Bøger af Ashraf Soliman

Only about 4% of Egypt¿s total area is agricultural land and this area has one of the highest population densities in the world. Since the early 1960s, vast areas in the Egyptian deserts (Western, Eastern and Sinai) were subjected to land reclamation; private and government schemes. This human interference causes the weedy species to replace the wild plant species in these reclaimed areas which are considered as transitional habitats between the old cultivated land and desert. The invasive species in the new agricultural lands cause serious problems that require attention to be paid to the negative impacts of plant invasions on ecosystems and gene pools The aim of this work is to recognize the main agro-ecosystems in the reclaimed lands along the northern sector of the Nile Valley in Egypt, and to study the relationship between crops and their weed flora. It attempts also to determine the prevalence and agro-ecological distribution of weed species in major crops in different agro-ecosystems, and to assess the influence of some environmental factors on weed species composition and distribution.

Knowledge is the most important aspect of the human mind and it is also the heart of any intelligent systems. Like humans, knowledge enables systems to make decisions, take actions, evaluate situations, and infer new knowledge not explicitly represented. This book introduces how to represent knowledge through ontologies which is one of the most popular knowledge representation languages for intelligent systems. The book also proposes a solution for one of the most important ontology change issues called ontology evolution. The solution allows intelligent systems¿ knowledge to evolve automatically without intervention of ontology engineers. Moreover, it addresses the negative consequences of automatic evolution by providing new methods to avoid their occurrences and keeping the knowledge in a coherent and consistent state. However, the book gives a good background to readers and researchers who want to have a wide view on basics of knowledge, ontologies, different methods of ontology interoperability, and the consistency issues of ontologies. In addition, this book is presented to readers and researchers who have interests in exploiting knowledge with smart systems.