Geografiske informationssystemer (GIS) og fjernanalyse

To monitor multi-hazards, Remote Sensing and GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques have been extensively used in recent years worldwide. Since natural hazards cannot be eliminated, only quantification of these events and reliable forecasting can alleviate their detrimental effects, through which we can build more resilient and safe societies. Moreover, cultivating the proper knowledge of the multi-hazards and their monitoring and management can fill the gap between science, policy, and the community concerned. In an endeavor to understand and characterize the various hazards, Monitoring and Managing Multi-hazards: A Multidisciplinary approach presents a synthesis of what cross-disciplinary researchers know about these hazards and indigenous adaptation strategies.The book therefore focuses on the use of precision techniques, Remote Sensing, and GIS technologies to quantify various natural, environmental and social hazards along with the capacity building and sustainable mitigation strategies towards resilient societies. It encompasses both thematic and regional case studies to highlight the dynamicity of climate change, change of natural resources, landscape, water, river, agricultural, and social ecosystems at various spatio-temporal scales, including theoretical and applied aspects. The book gives readers an overview and analysis of traditional and advanced geospatial technologies on atmospheric, lithospheric, hydrosphere, biospheric and socio-economic contexts, on all spatial and temporal scales regarding hazards and disasters and sustainable development and management for the future.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive study on various aspects of environmental pollution dynamics using geospatial technology and modeling techniques. The utility of geospatial technology will be demonstrated for the effective study of environmental pollution, as space and location are very important for effective environmental health surveillance. The timeliness of the work is due to the increasing relevance of geospatial technology applications in environmental health investigations. Moreover, different types of pollution are covered in detail, including air and soil, all of which are analyzed using latest Remote Sensing and GIS technology. The basics of environmental pollution and its impacts are covered in the book's first part, while the second part focuses on the use of geospatial technology in investigating and modeling various instances of environmental pollution. The third part discusses policy measures for mitigating environmental pollution hazards, usinggeospatial analyses and data to craft informed policy decisions. The primary audience for the book is researchers working in the field of environmental pollution with incorporation of geospatial technology, including upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in remote sensing and its environmental applications. The secondary audience is academicians, planners, environmentalists and policymakers working in the field of environment protection and management.

This volume presents full paper contributions from the International Conference of European Spatial Data for Coastal and Marine Remote Sensing (EUCOMARE) 2022, with the support of the ERASMUS+ Programme of the European Union, held in Saint Malo, France. EUCOMARE aims to promote academic and technical exchange on coastal related studies including coastal environmental and socio-economic issues, with the use of European remotely sensed data. The book is an excellent resource for scientists, engineers, and programme managers eager to learn about the recent developments and achievements in the field of remote sensing applications on marine and coastal areas. Readers will learn about recent advances in sensors' radiometric, spatial, temporal and spectral resolution, as well as new data processing approaches in remote sensing for monitoring and mapping the various characteristics of marine, coastal and aquatic systems.

The book provides insights into urban infrastructure debates and discourses in Zimbabwe. Through an inter-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary approach, the book explores the theoretical, conceptual and lived experiences in urban infrastructure. The book focuses on case studies relating to urban transport, public housing, water and sanitation and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) among other substantive issues relating to urban infrastructure and services.

This book presents the theories and methods for geology intelligent interpretation based on deep learning and remote sensing technologies. The main research subjects of this book include lithology and mineral abundance. This book focuses on the following five aspects: 1. Construction of geology remote sensing datasets from multi-level (pixel-level, scene-level, semantic segmentation-level, prior knowledge-assisted, transfer learning dataset), which are the basis of geology interpretation based on deep learning. 2. Research on lithology scene classification based on deep learning, prior knowledge, and remote sensing. 3. Research on lithology semantic segmentation based on deep learning and remote sensing. 4. Research on lithology classification based on transfer learning and remote sensing. 5. Research on inversion of mineral abundance based on the sparse unmixing theory and hyperspectral remote sensing. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in geology, remote sensing, and artificial intelligence. It is also used as a reference book for scientific and technological personnel of geological exploration.

