Hydrologi og hydrosfæren

A stunningly illustrated atlas of the world's rivers, estuaries, and deltas, and their ecosystemsFrom the Congo and the Mekong to the Seine and the Mississippi, Earth's rivers carve through landscapes before coursing into the world's oceans through estuaries and deltas. Their inexorable flow carries sediment and more, acting as lifeblood for a variety of ecosystems and communities. More than any other surface feature of Earth, rivers, estuaries, and deltas are vitally important to our economic and social well-being, and our management of them often sits at the sharp edge of today's most pressing environmental challenges. The World Atlas of Rivers, Estuaries, and Deltas takes readers on an unforgettable tour of these dynamic bodies of water, explaining how they function at each stage of their flow. Combining maps and graphics with informative essays and beautiful photos, this invaluable reference book will give you a new appreciation for the power that rivers, estuaries, and deltas wield. Features a wealth of color photos, maps, and infographicsBrings together invaluable perspectives from leading expertsDescribes the rich biodiversity associated with the world's rivers, estuaries, and deltasExplains how rivers, estuaries, and deltas work, from river networks to deltaic floodplains, and sheds light on the erosion, movement, and deposition of sedimentDescribes the anatomy of rivers, estuaries, and deltas, from channel geometry and river planforms to estuarine shape and delta morphologyExamines the ecology and ecosystems of rivers, estuaries, and deltas and how humans interact with these environmentsAdditional topics include damming, climate change, water use, pollution, resource management, and planetary health, as well as future perspectives on these vital landscapes

"The beauty of the apex predator captured up close and unflinchingly. A global shift from fright to endearment is happening, and the world is falling in love with sharks as risk of their endangerment increases. Mike Coots, who was nearly killed by a tiger shark as a teenager and has since dedicated his life to capturing and sharing sharks' beauty and indispensable role in a healthy ocean, gets up close and very personal with the magnificent creatures, presenting his unique perspective through portraits exposing both their brawn and their brains. Traveling the world (Hawaii, Mexico, New Zealand, Bahamas, and Maldives), free diving and scuba diving, often with no cage, Coots has recorded Tigers, Great Hammerheads, rare Oceanic White Tips, Lemons, Silvertips, Caribbean Reef Sharks, and massive Great Whites, as big as fourteen feet in length. Big, bold, and beautiful, extraordinary portraits of some of the ocean's largest sharks present a fresh photographic narrative of what it's like being apex. Coots anthropomorphizes the giant fish, with amazingly detailed and unexpectedly intimate images, filled with the stunning character of each species revealed marvelously."--

"From New York Times bestselling author Susan Casey, an awe-inspiring portrait of the mysterious world beneath the waves, and the men and women who seek to uncover its secrets For all of human history, the deep ocean has been a source of wonder and terror, an unknown realm that evoked a singular, compelling question: What's down there? Unable to answer this for centuries, people believed the deep was a sinister realm of fiendish creatures and deadly peril. But now, cutting-edge technologies allow scientists and explorers to dive miles beneath the surface, and we are beginning to understand this strange and exotic underworld: A place of soaring mountains, smoldering volcanoes, and valleys 7,000 feet deeper than Everest is high, where tectonic plates collide and separate, and extraordinary life forms operate under different rules. Far from a dark void, the deep is a vibrant realm that's home to pink gelatinous predators and shimmering creatures a hundred feet long and ancient animals with glass skeletons and sharks that live for half a millennium-among countless other marvels. Susan Casey is our premiere chronicler of the aquatic world. For The Underworld she traversed the globe, joining scientists and explorers on dives to the deepest places on the planet, interviewing the marine geologists, marine biologists, and oceanographers who are searching for knowledge in this vast unseen realm. She takes us on a fascinating journey through the history of deep-sea exploration, from the myths and legends of the ancient world to storied shipwrecks we can now reach on the bottom, to the first intrepid bathysphere pilots, to the scientists who are just beginning to understand the mind-blowing complexity and ecological importance of the quadrillions of creatures who live in realms long thought to be devoid of life. Throughout this journey, she learned how vital the deep is to the future of the planet, and how urgent it is that we understand it in a time of increasing threats from climate change, industrial fishing, pollution, and the mining companies that are also exploring its depths. The Underworld is Susan Casey's most beautiful and thrilling book yet, a gorgeous evocation of the natural world and a powerful call to arms"--

