Etik og moralfilosofi

This book presents and discusses some of the problems that are increasingly emerging today in our relationship with food as well as in our style of eating and drinking. The first three chapters focuses on issues concerning eating, and on our relationship with what we can eat. The fourth chapter deals with the act of drinking, with our relationship with water, and discusses justice aspects in the use of water. The main idea is that the acts of eating and drinking are to be understood as relationships, i.e. as a way human beings relate to other beings. As such, they can be performed ethically well or badly. Therefore, an ethics of eating and of drinking should be developed. Not only the book highlights some key ethical problems associated with the act of eating and drinking, yet it also describes some ethically sustainable solutions to them. It ends with a list of reflections, which are intended to guide our choices in the relations with food and drinks with a normative approach. Mainly written for university students and researchers in the field of applied ethics, this book will also offer an inspiring reading to a wider audience of academics and professionals.

This book explores the connections between qualitative data reuse, big social research, and data curation. A review of existing literature identifies the key issues of context, data quality and trustworthiness, data comparability, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and intellectual property and data ownership. Through interviews of qualitative researchers, big social researchers, and data curators, the author further examines each key issue and produces new insights about how domain differences affect each community of practice¿s viewpoints, different strategies that researchers and curators use to ensure responsible practice, and different perspectives on data curation. The book suggests that encouraging connections between qualitative researchers, big social researchers, and data curators can support responsible scaling up of social research, thus enhancing discoveries in social and behavioral science.

Nicht nur Robert Spaemanns Stellungnahmen zu vielfältigen ethischen und gesellschaftlichen Fragen der Zeit haben große Beachtung gefunden, auch seine philosophischen Entwürfe - mehrfach mit dem Untertitel »Versuch« - haben eine für einen Philosophen außergewöhnlich große Leserschaft erreicht und wurden in viele Sprachen übersetzt. Die Originalität seiner Ideen und nicht weniger die Brillanz seines Stils machen diesen hohen Grad an Aufmerksamkeit verständlich. Allerdings lässt sich wie gegenüber manch anderem Philosophen eine gewisse Neigung zur Etikettierung konstatieren. Umso wichtiger ist es, die philosophische Diskussion über Spaemanns Positionen weiter zu inspirieren. Die in diesem Band versammelten Beiträge unternehmen daher den Versuch, seine Intentionen weiterzudenken, insbesondere aber seine Ideen und Argumente gerade nicht nur immanent zu interpretieren, sondern sie kritisch zu untersuchen und mit den gegenwärtigen Diskussionen in der Philosophie zu konfrontieren. Es geht in diesem Band u.a. um Spaemanns Grundlegung der Ethik, seine Kritik am Szientismus und dessen reale Folgen sowie sein Verständnis von Status und Sinn der Philosophie insgesamt. Ein besonderes Gewicht liegt auf der Auseinandersetzung mit den verschiedenen Aspekten von Spaemanns neuer Konzeption der Person.

"A brilliant exploration of freedom-what it is, how it's been misunderstood, and why it's our only chance for survival-by the acclaimed Yale historian and author of the #1 New York Times bestseller On Tyranny"--

This book explores the symbiotic relationship that exists between African spirituality and ethics. Felix Murove discusses how these two concepts are entwined, and illustrates how they play a role in applied ethical issues. He argues that the general understanding of spirituality in Africa stems from Christianity, which has had a negative impact on African indigenous spirituality. The conceptual tools that run throughout the book are considerably Afro-centric, a methodological strategy which inevitably requires the reader to adopt some prior willingness to learn these Afro-centric concepts without easily resorting to western Christian and philosophical categories of thought. The book advocates for an Afro-centric conceptualization of spirituality and ethics, and encourages the reader to adopt a more holistic approach to African spirituality.