With the rapid advancements in satellite technology, earth remote sensing has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of applications, from environmental monitoring to disaster management. However, the vast amount of data generated by these satellites can be overwhelming for many researchers and practitioners who lack the necessary skills and tools to process and analyze it. This is where QGIS comes in. QGIS is a powerful, open-source Geographic Information System (GIS) software that has been extensively used in the field of earth remote sensing. It provides a user-friendly platform for processing, analyzing, and visualizing satellite imagery, enabling users to unlock the full potential of earth remote sensing data. The purpose of this book is to help researchers and practitioners who lack the necessary skills and tools to process and analyze satellite imagery using QGIS.There are several books that cover the use of QGIS for earth remote sensing, but most of them areeither too technical or too general. This book fills this gap by providing a comprehensive and user-friendly guide to using QGIS for earth remote sensing applications. It includes a range of real-world case studies that demonstrate the power and versatility of QGIS for solving complex problems in earth remote sensing. This will provide readers with practical examples of how to use QGIS for earth remote sensing and inspire them to explore new applications and possibilities. The book is intended for GIS professionals, students (undergraduate and graduate), and researchers who are interested in using QGIS for earth remote sensing applications. It will be particularly useful for those who are new to QGIS or who want to expand their knowledge of the software for remote sensing purposes.

Studies on South Asia are an emerging interdisciplinary field, this volume expands on the currently limited literature available on South Asia and focuses on the regions environmental, climatic and natural resource base by looking at case studies from Nepal, India and Bangladesh. The book contains twelve chapters which deal with various environmental challenges, such as the impacts of climate change on floods and droughts, population structure and regeneration dynamics of dominant  treeline species, environmental changes and rural livelihoods, and change analysis and impacts of hard coastal structures. Apart from the various thematic areas and diversity of geographical coverage, most of the studies also demonstrate the application of geospatial techniques for the collection of environmental data, and the use of GIS for spatial analysis of the data. The specific application of geospatial techniques and methods includes NDVI, NDWI, NDBI, SMI, SPOT-VGT NDVI, environmental flow, distribution and trend estimation of tropospheric formaldehyde, vegetation sensitivity to climate change, variability of tropospheric  ozone, and geo-environmental problems.The contributors are seasoned researchers currently engaged in  academic and research activities, and work at universities  in USA, India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Japan.

This textbook addresses the most recent advances and main digital technologies used in farming. The reader will be able to understand the main concepts and techniques currently used to efficiently manage agricultural production systems. The book covers topics in a general and intuitive way, with examples and good illustrations.

This work focuses on the potential impact of climate change on soil erosion in a monsoon-dominated sub-tropical region. Water-induced soil erosion due to extreme rainfall during the monsoon period is a major problem worldwide, from different environmental and socio-economic perspectives. This study region covered (South Bengal) is one of the fertile agricultural belts that produces a good amount of produce and contributes to the country's GDP. However, the rate of agricultural output has decreased rapidly in recent times due to a decline in soil fertility.The monsoon-dominated sub-tropical region has unique characteristics in terms of seasonal temperature fluctuations and the availability of rainfall events. The sub-tropical region is densely populated, with the majority of the population relying on rain-fed agricultural production systems. The declining rate of agricultural production has also established that soil fertility is declining and soil erosion is increasing. Numerous studies show that soil erosion is the major cause of the region's rapidly increasing trend of land degradation. A homeostatic mechanism cannot replace soil erosion, and a gap arises between soil erosion and regolith formation. Extreme changes in land use and land cover, population growth and the lacking support for traditional agricultural practices and management practices can accelerate the rate of soil erosion and its associated reservoir sedimentation in most countries of the tropical and sub-tropical environment. Quantitative information with maximum possible accuracy through validation regarding soil loss can be an essential part of the appropriate and sustainable soil and water conservation planning. The precise aspects of modern day management strategies are soil erosion susceptibility mapping using empirical and semi-empirical models in a GIS platform or the use of probability statistics.The main objective of this work is to propose the most suitable development strategies considering the amount of soil erosion for the present and future periods. Extensive field research has been done to identify the support practice factor that the local stakeholders adopt in this region. 

