Geomorfologi og geologiske overfladeprocesser

Formålet med bogen er at give undervisere og andre naturinteresserede bedre mulighed for at opleve, studere og forstå de geologiske processer og naturområder i det sydlige Jylland. I bogens indledning er der en gennemgang af regionens geologiske udvikling i de seneste 25 millioner år. Her findes en ny opfattelse af den miocæne udvikling i Syd- og Midtjylland. Istidslandskabet med de kuperede moræneformer mod øst og bakkeøerne og hedesletterne mod vest er beskrevet og illustreret med flere kort, blandt andet et helt nyt geomorfologisk kort over regionen. Også kysternes udformning og dynamik er fyldigt omtalt. Det gælder både den unge, bugtede Lillebæltskyst og den modne, udrettede Vesterhavskyst med barriereøer og Vadehavet.Den centrale del af bogen gennemgår 26 lokaliteter. Alle lokaliteterne har national og regional betydning, og nogle har endda international bevågenhed. Efter den geologiske beskrivelse af hver lokalitet følger en omtale af stedets særlige værdi, og hvordan det bedst beskyttes. Bogen har fyldige litteraturhenvisninger og et engelsk og tysk resume.

Formålet med bogen er at give undervisere og andre naturinteresserede bedre mulighed for at opleve, studere og forstå de geologiske processer og naturområder i det nordlige Jylland. Bogens indledning er om naturens og landskabets udvikling i de sidste 65 millioner år.Den centrale del af bogen gennemgår 31 lokaliteter. Alle lokaliteterne har national og regional betydning, og nogle har endda international bevågenhed.

Formålet med bogen er at give undervisere og andre naturinteresserede bedre mulighed for at opleve, studere og forstå de geologiske processer og naturområder i det mellemste Jylland.Bogens indledning er om naturens og landskabets udvikling i de sidste 65 millioner år.Den centrale del af bogen gennemgår 60 lokaliteter. Alle lokaliteterne har national og regional betydning, og nogle har endda international bevågenhed.

The volume is part of World Geomorphological Landscapes series and shows characteristic landscapes and landforms of Poland. It consists of two parts, general and regional. The first part includes overviews of geological history, Quaternary, climate and its impact on landforms, geomorphological division of the country, geoheritage and geoconservation. The second part comprises more nearly 40 region-specific studies to show the diversity of landscapes, from high-mountain relief through medium-altitude forested ranges, limestone uplands and loess plateaus, lowland landscapes moulded by past ice sheets, rivers and aeolian processes, to coastal sceneries. Selected examples of anthropogenically modified landscapes are also considered. Each chapter is accompanied by photographs, maps and diagrams. The volume is intended primarily for geographers and Quaternary geologists, but will be also of interest to anyone interested in natural landscapes and their conservation.

This book is based on the papers accepted for presentation during the 3rd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3). The book is of interest to all researchers in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry. Papers in the field of geomorphology deal with topics related to fault slip and incision rates, soil science, landslides and debris flows, coastal processes, and geoarcheology and geoheritage. Papers in the field of sedimentology cover research studies in stratigraphy and environmental, tectonic, and diagenetic processes, together with studies focusing on the evolutionary, biostratigraphic, and paleo-environmental significance of paleontology. This section also contains papers on marine geosciences, from molecular proxies related to climate to geophysical surveys. The third set of papers focuses on studies related to geochemistry that are focused on sedimentary geochemistry and mineralogical characterization, magmatic and metamorphic processes and products, and the origin and exploration of mineral deposits. This book resumes the current situation related to the abovementioned topics mainly in the Mediterranean realm and its surroundings. The book is of interest to all researchers, practitioners, and students in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry.

This work focuses on the potential impact of climate change on soil erosion in a monsoon-dominated sub-tropical region. Water-induced soil erosion due to extreme rainfall during the monsoon period is a major problem worldwide, from different environmental and socio-economic perspectives. This study region covered (South Bengal) is one of the fertile agricultural belts that produces a good amount of produce and contributes to the country's GDP. However, the rate of agricultural output has decreased rapidly in recent times due to a decline in soil fertility.The monsoon-dominated sub-tropical region has unique characteristics in terms of seasonal temperature fluctuations and the availability of rainfall events. The sub-tropical region is densely populated, with the majority of the population relying on rain-fed agricultural production systems. The declining rate of agricultural production has also established that soil fertility is declining and soil erosion is increasing. Numerous studies show that soil erosion is the major cause of the region's rapidly increasing trend of land degradation. A homeostatic mechanism cannot replace soil erosion, and a gap arises between soil erosion and regolith formation. Extreme changes in land use and land cover, population growth and the lacking support for traditional agricultural practices and management practices can accelerate the rate of soil erosion and its associated reservoir sedimentation in most countries of the tropical and sub-tropical environment. Quantitative information with maximum possible accuracy through validation regarding soil loss can be an essential part of the appropriate and sustainable soil and water conservation planning. The precise aspects of modern day management strategies are soil erosion susceptibility mapping using empirical and semi-empirical models in a GIS platform or the use of probability statistics.The main objective of this work is to propose the most suitable development strategies considering the amount of soil erosion for the present and future periods. Extensive field research has been done to identify the support practice factor that the local stakeholders adopt in this region. 