Part I of this book argues that we live in a dangerous world system, one that has sickened humanity. Part II argues that there is a way out, in re-imagining how things could be. Everyone has a role to play in the renewal of the social system, since our leaders have largely failed and many institutions are collapsing. Existential Threats are those problems that endanger the life and well-being of everyone like war and nuclear weapons, accelerating climate change, over-population, cultural violence, injustice, and the inequality of capitalism. As serious as these problems are, they are not permanent. Moral Prospects are the possibilities that represent the most significant social change like, ending war and militarism, predatory capitalism, humanly caused climate change, over-population, cultural violence, and moral corruption. The system can be changed for the better through an enlightened population. Although some Existential Threats may be pedestrian and local, others are global and apocalyptic, endangering all species. At the same time, the crisis created by world events, presents great opportunities for transformative change with revolutionary consequences.

"Fired with a fearless iconoclasm which surpassed the wildest dreams of contemporary free thought" - The New York TimesFriedrich Nietzsche is one of the most influential thinkers of the past 150 years and The Genealogy of Morals (1887) is his most important work on ethics and politics. The book which raises profoundly disquieting issues about the violence of both ethics and interpretation. Elucidating and expanding on the aphorisms of Beyond Good and Evil and signalling a return to the essay form, Nietzsche considers the development of ideas of 'good' and 'evil'; explores notions of guilt and bad conscience; and discusses ascetic ideals and the purpose of the philosopher. A polemical contribution to moral and political theory, The Genealogy of Morals offers a critique of moral values and traces the historical evolution of concepts such as guilt, conscience, responsibility, law and justice.

This open access textbook introduces and defines digital humanism from a diverse range of disciplines. Following the 2019 Vienna Manifesto, the book calls for a digital humanism that describes, analyzes, and, most importantly, influences the complex interplay of technology and humankind, for a better society and life, fully respecting universal human rights.The book is organized in three parts: Part I ¿Background¿ provides the multidisciplinary background needed to understand digital humanism in its philosophical, cultural, technological, historical, social, and economic dimensions. The goal is to present the necessary knowledge upon which an effective interdisciplinary discourse on digital humanism can be founded. Part II ¿Digital Humanism ¿ a System¿s View¿ focuses on an in-depth presentation and discussion of the main digital humanism concerns arising in current digital systems. The goal of this part is to make readers aware and sensitive to these issues, including e.g. thecontrol and autonomy of AI systems, privacy and security, and the role of governance. Part III ¿Critical and Societal Issues of Digital Systems¿ delves into critical societal issues raised by advances of digital technologies. While the public debate in the past has often focused on them separately, especially when they became visible through sensational events the aim here is to shed light on the entire landscape and show their interconnected relationships. This includes issues such as AI and ethics, fairness and bias, privacy and surveillance, platform power and democracy.This textbook is intended for students, teachers, and policy makers interested in digital humanism. It is designed for stand-alone and for complementary courses in computer science, or curricula in science, engineering, humanities and social sciences. Each chapter includes questions for students and an annotated reading list to dive deeper into the associated chapter material. The book aims to provide readers with as wide an exposure as possible to digital advances and their consequences for humanity. It includes constructive ideas and approaches that seek to ensure that our collective digital future is determined through human agency.

This book connects recent developments in speculative realism, new materialism, and eco-phenomenology to articulate an approach to wonder that escapes the connected traps of anthropocentrism and correlationism. Brian Onishi argues that wonder has explanatory power for the constitution of the world and the organization of meaning. To do this, he appeals to both fiction (speculative and Weird fiction in particular) and quantum physics. More specifically, he argues that the focus of Weird fiction on impossible experiences and a feeling of something just beyond the limits of one¿s grasp dramatizes the speculative reach beyond the limits of our understanding. But more than a tool for knowledge acquisition, wonder is an organizing property of objects. Like the collapse of superposition in quantum physics, reality is constituted when objects reveal themselves to other objects and thereby organize themselves into complex objects. Since no relation is exhaustive, the capacity to wonder remains at a material level, and the possibility of reorganization is ever present. Ultimately, Onishi argues for a speculative eco-phenomenology with wonder as an engine for a Weird environmental ethics.

