutninger.Bogens anden del består af tre tematiske kapitler, der tager livtag med henholdsvis etikkens argumenter, klassisk logik samt moderne elementær logik.Efter hvert kapitel findes en række opgaver, der giver mulighed for at omsætte kapitlernes begreber og indsigter til praksis.

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus is one of the most influential philosophical texts of the twentieth century. Michael Beaney's new translation and detailed notes take into account the developments in scholarly understanding of the text.

In Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche leaves behind traditional morality in favour of what he regards as an affirmative approach that fearlessly confronts the perspectival nature of knowledge and the perilous condition of the modern individual.

Hvad er tid og uendelighed? Hvad betyder det at være angst og være et menneske?I denne fagbog får du både en naturvidenskabelig forklaring og en filosofisk forklaring på ting fra vores verden, som kan være svære at forstå.Forfatterne besidder stor faglig kompetence, skriver med humor og forstår at gøre det uforståelige forståeligt.6 emner bliver belyst med humor og i et lettilgængeligt sprog:Logik & naturvidenskabKlimaAngstUendelighedVerdenEksistens, bevidsthed og livNogle af svarene er rimelig nemme, andre er ikke, men det er fordi mange spørgsmål, selv de simpleste, stadig giver uendeligt store HOVEDBRUD for forskerne.Rikke Bisgaards illustrationer er kunstværker, der lever i sig selv.Gratis undervisningsmateriale er tilgængeligt på gad.dkVelfortalt, flot og umådelig spændende bog, der kommer rundt om emner, der kan være svære at forstå og begribe for både børn og voksne. Forfatterne formidler med brug af hverdagseksempler, illustrationer og et enkelt sprog en række emner, som mange børn funderer over, på en interessant og vedkommende måde.- Lektørudtalelsen om HOVEDBRUD Naturvidenskab & Filosofi

""A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive"" is a seminal work by the British philosopher John Stuart Mill, originally published in 1843. The seventh edition, Volume II, continues Mill's comprehensive exploration of the principles and methods of reasoning. Building upon the groundwork laid in Volume I, Mill delves deeper into the application of logic to empirical inquiry and scientific investigation. He elucidates the principles of inductive reasoning, which form the basis of scientific method, and provides detailed analyses of various forms of induction and their validity. Additionally, Mill examines the relationship between logic and psychology, discussing the processes of thought and mental operations involved in reasoning. Through rigorous analysis and systematic exposition, ""A System of Logic"" Volume II remains a foundational text in the fields of logic, philosophy, and scientific inquiry, offering invaluable insights into the nature of knowledge, inference, and rational inquiry.

""A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive,"" in its seventh edition and Volume I, is a seminal work by British philosopher John Stuart Mill, first published in 1843. This comprehensive treatise on logic offers a thorough exploration of both deductive and inductive reasoning, providing a framework for understanding the principles of sound argumentation and empirical inquiry. In Volume I, Mill lays the groundwork for his logical system, addressing topics such as the nature of propositions, syllogistic reasoning, and the principles of deductive logic. He also introduces the principles of induction, which form the basis of scientific method and empirical investigation. Through meticulous analysis and systematic exposition, Mill's work remains a foundational text in the field of logic, offering invaluable insights into the processes of reasoning and the methods of acquiring knowledge through both deductive and inductive approaches.

Ihr besiegt in Videogames "böse" und"kranke" Wesen oder löst Rätsel? Ihr macht intensiv Sport? Ihr investiert an der Börse? Ihr spielt Lotto? Ihr habt einen Hund? Ihr esst allzu gerne? Ihr trinkt mal "einen über den Durst"?Dann habt ihr damit eine Angst reduziert.Leider kostet das Zeit, Gesundheit, Ressourcen, Freiheit,... und macht anderen Angst.Hier könnt ihr Anregungen finden, aus der Schleife zu kommen.

Argues that truth, moral right, political right, and aesthetic value may be understood as arising out of a naturalist account of humanity, if naturalism is rightly conceived.

The beginning of the 21st century saw the rise of "New" Atheism and a resulting conflict with Theists ¿ at the same time as the resurgence of fantasy in popular culture. This volume analyses the impact of Theist and Atheist thought on the narratology of four highly popular works of contemporary fantastic fiction. In doing so, the work demonstrates how the ideological stances and the associated patterns of thought colour the novels¿ stylistic and narrative devices. The book also presents a new conditional genre metric that not only helps overcome previous impasses within fantastic genre categories but also allows insight into the aforementioned patterns of Atheist and Theist thinking.