This book explores the use of advanced geospatial techniques in geomorphic hazards modelling and risk reduction. It also compares the accuracy of traditional statistical methods and advanced machine learning methods and addresses the different ways to reduce the impact of geomorphic hazards.In recent years with the development of human infrastructures, geomorphic hazards are gradually increasing, which include landslides, flood and soil erosion, among others. They cause huge loss of human property and lives. Especially in mountainous, coastal, arid and semi-arid regions, these natural hazards are the main barriers for economic development. Furthermore, human pressure and specific human actions such as deforestation, inappropriate land use and farming have increased the danger of natural disasters and degraded the natural environment, making it more difficult for environmental planners and policymakers to develop appropriate long-term sustainability plans. The most challenging task is to develop a sophisticated approach for continuous inspection and resolution of environmental problems for researchers and scientists. However, in the past several decades, geospatial technology has undergone dramatic advances, opening up new opportunities for handling environmental challenges in a more comprehensive manner.With the help of geographic information system (GIS) tools, high and moderate resolution remote sensing information, such as visible imaging, synthetic aperture radar, global navigation satellite systems, light detection and ranging, Quickbird, Worldview 3, LiDAR, SPOT 5, Google Earth Engine and others deliver state-of-the-art investigations in the identification of multiple natural hazards. For a thorough examination, advanced computer approaches focusing on cutting-edge data processing, machine learning and deep learning may be employed. To detect and manage various geomorphic hazards and their impact, several models with a specific emphasis on natural resources and the environment may be created.

The edited book deals with climate change and its response to river system which is one of the most burning issues of the Global environment. Due to urbanization and industrialization land degradation and resource depletion are happening and promoting livelihood challenges in the world which is reflected in the book too. The book addresses the construction of dams over large rivers and its possible consequences in the environment. Changes of the hydrology and sedimentology are to be addressed in the book. The climate change phenomena and associated geomorphic hazards and contemporary environmental issues such as sea level rise, coastal flood, drought, wind erosion, flood, soil erosion, landslide, depletion of ground water, coastal erosion etc. are elaborated in the book with suitable methods and techniques. So this edited book will contribute a lot to general to particular filed of studies and will help to geographers, geomorphologists, environmentalists, planners, policy makers and developers for studies and promoting regional plans and development.

This book presents the most relevant articles selected from the annals of the symposium. In the last few years, Brazilian Geomorphology has experienced a series of epistemological and methodological innovations expressed by the incorporation of the complexity paradigm, by the progressive break with the climate paradigm, by the emergency role of new theories, and by the advances in methodological fields favored by the adherence to geochronological techniques and in function of the increasingly widespread use of geotechnologies. Furthermore, the Anthropocene/Technogene emerge claims to be more than only a temporal cuts, but as conceptions of a science engaged with social and environmental issues. The National Symposium of Geomorphology, in the maturity of its 13th edition, constitutes a portrait and an important sample of Brazilian geomorphological production, aggregating works carried out in the most diverse types of landscapes of Brazil. The book provides an overview of the current scientific production of Brazilian Geomorphology, highlighting the diversity of landscapes and geoheritage in Brazil, the complexity of the morphogenetic and morphodynamic processes responsible for shaping its surface, and the various abundant methodologies used in geomorphological studies in tropical areas.