The Anthropocene presents theology, and especially theological anthropology, with unprecedented challenges. There are no immediately available resources in the theological tradition that reflect directly on such experiences. Accordingly, the situation calls for contextually based theological reflection of what it means to be human under such circumstances.This book discusses the main elements in theological anthropology in light of the fundamental points: a) that theological anthropology needs to be articulated with reference to, and informed by, the concrete historical circumstances in which humanity presently finds itself, and b) that the notion of the Anthropocene can be used as a heuristic tool to describe important traits and conditions that call for a response by humanity, and which entail the need for a renewal of what a Christian self-understanding means. Jan-Olav Henriksen explores what such a response entails from the point of view of contemporary theological anthropology and discusses selected topics that can contribute to a contextually based position.

"While for centuries friendship has fascinated and puzzled philosophers, they haven't always been able to fit it into their theories. The author explores friendship as something hard to deal with in the neat and tidy ways of philosophical theory - but nevertheless as one of the central goods of human experience"--

This volume contains for the first time in English, Jan Patökäs seminal essay ¿The Phenomenology of Afterlife¿, as well as contributions surrounding and analyzing this text. In his essay, Patöka reflects on our relation to the dead and on how the departure of a loved one affects our continued existence. The premise of Patökäs investigation is that our existence always takes place by and through an originary and reciprocal ¿being for others¿.The contributors in the volume extend the field of inquiry into the wider phenomenological and post-phenomenological discussion of death by being cognizant of how works of literature can broaden our understanding of the care of death, grief, forgiveness and non-reciprocal love. Also included are reflections on issues of philosophical anthropology, community, collective memory, and the ecstatic nature of life ¿ issues that can all be related back to Patökäs initial reflections, but which nonetheless radiate intoa myriad of directions. This volume appeals to students and researchers in the field.

Benedictus de Spinoza, commonly known as Baruch Spinoza, was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Sephardic Jewish origin. He lived in the 17th century and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy. "The Philosophy of Spinoza" generally refers to the entirety of his philosophical ideas, as presented in his major work, "Ethics," also known as "Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order." "Ethics" is Spinoza's magnum opus, written in Latin and published posthumously in 1677. The work is structured in a geometric fashion, emulating the style of Euclidean geometry, with axioms, propositions, and demonstrations. Spinoza's philosophical system is deeply rationalistic and monistic, and it has had a profound impact on subsequent philosophical thought. Here are some key elements of Spinoza's philosophy as presented in "Ethics": Substance Monism: Spinoza posits a single, infinite, and necessarily existing substance, which he identifies with God or Nature. Everything that exists is a modification or expression of this singular substance. Pantheism: Spinoza's conception of God is pantheistic, suggesting that God and nature are identical. God is not a personal deity with anthropomorphic qualities but an all-encompassing, immanent force in the universe. Determinism: Spinoza argues for a deterministic universe in which everything is a result of the necessary and eternal laws of nature. Human freedom, according to Spinoza, lies in understanding and embracing this deterministic framework. Ethics and Morality: Spinoza develops a moral philosophy that emphasizes the importance of reason and understanding in achieving human well-being. He advocates for a life guided by reason, self-knowledge, and intellectual love of God or nature. Mind-Body Parallelism: Spinoza proposes a parallelism between the mental and the physical aspects of reality. Mind and body are two aspects of the same underlying substance, and mental states correspond to physical states. Spinoza's philosophy is challenging and profound, and his ideas have been interpreted in various ways by subsequent philosophers. While he faced criticism and condemnation during his lifetime, Spinoza's work has gained widespread recognition and influence in the fields of philosophy, theology, and psychology.

Andrés describes a gripping exploration of the power of the collective, the danger of populism, and the powerful influence of social media and emotional manipulation. Set in a contemporary world of exceptional progress combined simultaneously with complex algorithms and populist governments, it focuses on the disturbingly war of cultural identities and the need for a cultural revolution. Through sound investigation, dramatic exposés of our human nature, and vivid descriptions of the ancestral emotions we are endowed with, this book reveals a scenario of involution with the implications for real-world medieval social dynamics. A powerful and timely read, this book is sure to leave readers questioning the power of technology, the stupidity of the crowds, and the urgent need for critical thinking.

Argues that humans are animals that philosophize about their condition by fictionalizing other animals.