The book presents the results of a doctoral thesis conducted under the supervision of two international governmental universities in Egypt and the USA. This book is very important for specialists in the field of Physical Geography with concentration of Geographic Information Science and Remote Sensing techniques for Coastal Hazard Assessment. It deals with coastal hazards and disasters using unique techniques and methods, such as Coastline Change Detection, Sea-Level Rise Modeling and Future Predication, Coastal Erosion Hazard Mapping, and Coastal Vulnerability Index. The integration of geospatial technologies that applied accurately in this book especially for the coastal hazard mitigation and protection devise evaluation makes it very helpful for researchers and academics, as well as for coastal and civil engineers.

Harness the powerful Python programming language to navigate the realms of geographic information systems, remote sensing, topography, and more, while embracing a guiding framework for effective geospatial analysisKey FeaturesCreate GIS solutions using the new features introduced in Python 3.10Explore a range of GIS tools and libraries, including PostGIS, QGIS, and PROJIdentify the tools and resources that best align with your specific needsPurchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF eBookBook DescriptionGeospatial analysis is used in almost every domain you can think of, including defense, farming, and even medicine. In this special 10th anniversary edition, you'll embark on an exhilarating geospatial analysis adventure using Python.This fourth edition starts with the fundamental concepts, enhancing your expertise in geospatial analysis processes with the help of illustrations, basic formulas, and pseudocode for real-world applications. As you progress, you'll explore the vast and intricate geospatial technology ecosystem, featuring thousands of software libraries and packages, each offering unique capabilities and insights. This book also explores practical Python GIS geospatial applications, remote sensing data, elevation data, and the dynamic world of geospatial modeling. It emphasizes the predictive and decision-making potential of geospatial technology, allowing you to visualize complex natural world concepts, such as environmental conservation, urban planning, and disaster management to make informed choices. You'll also learn how to leverage Python to process real-time data and create valuable information products.By the end of this book, you'll have acquired the knowledge and techniques needed to build a complete geospatial application that can generate a report and can be further customized for different purposes.What you will learnAutomate geospatial analysis workflows using PythonUnderstand the different formats in which geospatial data is availableUnleash geospatial tech tools to create stunning visualizationsCreate thematic maps with Python tools such as PyShp, OGR, and the Python Imaging LibraryBuild a geospatial Python toolbox for analysis and application developmentUnlock remote sensing secrets, detect changes, and process imageryLeverage ChatGPT for solving Python geospatial solutionsApply geospatial analysis to real-time data tracking and storm chasingWho this book is forThis book is for Python developers, researchers, or analysts who want to perform geospatial modeling and GIS analysis with Python. Basic knowledge of digital mapping and analysis using Python or other scripting languages will be helpful.Table of ContentsLearning about Geospatial Analysis with PythonLearning about Geospatial DataThe Geospatial Technology LandscapeGeospatial Python ToolboxPython and Geospatial AlgorithmsCreating and Editing GIS DataPython and Remote SensingPython and Elevation DataAdvanced Geospatial ModelingWorking with Real-Time DataPutting It All Together

This book covers a wide spectrum of water resources management, including water supply and demand, operation and maintenance of water distribution systems, water quality assessment, impacts of climate change on hydrological extremes, and water governance. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth are the major factors contributing to a significant rise in water demands across all the sectors in India. Although the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall contributes primarily to the available surface and groundwater resources, recurrent non-uniform/erratic rainfall events have resulted in widespread water scarcity. On many occasions, extreme meteorological conditions trigger the severity of water-related disasters such as floods and droughts. The untreated wastewater from domestic and industrial sources discharged through un-engineered means, adds to the issue as it ends up polluting the surface and groundwater resources. 

