Bøger af Boris Zalessky

In den ersten neun Monaten des Jahres 2023 erhielt die Republik Belarus Exporterlöse in Rekordhöhe von 31 Milliarden Dollar. Dies ist das höchste Volumen der letzten zehn Jahre. Dennoch arbeitet die belarussische Regierung aktiv an der Erschließung der Märkte, in die Belarus hauptsächlich exportieren soll und in denen belarussische Exporteure Wettbewerbsvorteile haben. Dies sind die Länder des "weiten Bogens" in Asien, Afrika und Lateinamerika. Das Ziel für 2024 ist es, die Exporte in diese Länder um das 2,5-fache oder fast vier Milliarden Dollar zu steigern. Vor allem in Afrika wurden wichtige Bezugspunkte für die Erschließung dieses Marktes ermittelt. Diese sind Ägypten, Kenia, Nigeria, Simbabwe, Südafrika und Äquatorialguinea. Die Exporte von Lebensmitteln, Maschinen, Ausrüstungen und chemischen Erzeugnissen sollen wachsen. Belarus hat bereits positive Erfahrungen in Lateinamerika gesammelt. Und es will vom einfachen Handel zur Gründung von Joint Ventures und Montagewerken in Nicaragua, Venezuela, Brasilien, Ecuador und Kuba übergehen. Welche Schritte unternimmt Belarus, um diese Wachstumspunkte heute und in naher Zukunft zu entwickeln? Dies ist das Thema der vorliegenden Studie.

In the first nine months of 2023, the Republic of Belarus received a record $31 billion in export earnings. This is the maximum volume over the last ten years. Nevertheless, the Belarusian government is actively working on entering the markets where Belarus is expected to be first and foremost, where Belarusian exporters have competitive advantages. These are the countries of the "far arc" in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The goal for 2024 is to increase exports to these countries by 2.5 times or almost four billion dollars. In particular, key reference points for entering this market have been identified in Africa. These are Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Equatorial Guinea. Exports of food products, machinery, equipment, and chemical products are planned to grow. Belarus already has a positive experience in Latin America. And it aims to move from simple trade to the establishment of joint ventures, assembly plants in Nicaragua, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, and Cuba. What steps are being taken by Belarus to develop these growth points today and in the near future? This is the subject of the proposed study.

Au cours des neuf premiers mois de 2023, la République du Belarus a reçu un montant record de 31 milliards de dollars en recettes d'exportation. Il s'agit du volume le plus élevé de ces dix dernières années. Néanmoins, le gouvernement biélorusse travaille activement à l'entrée sur les marchés où la Biélorussie devrait principalement être exportée et où les exportateurs biélorusses ont des avantages concurrentiels. Il s'agit des pays de l'"arc lointain" en Asie, en Afrique et en Amérique latine. L'objectif pour 2024 est de multiplier par 2,5 les exportations vers ces pays, soit près de quatre milliards de dollars. En particulier, des points de référence clés pour pénétrer ce marché ont été identifiés en Afrique. Il s'agit de l'Égypte, du Kenya, du Nigeria, du Zimbabwe, de l'Afrique du Sud, de la Guinée équatoriale et du Zimbabwe. Les exportations de produits alimentaires, de machines, d'équipements et de produits chimiques devraient augmenter. Le Belarus a déjà une expérience positive en Amérique latine. Il entend passer du simple commerce à la création d'entreprises communes et d'usines d'assemblage au Nicaragua, au Venezuela, au Brésil, en Équateur et à Cuba. Quelles sont les mesures prises par le Belarus pour développer ces points de croissance aujourd'hui et dans un avenir proche ? Tel est le sujet de cette étude.

Nos primeiros nove meses de 2023, a República da Bielorrússia recebeu um recorde de 31 mil milhões de dólares em receitas de exportação. Este é o volume máximo dos últimos dez anos. No entanto, o governo bielorrusso está a trabalhar ativamente para entrar nos mercados para onde se espera que a Bielorrússia seja exportada em primeiro lugar e onde os exportadores bielorrussos têm vantagens competitivas. Estes são os países do "arco distante" na Ásia, África e América Latina. O objetivo para 2024 é aumentar as exportações para estes países em 2,5 vezes ou quase quatro mil milhões de dólares. Em particular, foram identificados em África pontos de referência fundamentais para entrar neste mercado. São eles o Egipto, o Quénia, a Nigéria, o Zimbabué, a África do Sul, a Guiné Equatorial e o Zimbabué. Está previsto um aumento das exportações de produtos alimentares, maquinaria, equipamento e produtos químicos. A Bielorrússia já tem uma experiência positiva na América Latina. O seu objetivo é passar do simples comércio à criação de empresas comuns e de fábricas de montagem na Nicarágua, Venezuela, Brasil, Equador e Cuba. Que medidas estão a ser tomadas pela Bielorrússia para desenvolver estes pontos de crescimento hoje e no futuro próximo? É este o objeto do presente estudo.