Capture the splendor of sea life with this alluring collection of stickers. Enjoy over a thousand vintage drawings that portray the majestic beauty of the ocean and the simple pleasure of a day at the beach. Detailed illustrations of shells, fish, and coral unveil spectacular marine life found on the seashore and on the seabed.This lavishly bound hardback book with decorative foil is the perfect gift for crafters, scrapbookers, and those who enjoy beautiful imagery of sea life.Use these beautiful stickers to decorate your personal items or simply enjoy this book as an exquisite keepsake.

Long hailed as a classic of American nature writing, Henry Beston's eloquent chronicle of a solitary year spent on a Cape Cod beach was written in longhand at the kitchen table, in a little room overlooking the North Atlantic and the dunes. In 1926 Beston retreated to the outer beach at Eastham in search of peace and solitude. What began as a two-week stay lengthened into a year spent keenly observing the rhythm of the seasons and life on the Great Beach. The Outermost House played a part in establishing the Cape Code National Seashore and has profoundly influenced subsequent nature writers, including Rachel Carson, Joseph Wood Krutch, Annie Dillard, and Barry Lopez. This Warbler Classics edition includes an essay by Allan Burns on the art and legacy of The Outermost House as well as a detailed biographical timeline.

This book recognizes the fact that the vessels' intended operational profile may vary as some vessels are intended to operate with the assistance of an ice breaker and others are intended to operate independently. The guidance provided in this book is proposed to apply to all vessels that are designed, equipped and intended to operate in low-temperature environments. Special attention is given to those vessels operating for extended periods in the Arctic regions, as this presents specific and unique challenges for vessels and crew members. The application of the guidance in this book is optional. When a vessel is designed, equipped, built and surveyed in accordance with the relevant class rules, and when found satisfactory during class notation survey, a classification notation may be granted which demonstrates the vessel's compliance with the appropriate class requirements for vessels operating in low-temperature environments. Those vessels that are designed to meet the requirements of an ice class are typically required to meet specific class rules around ¿strengthening for navigation in ice¿ or other equivalent and recognized ice class rules. Accordingly, this book also provides guidance related to the requirements which address the duration of emergency electrical power. This extended emergency power duration is expressed in hours and may be appended to the base optional class notations. To provide as much context as possible, this book refers to the most relevant international regulations and standards that are considered to be applicable. It is recommended that readers of this book refer to the most recent text of those regulations and standards when seeking to apply the guidance set out herein, as it is the intent of the book to remain consistent with the pertinent international regulations and standards developed by the global maritime industry.

The book explains the basic concepts of river water quality index, river environments, shifting of river courses, dams and barrages ¿ their merits and demerits, mutual interdependence of river and society etc. in the typical geomorphic set up of West Bengal. In India, West Bengal is a riverine state due to the towering Himalayas to the north and the Bay of Bengal to the south. In between the mountain and sea, due to the location of the Gangetic delta region and its stability with space and time, the rivers of this state are gradually dying. In addition to the stability of the delta, the river channel is being filled with sediments carried along the river course from upstream. The role of dams, barrages and reservoirs in the normal flow of rivers at different geographical locations deserves discussion which is included in the book. It is to be expected that the rivers of West Bengal can be an outstanding example of mutual interdependence of science and society, all of which are included in the book.The use of different physicochemical parameters adopted for the water quality index of different rivers described in this book will provide new directions in this regard. With discussions like water quality index, river environments, shifting of river courses, reservoirs, dams and barrages, and mutual interdependence of river and society, it is the intention that this book, River Systems of West Bengal - Water and Environments, will be useful for the research and higher studies in the river related field. This book will be of interest to students and researchers of riverine environments.