This book provides an original cross-thematic and wide scope review of crime prevention processes in urban areas that are explicitly based on the cooperation between different scientific and professional fields. Focusing primarily on environmental and community-based crime prevention, this book compiles a peer-reviewed collection of papers and prospective essays that explore how, and to what extent, multi-disciplinarity can be used as a cornerstone for achieving safer cities.Relying on the input from specialists, researchers, decision-makers, and practitioners from around the world, it covers the various stages from theory to implementation, by discussing theoretical stances, interpreting policy and planning guidelines, uncovering unique educational experiences, and narrating insights and lessons learned from innovative research and practice. Hence, it provides vivid discussions and invaluable insights into processes of partnership building, planning, and management, oriented towards establishing successful mechanism for preventing crime and reducing feelings of insecurity in urban areas.

This book explores the use of advanced geospatial techniques in geomorphic hazards modelling and risk reduction. It also compares the accuracy of traditional statistical methods and advanced machine learning methods and addresses the different ways to reduce the impact of geomorphic hazards.In recent years with the development of human infrastructures, geomorphic hazards are gradually increasing, which include landslides, flood and soil erosion, among others. They cause huge loss of human property and lives. Especially in mountainous, coastal, arid and semi-arid regions, these natural hazards are the main barriers for economic development. Furthermore, human pressure and specific human actions such as deforestation, inappropriate land use and farming have increased the danger of natural disasters and degraded the natural environment, making it more difficult for environmental planners and policymakers to develop appropriate long-term sustainability plans. The most challenging task is to develop a sophisticated approach for continuous inspection and resolution of environmental problems for researchers and scientists. However, in the past several decades, geospatial technology has undergone dramatic advances, opening up new opportunities for handling environmental challenges in a more comprehensive manner.With the help of geographic information system (GIS) tools, high and moderate resolution remote sensing information, such as visible imaging, synthetic aperture radar, global navigation satellite systems, light detection and ranging, Quickbird, Worldview 3, LiDAR, SPOT 5, Google Earth Engine and others deliver state-of-the-art investigations in the identification of multiple natural hazards. For a thorough examination, advanced computer approaches focusing on cutting-edge data processing, machine learning and deep learning may be employed. To detect and manage various geomorphic hazards and their impact, several models with a specific emphasis on natural resources and the environment may be created.

Unique and authoritative reference combining concepts, theories, and hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis bridges the gap between academic discussions and research with public and private professional practices in the field. The book discusses and illustrates essential concepts and theories, with tutorials showing students how to conduct hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment. Supplementary material for this text includes data files for the tutorials and students exercises. All datasets are sourced from public domains, including the US Census Bureau data, the New York State ITS Geospatial Services (https: //data.gis.ny.gov/), the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the GIS Services of Erie County New York, and others. Written by a highly qualified academic, the book covers topics such as: Digital data models representing geographic information, including vector, raster, and 3D models Methods of spatial data input in vector and raster data formats to incorporate geographic features and events with their attribute data Geographic data collections in natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences, and relational, spatial, and structural querying of a database Coordinate systems, map projection, geo-referencing, geographic analyses, and internet-enabled geographic information sharing Spatial interpolation and spatial statistical analysis, network analysis, digital mapping, and map presentations Uniquely combining academic research and discussions with professional practices in the software and data analysis environments, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis is an essential reference for GIS analysts and technicians, urban planners, civil engineers, and computer scientists, along with students in related programs of study.