This book encompasses the most challenging topics in earthquake engineering and seismology aiming at seismic risk reduction and reveals the outstanding progresses made in Europe in the past four years. Earthquakes pose a significant threat to countries around the world. But, equipped with the right knowledge and tools, engineers and seismologists can support policy and decision makers and building officials in creating a safer future for all of us. In this paradigm, the Third European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (3ECEES) is organized in Bucharest (Romania) in September 2022 by the Romanian Association for Earthquake Engineering, Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest and National Institute for Earth Physics. This outstanding scientific event is the third in a series started in 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland and continued in 2014 in Istanbul, Turkey.The papers included in this book are written by the most prominent contemporary European scholars in the two-folded fields of 3ECEES. The Distinguished Nicholas Ambraseys, along with 28 invited lectures providing the best knowledge in the fields of earthquake engineering and seismology, are shared with the general readership of this book. The book is organized in three parts, as follows: (1) Seismicity, engineering seismology and seismic hazard, (2) Seismic risk assessment and mitigation, and (3) Structural earthquake engineering. The 29 contributed papers for this book are shared among these three parts almost equally.Chapter "e;The Challenge of the Integrated Seismic Strengthening and Environmental Upgrading of Existing Buildings"e; is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This book offers insight into the relationship between prehistoric and protohistoric human populations and the world around them. It reconstructs key aspects of the palaeoenvironment ¿ from large-scale drivers of environmental conditions, such as climate, to more regional variables such as vegetation cover and faunal communities. The volume underscores how computational archaeology is leading the way in the study of past human-environment interactions across spatial and chronological scales. With the increased availability of high-resolution climate models, agent-based modelling, palaeoecological proxies and the mature use of Geographic Information System in ecological modelling, archaeologists working in interdisciplinary settings are well-positioned to explore the intersection of human systems and environmental affordances and constraints. These methodological advancements provide a better understanding of the role humans played in past ecosystems ¿ both in terms of their impact upon the environment and, in return, the impact of environmental conditions on human systems. They may also allow us to infer past ecological knowledge and land-use patterns that are historically contingent, rather than environmentally determined. This volume gathers contributions that combine reconstructions of past environments and archeological data with a view to exploring their complex interactions at different scales and invites scholars from varying disciplines and backgrounds to present and compare different modelling approaches.

This book focuses on a significant branch of anthropogeomorphology, which is not adequately studied: the impact of transportation systems on altering earth surface processes and landforms. This book fills the gap with in-depth study on the interaction between individual modes of transport network (e.g., trail, roads, railways, waterways, airports, and tunnel) and surface hydro-geomorphology with intensive literature review, fieldwork, geo-environmental modelling, mapping, case studies, and examples from different parts of the world. On the one hand, this book also addresses the vulnerability of transport networks from climate change and critical geo-hazards like floods, landslides, etc. with case studies from the high-risk zones of India. Overall, this book promotes peaceful harmony between the transport network and its surrounding landscapes as an essential lesson for policymakers, planners, and stakeholders.

This book focuses on neotectonic movements and river channel evolution of the Indian subcontinent, with special reference to the Himalayan Neotectonics. Neotectonic movements have played an important role in channel evolution in tectonically active zones especially for the mountain chains, foredeeps and active deltas. The book addresses the issues of the channel evolution in neotectonically active domains of India. It aims at readers of India as well as abroad, interested in earth sciences, geomorphology, tectonics, physical geography and river forms and processes of India. 

This book presents the first report and interpretation of the deformation, structural style, and geo-tectonic evolution of a 600km2 area of the Ladakh batholith, NW India, centred on the city of Leh, Ladakh. The Ladakh (and westerly Kohistan ) batholith comprises a large component of the Jurassic-Oligocene Kohistan-Ladakh Arc-Terrane (KLA), with magmatism spanning island arc, continental margin, and post-Himalayan collision tectonic environments. The KLA is bounded to the north by the Shyok-Northern Suture and to the south by the Indus Suture. The batholith illustrates basement thick-skin tectonic deformation and is divided/partitioned into a series of crustal blocks separated by lateral accommodation structures which allow independent movement in horizontal and vertical space. Thin skinned deformation within the adjacent sedimentary molasse Indus Suture Rocks produced large thrust stacks that predominantly moved towards the N-NE. Whilst deformation within cover sequences influences the basement structures, and helps break up the basement into crustal blocks, there is a clear distinction in deformation between the basement and cover sequences. Basement batholith deformation is more complex and heterogeneous, reflecting the variable transmission of tectonic stress within crystalline crust and the presence of a wide range of precursory inherited weaknesses and anisotropies. Models of time-space deformation are presented using data derived from field and extensive photograph / photo-mosaic image interpretation. The batholith was deformed during at least Palaeocene-Pliocene times at crustal depths that correspond to the ductile-brittle transition zone and shallower.