"This textbook combines the theoretical principles of engineering hydrology with their practical applications. It is indispensable for advanced students in civil, environmental, and agricultural engineering and as a reference textbook for researchers and practicing engineers, bringing them up-todate with modern techniques in applied hydrology"--

Embark on an extraordinary journey into the depths of the ocean.Oceanographer Dawn Wright made history in 2022 when she became the first Black person to visit Challenger Deep, the deepest and most unexplored place on Earth--a trip that took her over 10,000 meters beneath the Pacific Ocean's surface. Remarkably, we know less about the ocean floor than we do about the surface of the moon. Barely one-fifth of the seabed has been mapped in high resolution to date. As an ocean scientist and explorer, Dawn has made it her mission to change that.Mapping the Deep takes you on an extraordinary adventure with an extraordinary woman into the depths of Challenger Deep, showcasing the perseverance and innovation needed for ocean exploration. With a focus on Dawn's historic dive, her personal journey, and the cutting-edge technology that made the expedition possible, this book highlights the crucial importance of mapping the ocean and its profound impact on our planet's future. From the fascinating history of the area and the incredible stories of its explorers to the diverse marine life that resides within, prepare to be inspired.Through a blend of history, fascinating facts, and beautiful images, Mapping the Deep offers a unique perspective on the challenges and triumphs of deep-sea exploration.As Chief Scientist of Esri(R), Dawn Wright aids in strengthening the scientific foundation for Esri software and services, while also representing Esri to the scientific community. A specialist in marine geology, with record-setting submersible dives in Alvin (to the East Pacific Rise), Pisces V, and the Limiting Factor (to Challenger Deep), she has also authored and contributed to some of the most definitive literature on marine GIS. Dawn is an elected member of both the US National Academy of Sciences and the US National Academy of Engineering, as well as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The Oceanography Society, and the Geological Society of America. She holds lifetime achievement awards from the American Association of Geographers, the Geological Society of America, and WINGS World Quest Women of Discovery. Dawn is a professor of geography and oceanography at Oregon State University, where she was named Oregon Professor of the Year in 2007. She has coauthored several books for Esri Press, including Ocean Solutions, Earth Solutions, and the GIS for Science series.

A captivating exploration of how underwater animals tap into sound to survive, and a clarion call for humans to address the ways we invade these critical soundscapes - from an award-winning science writer.For centuries humans ignored sound in the 'silent world' of the ocean, assuming that what we couldn't perceive, didn't exist. But we couldn't have been more wrong. Marine scientists now have the technology to record and study the complex interplay of the myriad sounds in the sea. Finally, we can trace how sounds travel with the currents, bounce from the seafloor and surface, bend with temperature, and even saltiness; how sounds help marine life survive; and how human noise can transform entire marine ecosystems.In Sing Like Fish, award-winning science journalist Amorina Kingdon synthesises historical discoveries with the latest research in a clear and compelling portrait of this sonic undersea world. From plainfin midshipman fish, whose swim-bladder drumming is so loud it keeps houseboat-dwellers awake, to the syntax of whalesong, from the deafening crackle of snapping shrimp, to underwater earthquakes and volcanoes, sound plays a vital role in feeding, mating, parenting, navigating, and warning. Meanwhile, our seas also echo with human-made sound, and we are only just learning how these pervasive noises can mask mating calls, chase animals from their food, and even wound creatures.Intimate and artful, Sing Like Fish tells a uniquely complete story of ocean animals' submerged sounds, envisions a quieter future, and offers a profound new understanding of the world below the surface.

The book is based on stochastic theory of sediment motion, particularly the theory of transition intensities.It provides a complete theory and equation system of non-equilibrium transport of non-uniform suspended load. The content proposed theory reports, for the first time in literature, the general boundary condition of diffusion equations of non-equilibrium transport with transition intensities. The book also introduces the theoretical expressions of size distribution of the carrying sediment capacity, efficient bed material grade, and saturation recovery coefficientThis book describes the application of non-equilibrium transport theory and provides solutions to some long-standing unsolved controversial problems related to sediment transport. It establishes a generic mathematic model of reservoir sedimentation and river channel evolution; illustrates the same transport regulars of wash load and bed material load; demonstrates the multi-valued nature of carrying-sediment capacity and its single-valued consideration; and describes the mechanism of bed material coarsening. This book is of interest to a wide audience including students, technicians, and academics, primarily working in the field of river hydra-dynamics. In addition, this book receives attention from the research community working in fields, such as hydrogeology, hydraulic engineering, river navigation, wastewater treatment, and environmental protection