This book presents both updated and new measurements on water resources from selective pilot areas form the Middle East. Demand for water has become very crucial notably in arid and semiarid regions like in the Middle East. The changing climate and the increased population are the most striking challenges on water resources in this region where the largest part of its territory is dry lands and deserts with minimal precipitation and high evaporation rates, and thus, the average per capita of water does not exceed 25 m3/year. This resulted in developing many studies and researches in different Middle East countries to clearly identify and assess the hydrological characteristics of the available water resources and to explore new resources in order to secure balanced water supply/demand. As a first of its type, this book introduces comprehensive knowledge on the successful reports of the use of satellite images in water studies in the Middle East, and the economic value resulted from adopting these techniques. Based on illustrated case-studies the book will represent a significant resource for a large number of experts, academics, researchers, engineers and different-level stakeholders including the decision makers.     

This book introduces a planning support system called Strategic Spatial Plan Support System (SSP-SS) to visualize population growth and predict energy demand, land use, and waste discharge resulting from urbanization. By analyzing policy interactions between household agents, the book uses SSP-SS to visualize policy effects on urban areas during stages of growth and decline. Simulations are created based on these policy outcome assessments, taking into account the influences of energy and resource consumption on sustainable development in urban environments. The book is geared towards researchers, universities, and urban policy makers.The book begins by presenting a framework of urban growth simulation, and introducing SSP-SS. Then, household lifecycle and relocation models are employed for simulating policy impacts on urbanization, and investigating the impacts of spatial strategic planning. Several projects are assessed using agent-based modeling including shopping centre construction, day-care service for aging populations, and shelter accommodation capacities for earthquakes and other disasters. The final chapters discuss water and energy management, the environmental impacts of demand and consumption, and future recommendations for sustainable development and policy implementation.Introduces Strategic Spatial Plan Support System (SSP-SS) to visualize population growth and predict energy demand, land use, and waste discharge resulting from urbanization.Analyzes policy effects on urban areas during stages of growth and decline.Discusses the influences of water and gas consumption on environmental issues in urban areas for sustainable development.

This book discusses the threats and impacts of flash floods in Vietnam on environmental, human, and socio-economic resources, and covers monitoring, forecasting, warning, urgent action plans, and prevention solutions. While the work focuses on cases in Vietnam, it is applicable to many regions in the world that experience flash flooding as a common occurrence. Through data collection, field surveys, and investigational statistics from a specialized group of authors, the book provides comprehensive background knowledge on flash floods, and a flash flood hazard map using remote sensing and GIS techniques that can be used to assess the likelihood and potential impacts of flash floods before vulnerable areas and populations can be threatened. The intended audience of this manuscript is people interested in the fields of weather, environment, and natural disasters. It will serve as a reference for environmental managers, administrators of disaster planning, and extreme weather scientists.

Starting from concrete examples in Geomorphology, this comprehensive textbook explains to graduate and postgraduate students, point-cloud data technology and associated methods from acquisition to final-product generation. In the last few decades, Geo-sciences have experienced a paradigm shift from the challenge of collecting enough data to the need of creating new processing tools that can handle the billions of data. This shift has come to Geomorphology with the increasing use of surface-pointclouds obtained from photogrammetry, laser scanners and processed by specialist software, and it is thus necessary for the next generation of geomorphologist to be fluent in these technologies. Consequently, this book explains from concrete examples how to use pointcloud technologies, from data collection to processing and final product generation. The philosophy of this book relies on two principles, first: you do not have to be a tech-wizard to use pointcloud technologies, allowing the you to bring back the focus on your science; second pointcloud methods can be affordable, therefore the book provide a set of worked-examples in the different geomorphological environments using open source software and R and Python code samples. The book can be used as a textbook in a geomorphology, geology, physical geography, Sabo-sciences and engineering class, as well as a companion for the more seasoned scientist who wants to solve specific problems.

