Bøger af Bachir Kerboua

Today, all the changes in our way of life and our environment with our social and moral relationships have affected our urban way of life in its various structures and relationships. The distribution of work and functions, our land use, modes of transport, industrial and agricultural production, modes of consumption and waste production, certainly, human relations have been affected considerably.The city is indeed the basis of economic and social development and wealth creation, but the social changes have been too rapid to be controlled, because today's society has imposed a way of life where comfort and a whole series of modern conveniences offered by the city are imposed everywhere, creating a standard of living that is becoming generalized and uniform, erasing certain contradictions but revealing glaring disparities. As a result of the modern evolution of the last century, the urban fabric has suffered many damages and transformations and has been hit by many ills and social handicaps. The pace of transformations has not stopped accelerating, and development has become, however, synonymous with destruction and waste of natural resources and balanced human development.

Maintenance is considered as a production function in its own right. In order to produce, it is necessary to satisfy the four imperatives: supply raw materials, transform them into finished products, ensure quality and maintain the production tool in working order. Industrial maintenance is a strategic function in companies, deeply linked to the incessant technological development, to the appearance of new management methods whose necessity is to reduce production costs and increase production and productivity. Today, the role of maintenance is no longer limited to repairing work tools, but also to anticipating and avoiding malfunctions, in order to ensure the proper functioning of production and service tools. A maintenance department may also be required to participate in studies to improve the industrial process, and must, like other departments in the company, take into consideration numerous constraints such as safety, total quality, the environment, and also cost control.

The High Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development on "Transformation towards Sustainable and Resilient Societies" provides an opportunity to express its commitment to the implementation and monitoring process of the 2030 Agenda. This forum is an opportunity to submit its approach to the appreciation of its peers and to take advantage of best practices to identify solutions to the challenges and constraints that may hinder its smooth progress towards the satisfactory achievement of the SDGs. Since 2014, the Emerging Plan has been the reference framework for economic and social policy aimed at increasing the well-being and prosperity of people in developing countries. The eradication of poverty in all its forms is at the heart of our policies. The need to eliminate poverty, social exclusion and inequality in our country is a limited priority. This is why Algeria intends to develop effective policies, supported by reliable statistical data, to protect and empower the most vulnerable people namely, youth, women, people with disabilities, people living in poverty and the elderly.

This study will summarize the knowledge that we currently have on the process of innovation in education. It is therefore in part a synthesis; in this regard, it is noted that it has drawn heavily on the literature that constitutes the vast majority of the literature explicitly dealing with innovation. It approaches all this material from both an educational and an environmental perspective and highlights the need to report on cases of improved living in other parts of the world in a more systematic way. This study goes further, however. In order to provide a guide to this project. The concept of innovation in education is examined in depth. The changes that are introduced in school and higher education can be the key to any technological and economic development; in a given system, the change may consist in adopting some practice already used elsewhere, so that an innovation follows an invention. But what distinguishes an innovation from change in general is the element of planning or deliberate intent.

The principle of the spinning whatever the origin of the fibers to be treated a disordered mass of fibers to mix them, clean them of their impurities, parallels them in the form of veil, then of ribbon. This sliver will undergo several successive stretching to make them more homogeneous and regular to transform them into wick which represents the intermediate part between the sliver and the wire.Finally, a last stretching will be given to the wick to which we will apply a torsion to obtain the thread. It is essential that in a batch of yarns the physical and chemical properties are substantially the same at all points and to produce a consistent quality, it is necessary that from one batch to another the characteristics are the same For all these reasons it is necessary to mix the fibers thoroughly, mixtures can be realized in two ways:-by operating on the fibers in flock-by operating on the fibers in sliver Cotton plays an important role in the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. However, only 15% of the cotton grown in the region is processed locally, with the vast majority being exported as raw material.The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is engaged in various initiatives to support the African cotton sector. At a high-level session on the cotton industry organized by the World Trade Organization in Geneva on March 15 and 16, 2007, UNIDO presented a document entitled "Support to the Cotton Sector and Prospects for Industrialization".

This paper presents the status of the various renewable energy technologies, the strategy for their development, the progress made and the difficulties encountered. Nine categories of Renewable Energy in the world are discussed: (physical biomass), biofuels and biogas (and renewable waste), - hydroelectricity, - wind power, - solar photovoltaic (PV) power, - solar thermal power, - concentrated solar power (or thermodynamic), - geothermal power, - heat pump power, - "marine" power. The level of advancement and competitiveness of Renewable Energies is very differentiated according to the technologies, as well as their cost, which also varies greatly according to the resource, local potential and geography. There are technical, financial, political, energy strategy and climate change considerations to take into account. The purpose of this article is only to shed light on the current position and future of Renewable Energies. It is only an element of reflections on energy strategies, whether they are related to energy production or energy demand management (uses, lifestyles and energy savings). These problems have been the subject of many other articles of the Encyclopedia of Sustainable Development recalled in the attached bibliography.

In Algeria, hydrocarbons play a very important role in the country's economic development. The increase of the oil rent, following the joint increase of the volumes produced and the price of hydrocarbons, has allowed an average growth of the GDP of 4% per year between 2001 and 2007.Because the decisions to be taken in the field of energy determine to a large extent the economic and social development of the country, the study aims to establish projections of consumption, production and export of oil and gas in Algeria by 2020-2030, in order to provide one of the challenges of energy policy, facing all the internal and external constraints (barrel price, economic growth, population growth, ...).

Urban security is nowadays an issue of strategic importance. It contributes to the elaboration of solutions to the complex problems of the countries; it is a vector of economic and social progress, therefore it appears as the strategic axis that every institution must promote, develop and ensure to develop their cities and their own environments.Indeed, many associations existed with regard to the regulation to give a push and an urbanization to the Algerian cities but in reality they were not operational. The crisis of the 1990s, marked by political and economic instability and insecurity, was a blocking and braking factor for many associative movements. The lack of experience in the practice of association, the lack of motivation as well as the social and administrative burdens have also helped to make fictitious the existence of many associations that could help the development of the country..

Energy issues are at the center of many of the countries' challenges. The region is characterized by a heavy reliance on oil and natural gas to meet its energy needs. Despite being major energy producers, many MENA countries are struggling to meet the growing domestic energy demand. The transition to renewable energy systems therefore represents a promising strategy for meeting this demand. The transition would also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the International Agreement on Limiting the Rate of Pollution. In addition, the use of renewable energy would boost economic growth and local employment and reduce fiscal constraints.These multi-level energy and political challenges, resulting from the interaction of economic, social, cultural and climatic aspects, should not be ignored, as they pose serious risks to prosperity and economic and social development, and hence to the stability of urbanization in the cities and the region.

The global economy has been in a severe recession for the past two years, triggered by the financial cataclysm and the collapse of trade and industrial activity around the world. This slowdown has weighed on the growth of economies around the world. Algeria, which is not fully integrated into the international economy, is experiencing and will most likely experience in the near future indirect effects of this crisis, but in a less severe manner than in Europe. Algeria has all the material and human potential to be a pivotal country in terms of development in the Euro-Mediterranean and Arab-African space. This requires a development based on a great coherence and a better visibility in the economic policy of the State, in order to avoid political, legal and social instability and especially, to adopt rules of good internal governance and thus a socio-economic policy out of the oil rent.