Beneath our feet lies a hidden world, teeming with life adapted to survive in the most extreme conditions imaginable. In the crushing darkness of subsurface oceans and the frozen grip of permafrost, microscopic organisms thrive in a realm beyond our everyday experience. This is the story of these extremophiles, the microbial pioneers of the deep Earth. Subsurface Oceans: A Cradle of Life in the Darkness Imagine a vast ocean, not of salty water under an open sky, but trapped within the Earth's crust. These subsurface oases, found kilometres beneath the surface, are remnants of ancient seawater or even primordial soup trapped during the planet's formation. Here, in perpetual darkness and under immense pressure, extremophiles adapted to a chemosynthetic existence. They harness the energy from chemical reactions of elements like hydrogen sulfide and methane, thriving in a world devoid of sunlight. Permafrost: Frozen in Time, Alive with Possibility The vast permafrost regions of the Arctic and Antarctic hold another secret realm: frozen pockets of liquid water and brines trapped within the icy grip. These microscopic oases, often mere drops or thin films, are home to a unique community of microorganisms adapted to survive in sub-zero temperatures. From bacteria that produce antifreeze proteins to archaea that thrive in high salt concentrations, permafrost microbes defy the limits of what we thought possible for life. A Window into the Origins of Life and BeyondStudying these extremophiles is not just about understanding life in the most challenging environments on Earth. It offers a glimpse into the potential for life beyond our planet. The conditions found in subsurface oceans and permafrost are similar to those suspected to exist on Mars, Europa, and other moons in our solar system. By understanding how extremophiles survive and thrive in these harsh environments, we gain valuable insights into the possibility of extraterrestrial life. The Hidden Realm: A story of resilience, adaptation, and the endless potential of life. As we delve deeper into these microbial frontiers, we rewrite our understanding of what it means to be alive and unlock the secrets of life's perseverance in the most unexpected corners of our planet and beyond.

Lakes are among the most extensive freshwater aquatic ecosystems in the world. Their evolution results from the interactions of numerous natural and anthropogenic factors. This book includes 12 chapters and presents case studies on the impacts of changes and tectonic movements on the evolution of lake water levels (Section 1), the interactions between anthropogenic activities and the physicochemical characteristics of lakes (Section 2), and the limnological characteristics and their interactions with other components of the environment (Section 3).

This book is the fourth volume of the ¿Marine Algal Flora of China-Rhodophyta.¿ The series has seven volumes covering about 20 orders, 45 families, 173 genera, and 560 species including over 150 species firstly described from China,  indicating significant importance to the knowledge of North-Western Pacific marine algal flora. The fourth volume covers coralline algae, including Sporolithales, Corallinales, and Hapalidiales.Almost all species involved are illustrated in detail on morphology, inner structure, habitats, and geographical distribution, based upon herbarium specimens collected along the China coast, and a lot of elaborate pictures are attached inside. This flora will gain our understanding of current Chinese marine red algae, but much research is still necessary to reflect the whole picture of the red algal diversity along the China coast.

This book is based on the papers accepted for presentation during the 3rd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-3). The book is of interest to all researchers in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry. Papers in the field of geomorphology deal with topics related to fault slip and incision rates, soil science, landslides and debris flows, coastal processes, and geoarcheology and geoheritage. Papers in the field of sedimentology cover research studies in stratigraphy and environmental, tectonic, and diagenetic processes, together with studies focusing on the evolutionary, biostratigraphic, and paleo-environmental significance of paleontology. This section also contains papers on marine geosciences, from molecular proxies related to climate to geophysical surveys. The third set of papers focuses on studies related to geochemistry that are focused on sedimentary geochemistry and mineralogical characterization, magmatic and metamorphic processes and products, and the origin and exploration of mineral deposits. This book resumes the current situation related to the abovementioned topics mainly in the Mediterranean realm and its surroundings. The book is of interest to all researchers, practitioners, and students in the fields of geomorphology, sedimentology, and geochemistry.