How much do words matter? Is it necessary to examine what the terms "knowledge"and "terrorism" really mean in a philosophical debate about knowledge or terrorism?In this inquiry, I discuss how this question arises in a number of contextssuch as the location problem for certain metaphysical and epistemological projects,the idea that changes in meaning change the subject under discussion, when evaluativeterms like "terrorism" are contested and hinder normative debates, and when adispute might be merely verbal.Views on the role of words in first-order debates fall roughly into two camps.Some philosophers acknowledge the need to examine the actual meaning of terms inorder to settle the subject matter of an inquiry, and they do so by either conductingconceptual analysis or using empirical methods. Meanwhile, others claim that it islargely unnecessary to analyse the meaning of terms when we are interested in thenature of things. I argue that for all of the cases considered, an updated version ofCarnap's method of explication is the most promising method for settling the subjectmatter of inquiry. On this approach, we revise pre-theoretic terms guided by our aims.For a clearer view on what the subject matter of a debate is, I draw on David Lewis'snotion of the subject matter of a statement.My methodological approach has considerable advantages over traditional aswell as more recent forms of conceptual analysis. Moreover, it promotes consideringimportant terminological matters that are underrated by opponents of conceptualanalysis. The upshot is that the ordinary meaning of words used in first-order inquirydoes not matter much. The more important question is how to adjust and refine themeaning of these words in the light of our aims. How we decide this question hasepistemic, ethical and pragmatic implications.

The first standalone edition of Aquinas's ground-breaking treatment of the passions (Summa 1-2.22-48): indispensable for students, teachers and scholars.

Der vorliegende Sammelband versammelt aus philosophischer und ethischer Perspektive unterschiedliche Beiträge, die sich mit dem Einfluss des Digitalen auf das Selbstverständnis des Menschen, seinen Umgang mit dem Mitmenschen und dessen Auswirkungen auf die Lebenswirklichkeit auseinandersetzen. Ziel der Beiträge ist es, das allzu Selbstverständliche angesichts der sich immer rasanter ausbreitenden digitalen Technologien kritisch zu hinterfragen und konstruktiv mit den Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen des Digitalisierungsprozesses umzugehen. Die Beiträge rücken dabei häufig nicht nur theoretische Dimensionen, sondern auch konkrete Anwendungskontexte ins Zentrum ihrer Ausführungen.

Der Klimawandel ist eine der größten ¿ wenn nicht sogar die größte ¿ Herausforderung unserer Zeit. Bereits heute sind deutliche Auswirkungen auf Ökosysteme, Wirtschaft und soziokulturelle Strukturen spürbar, und es ist zu erwarten, dass diese in Zukunft weiter zunehmen werden. Dass wir Menschen maßgeblich zu diesem Problem beigetragen haben, ist inzwischen überwiegender Konsens. Auch sind sich die meisten Menschen darüber bewusst, dass Maßnahmen ergriffen werden müssen, um dem fortschreitenden Klimawandel entgegenzuwirken. Doch welche konkreten Schritte sind erforderlich? Und wer trägt dafür die Verantwortung? Diesen und anderen Fragen widmen sich die interdisziplinären Beiträge in diesem Buch. Die Diskussion wird ergänzt durch praxisnahe Unterrichtsbeispiele sowie Vorschläge für die Implementierung einer Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung (BNE) in der Lehrkräfteausbildung.