Leverage the power of SQL to perform geospatial analysis and increase your speed and efficiency working with a variety of spatial applications such as PostGIS and QGISKey Features:Follow along with actionable instructions with this practical guideBecome well-versed in advanced spatial modeling and machine learning techniquesLearn best practices for performing spatial analysis from an expert spatial data analystBook Description:Geospatial analysis is industry agnostic and a powerful tool for answering location questions. Combined with the power of SQL, developers and analysts worldwide rely on database integration to solve real-world spatial problems. This book introduces skills to help you detect and quantify patterns in datasets through data exploration, visualization, data engineering, and the application of analysis and spatial techniques.You will begin by exploring the fundamentals of geospatial analysis where you'll learn about the importance of geospatial analysis and how location information enhances data exploration. Walter Tobler's second law of geography states, "the phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside." This quote will be the framework of the geospatial questions we will explore. You'll then observe the framework of geospatial analysis using SQL while learning to create spatial databases and SQL queries and functions.By the end of this book, you will have an expanded toolbox of analytic skills such as PostGIS and QGIS to explore data questions and analysis of spatial information.What You Will Learn:Understand geospatial fundamentals as a basis for learning spatial SQLGenerate point, line, and polygon data with SQLUse spatial data types to abstract and encapsulate spatial structuresWork with open source GIS combined with plug-insVisualize spatial data and expand QGIS functionality with PostgresApply location data to leverage spatial analyticsPerform single-layer and multiple-layer spatial analysesWho this book is for:This book is for anyone looking to leverage their SQL knowledge to perform geospatial analysis. GIS analysts, data analysts, and data scientists with a basic understanding of both geospatial analysis and SQL will find this book useful.

Get up to speed quickly on the core topics and career paths that open source GIS has to offer. Learn how to avoid vendor lock-in while building a free and open source toolkit for yourself.

Soil and crop sensing is a fundamental component and the first important step in precision agriculture. Unless the level of soil and crop variability is known, appropriate management decisions cannot be made and implemented. In the last few decades, various ground-based sensors have been developed to measure spatial variability in soil properties and nutrients, crop growth and yield, and pest conditions. Remote sensing as an important data collection tool has been increasingly used to map soil and crop growth variability as spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions of image data have improved significantly in recent years. While identifying spatial variability of soil and crop growth within fields is an important first step towards precision management, using that variability to formulate variable rate application plans of farming inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides is another essential step in precision agriculture.The purpose of this book is to present the historical, current and future developments of soil and crop sensing technologies with fundamentals and practical examples. The first chapter gives an overview of soil and crop sensing technologies for precision crop production. The next six chapters provide details on theories, methods, practical applications, as well as challenges and future research needs for all aspects of soil and crop sensing. The last two chapters show how soil and crop sensing technologies can be used for plant phenotyping and precision fertilization. The chapters are written by some of the world's leading experts who have contributed significantly to the developments of precision agriculture technologies, especially in the area of soil and crop sensing. They use their knowledge, experiences, and successful stories to present informative and up-to-date information on relevant topics. Therefore, this book is an invaluable addition to the literature and can be used as a reference by scientists, engineers, practitioners, and college students for the dissemination and advancement of precision agriculture technologies for practical applications.

This book provides a comprehensive, systematic description of modern timekeeping and its specializations. Introductory chapters discuss the concept of time and its definition, then briefly look at pre-Atomic Era timekeeping to set the stage for the introduction of the atomic clock. Subsequent chapters focus on concepts such as frequency stability and measurement uncertainty, as well as computer network time-synchronization protocols including Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precise Time Protocol (PTP). The book then delves into the nuts and bolts of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer, and Optical Time and Frequency Transfer. Timescale theory is then described as a way to combine clock data, and the algorithms and procedures used to generate Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) are given. Finally, there is a look at modern applications of timekeeping and time transfer.Featuring a glossary of all key terms, this book is highly recommended for trained or incoming physicists, engineers, or mathematicians working, for example, in manufacturing or timing laboratories. Additionally, it is suitable for use in introductory university courses dealing with the subject of timekeeping.