This wide-ranging book introduces information as a key concept not only in physics, from quantum mechanics to thermodynamics, but also in the neighboring sciences and in the humanities. The central part analyzes dynamical processes as manifestations of information flows between microscopic and macroscopic scales and between systems and their environment. Quantum mechanics is interpreted as a reconstruction of mechanics based on fundamental limitations of information processing on the smallest scales. These become particularly manifest in quantum chaos and in quantum computing. Covering subjects such as causality, prediction, undecidability, chaos, and quantum randomness, the book also provides an information-theoretical view of predictability. More than 180 illustrations visualize the concepts and arguments. The book takes inspiration from the author's graduate-level topical lecture but is also well suited for undergraduate studies and is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals.

According to Henry Ford, thinking is the hardest work there is.Research by neuroscientists subsequently qualified that summation. Conscious thinking, especially on difficult subjects, is hard work. Unconscious, automated thinking is much easier. Interacting with people often produces dilemmas that demand serious and conscious thought. How to deal with the death of a loved one or a cherished dream. How to untangle the confusion between lovemaking and sex, and why understanding the difference makes a difference. How to give and receive controversial or damaging opinions, and a host of other conundrums. In this collection of essays and anecdotes, the author has done the hard work of thinking upon life events and issues. All you have to do is turn the pages, read, and consider. Like a good meal it is best consumed at a leisurely pace. By journey's end you will have been informed, occasionally amused, and, all going well, had hopes renewed.

Store idéer, begreber og betydningstunge ord i en visuel opslagsbog, som forklarer begreber inden for filosofi, kultur, aktivisme, tro og samfund før og nu.STORE TANKER – SMÅ FORKLARINGER giver enkle forklaringer på nogle af de svære ord, der findes i verden.Har du tænkt over, hvad KAPITALISME egentlig betyder? Eller hvad med FEMINISME, ØKOLOGI, EPIDEMIOLOGI og KOSMOLOGI?

This book is the first to present a comprehensive investigation of the technical features of the metainferential logics developed in the last years, with their most relevant results and applications. It provides some new paths to define and investigate metainferential logics and offers a thorough study of the semantics and the proof-theories of this new and exciting variety of families of logics.This volume examines the hierarchies of metainferential logics and gives a general and systematic theory of them, and of the truth theories based on these logics. This book puts forward the prospects for truth-theories based on the metainferential logics of the TS/ST hierarchy and argues for its promise noting that each of these logics can be safely expanded with a transparent truth predicate. It also goes onto to explore new developments in three fields related to logics ¿ namely metainferential logics built by means of the Weak Kleene schema and combining them with logics defined through the Strong Kleene schema, proof-theoretic presentations, and those with a with a global or an absolutely global validity standard, instead of a local one. This book is of interest to scholars in formal logic.

Fertile rather than sterile, what makes constructive debate possible? How to reason together at tackling such a vital issue as drinking water management? Claire Polo here presents textbook case diving into the argumentative mechanisms of discussions among teenagers from Mexican, US and French schools. Challenges are huge on this socio-scientific global problem, and no preexisting correct answer is to be found. Through a deep linguistic approach, this study reveals how associating knowledge with other cognitive resources is necessary to explore a controversy, recognizing the importance of values and emotions. Beyond the student, the person; beyond a task, a group: whenever identity and relational dynamics are favorable, collective reasoning may occur, producing cognitive advancement for each participant. Anyone searching how to better apprehend a complex issue or to share and imagine alternatives through social interaction might draw lessons from this research. Paying attention to the construction of young people's speech and opinions, this book offers great food for thought about learning and teaching nothing less than democracy. Claire Polo is a permanent teacher and researcher at the Institute of Educational Sciences and Practices (ISPEF) at Lyon 2 University, in France. At the crossroads of the linguistic sciences and the learning sciences, she develops research on argumentation and the socioaffective dimensions of educational interactions.

This book is dedicated to V.A. Yankov's seminal contributions to the theory of propositional logics. His papers, published in the 1960s, are highly cited even today. The Yankov characteristic formulas have become a very useful tool in propositional, modal and algebraic logic.The papers contributed to this book provide the new results on different generalizations and applications of characteristic formulas in propositional, modal and algebraic logics. In particular, an exposition of Yankov's results and their applications in algebraic logic, the theory of admissible rules and refutation systems is included in the book. In addition, the reader can find the studies on splitting and join-splitting in intermediate propositional logics that are based on Yankov-type formulas which are closely related to canonical formulas, and the study of properties of predicate extensions of non-classical propositional logics.The book also contains an exposition of Yankov's revolutionary approach to constructive proof theory. The editors also include Yankov's contributions to history and philosophy of mathematics and foundations of mathematics, as well as an examination of his original interpretation of history of Greek philosophy and mathematics.