Strategische Kommunikation zielt mit ihren kontingenten Wirklichkeitsbeschreibungen seit jeher auf gesellschaftliche Wahrheitsmodelle. Wie häufig gesellschaftliche Wahrheitsmodelle auf strategische Kommunikationsbemühungen zurückgehen, auf Unwahrhaftigkeit beruhen und damit zumindest zeitweise zu strategischen Wahrheiten werden, zeigen eindrucksvoll zwischenzeitlich geglaubte Wahrheiten, die sich als Lüge entpuppt haben: von Walter Ulbrichts ¿Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten¿ über Hitlers Tagebücher bis hin zu den Massenvernichtungswaffen im Irak. Die erfolgreichen Kampagnen der Brexiteers und von Donald Trump 2016 haben diesem Thema zu neuer und bislang ungeahnter Aufmerksamkeit verholfen. Während die Themen Desinformation und postfaktische Gesellschaft die Journalismus-, politische Kommunikations- und Medienethikforschung aktuell zu dominieren scheinen, ist das Schweigen der deutschsprachigen und internationalen PR- und Organisationskommunikationsforschung auffällig. Dies ist umso bemerkenswerter, weil die PR-Wissenschaft in der Vergangenheit immer wieder versucht hat, ihren Gegenstand zu schärfen, indem sie sich am Begriff der Propaganda abgearbeitet hat. Daraus müsste eigentlich eine Affinität für das Thema Desinformation resultieren. Aber genau das Gegenteil ist offensichtlich der Fall: Hat sich die PR-Wissenschaft gerade deshalb nicht mit Desinformation beschäftigt, weil sie sich so dezidiert von Propaganda und darin eingeschlossenen desinformierenden und manipulativen Techniken abgrenzen will? Was sind die Gründe hierfür? Glauben wir, bereits alles zum Thema gesagt zu haben? Liegt dies daran, dass sich die PR- und Organisationskommunikationsforschung seit jeher vor allem für Unternehmen und weniger für politische und Non-Profit-Organisationen interessiert? Oder fühlen wir uns hier schlicht und ergreifend nicht zuständig? Es scheint offenkundig höchste Zeit zu sein, sich wieder eingehend mit Fragen der Desinformation aus der Perspektive der strategischen Kommunikationsforschung zu befassen. Die Beiträge des Tagungsbandes fokussieren hierzu auf neue theoretische Perspektiven, normative Bewertungen und empirische Befunde.

The Theory of Moral Sentiments Or, an Essay Towards an Analysis of the Principles by Which Men Naturally Judge Concerning the Conduct and Character, First of Their Neighbours, and Afterwards of Themselves. to Which Is Added, a Dissertation on the Origin of Languages., is a classical and a rare book, that has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and redesigned. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work, and hence their text is clear and readable. This remarkable volume falls within the genres of Philosophy, Psychology, Religion Ethics, Social usages, Etiquette, Religion

"Philosophical advisor to the hit NBC sitcom The Good Place contemplates the future of humanity-whether we should bring new humans into the world, or if the world would be better without us"--

The presented volume contains a critical edition of questions 8¿10 from Book II of the commentary on Peter Lombard¿s Sentences by Marsilius of Inghen (¿ 1396). Marsilius was a famous scholar and the first rector of the University of Heidelberg, educated in Paris. He influenced next generations of philosophers and theologians up to sixteenth century. In general, these questions deal with the problem of creation of the material world. In detail, question 8 addresses the issue of formless matter and the material nature of the heaven. Question 9 addresses the concept of light and some trinitarian problems. Finally question 10 explores the model of the universe and the approach to the relationship between faith and reason.

A fresh and rigorous interpretation of William James's ethical theory, showing how experimenting with life's opportunities can transform one's self and life.

At se og leve livet gennem forundringens prisme er både en gave og en viljesakt. Livet er stort og småt, højt og lavt, forunderligt og forfærdeligt. Men det ligger altid lige der foran os, og det er op til os, hvordan vi tager imod det.Anna-Marie Hansen ser med livsduelighedens blik det store i det små og det små i det store. Hun tager læseren med på vandring gennem de nedslag af særlighed og almindelighed, som tilværelsen byder på. I selskab med kunst, litteratur, natur og mennesker, hun har mødt på sin vej, udfolder hun forundringens gave.

This book presents a philosophical analysis of the different forms of political resistance and protest. It explores the normative space of resistance that is beyond self-defense and civil disobedience, and proposes the concept of ¿resistance violence¿ as a separate and special normative category. Instances that fall under this category can be, accordingly justified, even if they prove to be practically ineffective, by appealing to their role in preserving or upholding the dignity of the resistors or those who they aim to protect. Margaret Betz draws from important and interesting historical examples to establish the concept, and proposes to apply it to better understand contemporary struggles against injustice.