This book focuses on the application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management for the key natural resources, e.g. water, agriculture and forest as well as the decision support system (DSS) for infrastructure development. We have seen in the past four decades that the growing complexities of sustainable management of natural resources management have been very challenging. The book has been written to leverage the current geospatial technologies that integrate the remotely sensed data available from various platforms, the precise locational data providing geospatial intelligence, and the advanced integration tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS).Geospatial technologies have been used for water resources management employing geomorphological characteristics, analysis of river migration pattern, understanding the large-scale hydrological process, wet land classification and monitoring, analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), assessment of environmental flow and soil erosion studies, water quality modelling and assessment and rejuvenation of paleochannels through groundwater recharge.Geospatial technologies have been applied for crop classification and mapping, soil moisture determination using  RISAT-1 C-band and PALSAR-2 L-band sensors, inventory of horticulture plantations, management of citrus orchards, crop yield forecasting, rice yield estimation, estimation of evapotranspiration and its evaluation against lysimeter and satellite-based evapotranspiration product for India to address the various issues of the agricultural system management.Geospatial technologies have been used for generation of digital elevation model, urban dynamics assessment, mobile GIS application at grass root level planning, cadastral level developmental planning and e-governance applications, system dynamics for sustainable development, micro-level water resources planning, site suitability for sewage treatment plant, traffic density assessment, geographical indications of India, archaeological applications and disasters interventions to elaborate various issues of DSS for infrastructure development and management.Geospatial technologies have been employed for the generation and reconciliation of the notified forest land boundaries, and also the land cover changes analysis within notified forest areas, forest resource assessment, management and monitoring and wildlife conservation and management.This book aims to present high-quality technical case studies representing the recent developments in the "e;application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management"e;. The editors hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to plan and manage land and water resources sustainably.

The geotourism industry has grown rapidly in recent years. This book introduces the geotourism industry, its attractions, activities and developments, in selected countries of the Middle East. A number of publications and studies have investigated the nature and scope of the phenomenon of geotourism (tourism which starts from geology) and geotourists worldwide. However, despite the breadth of these studies, few publications have investigated the phenomena in the Middle Eastern countries.Consequently, this book seeks to shed light on the different aspects of geotourism and geo-diversity in the Middle East and provides a number of case studies from this region. It assists in bridging the lacuna in the tourism and geology literature and helps planners, marketers, managers, scholars and researchers to enhance their knowledge about such issues. It outlines opportunities for, as well as barriers to, geotourism development in the Middle East as well as providing recommendations for the advancement of geotourism in the region.

Much of the final shaping of the global landscape is accomplished by incision of river networks. The base-level is a principle determinate controlling the global relief by processes of erosion and aggradation. In the populated world, entrenchments triggered by base-level changes may become devastating events, damaging agricultural lands, undercutting bridges and destroying roads.The aim of this book, as a chapter in fluviomorphology, is to present the base-level control when active in the continental interior, unrelated to marine base-level fluctuations along the continental margins nor to sequence stratigraphic tract models in Exxon sequence stratigraphic sense. The focus is on the morphology and the gross trends of the processes controlling channel evolution through transient signals initiated by base-level changes and communicated upstream through the drainage network.The book brings together principles and conclusions gained by field work, by laboratory studies and by models, based on the widely scattered literature. The chapters include presentation of different types of base-levels, discussing the constraints of their altitude, the degradation and aggradation responses, the temporal and spatial trends along the channel network, the controlling factors, the knickpoint transient retreat process and its rates. Special emphasis is given to the Dead Sea Rift following its extreme base-level conditions which make it a unique field laboratory.This book is relevant to students in earth sciences as well as to planners, hydrologists and engineers dealing with geomorphology and surface drainage.

After providing a historical overview, this book highlights the current state of knowledge, gaps in our knowledge, recent findings and future prospects with regard to the biological, chemical, geological, and geographical specificities of the Plitvice lakes in Croatia. The Plitvice lakes are a unique environment and home to tufa ¿ a type of calcium carbonate deposit that provides a substrate for living organisms. Its formation process has resulted in a vastly diverse environment of lakes, streams and riparian habitats. The Plitvice lakes have, therefore, historically been both an inspiration and a challenge for scientists, nature enthusiasts, artists, etc. Today, the lakes continue to offer an in-situ laboratory for new discoveries in all aspects of freshwater science.As in most habitats, global changes have become an important issue. Since the Plitvice lakes have remained largely untouched by direct human impacts and have a long historical tradition in research, they represent an ideal subject for assessing the effects of global changes in a temperate freshwater system. This book provides an ecological overview of the biogeochemical processes at work in a unique and virtually pristine European freshwater tufa-forming environment.

This textbook introduces physical geodesy. It treats the boundary-value theories of the discipline comprehensively, and provides insights to the theory of gravity reduction based on a spherical Earth model. This book is for students who wish to thoroughly understand the material and to expand their knowledge and skills in mathematics for more advanced study and research in this discipline. The details of mathematical derivations included are a useful asset for instructors and researchers.