Nei primi nove mesi del 2023, la Repubblica di Bielorussia ha ricevuto la cifra record di 31 miliardi di dollari di esportazioni. Si tratta del volume massimo degli ultimi dieci anni. Tuttavia, il governo bielorusso sta lavorando attivamente per entrare nei mercati in cui ci si aspetta che la Bielorussia venga esportata principalmente e dove gli esportatori bielorussi hanno vantaggi competitivi. Si tratta dei Paesi dell'"arco lontano" in Asia, Africa e America Latina. L'obiettivo per il 2024 è di aumentare le esportazioni verso questi Paesi di 2,5 volte, ovvero di quasi quattro miliardi di dollari. In particolare, in Africa sono stati individuati i punti di riferimento chiave per entrare in questo mercato. Si tratta di Egitto, Kenya, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Sudafrica e Guinea Equatoriale. È prevista una crescita delle esportazioni di prodotti alimentari, macchinari, attrezzature e prodotti chimici. La Bielorussia ha già un'esperienza positiva in America Latina. E mira a passare dal semplice commercio alla creazione di joint venture e impianti di assemblaggio in Nicaragua, Venezuela, Brasile, Ecuador e Cuba. Quali sono le misure adottate dalla Bielorussia per sviluppare questi punti di crescita oggi e nel prossimo futuro? Questo è l'oggetto del presente studio.

In May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dedicated to summarizing the results of socio-economic development of the Belarusian state for the first quarter of the current year, it was noted that the overall situation in the Belarusian economy is stable and the results have a steady positive trend. Macroeconomic balance has been preserved, while the foreign trade surplus for the first three months of this year is about $243 million. The volume of exports of goods and services from Belarus in January-March 2023 amounted to about twelve billion dollars. This is the maximum figure for the last ten years. As for foreign investment, over three billion dollars flowed into the real sector of the Belarusian economy during this period. Belarusian free and special economic zones with preferential business regimes, where 427 residents from 35 countries are already registered, remain the main points of attraction for investments to create modern export-oriented and import-substituting industries and introduce high technologies. What steps are being taken to develop these points of growth in Belarus? This is the subject of the proposed study.

A coleção apresenta os trabalhos de jovens investigadores - estudantes do Instituto de Jornalismo da Universidade Estatal da Bielorrússia - Irina Vysotskaya, Yulia Demeshko, Polina Dolgopolova, Victoria Puzatko, Polina Sarvilina, Daria Shablinskaya, cuja atenção se centra nas tendências actuais do desenvolvimento do mercado publicitário moderno da Comunidade de Estados Independentes, da Europa e da Ásia. A relevância deste tema explica-se pelo facto de, nas condições actuais, a publicidade se tornar um importante fator de desenvolvimento socioeconómico, social e cultural. Constitui uma parte significativa do espaço económico, promove o desenvolvimento do espírito empresarial, a concorrência, as relações de mercado - tudo isto é especialmente importante para o desenvolvimento socioeconómico da República da Bielorrússia, onde estão a ser tomadas várias medidas para criar condições favoráveis às actividades publicitárias. O estudo sistemático, a generalização e a introdução na prática das melhores experiências estrangeiras no desenvolvimento do mercado publicitário é uma das condições importantes para a formação bem sucedida da publicidade bielorrussa. As possibilidades de utilizar a experiência estrangeira na Bielorrússia são discutidas nesta investigação colectiva.

La collection présente les travaux de jeunes chercheurs - étudiants de l'Institut de journalisme de l'Université d'État du Belarus - Irina Vysotskaya, Yulia Demeshko, Polina Dolgopolova, Victoria Puzatko, Polina Sarvilina, Daria Shablinskaya, dont l'attention se concentre sur les tendances actuelles du développement du marché publicitaire moderne de la Communauté des États indépendants, de l'Europe et de l'Asie. La pertinence de ce sujet s'explique par le fait que, dans les conditions actuelles, la publicité devient un facteur important du développement socio-économique, social et culturel. Elle constitue une part importante de l'espace économique, favorise le développement de l'esprit d'entreprise, de la concurrence, des relations de marché - tout cela est particulièrement important pour le développement socio-économique de la République de Biélorussie, où diverses mesures sont actuellement prises pour créer des conditions favorables aux activités publicitaires. L'étude systématique, la généralisation et la mise en pratique des meilleures expériences étrangères en matière de développement du marché de la publicité est l'une des conditions essentielles à la réussite du développement de la publicité au Belarus. Les possibilités d'utilisation de l'expérience étrangère au Belarus sont examinées dans cette recherche collective.

La raccolta presenta i lavori di giovani ricercatori - studenti dell'Istituto di Giornalismo dell'Università Statale Bielorussa Irina Vysotskaya, Yulia Demeshko, Polina Dolgopolova, Victoria Puzatko, Polina Sarvilina, Daria Shablinskaya - la cui attenzione è focalizzata sulle attuali tendenze nello sviluppo del moderno mercato pubblicitario della Comunità degli Stati Indipendenti, dell'Europa e dell'Asia. La rilevanza di questo tema è spiegata dal fatto che nelle condizioni attuali la pubblicità diventa un importante fattore di sviluppo socio-economico, sociale e culturale. Costituisce una parte significativa dello spazio economico, promuove lo sviluppo dell'imprenditorialità, della concorrenza, delle relazioni di mercato - tutto ciò è particolarmente importante per lo sviluppo socio-economico della Repubblica di Bielorussia, dove si stanno adottando diverse misure per creare condizioni favorevoli alle attività pubblicitarie. Lo studio sistematico, la generalizzazione e l'introduzione nella pratica delle migliori esperienze straniere nello sviluppo del mercato pubblicitario è una delle condizioni importanti per la formazione di successo della pubblicità bielorussa. Le possibilità di utilizzare le esperienze straniere in Bielorussia sono discusse in questa ricerca collettiva.

Die Sammlung präsentiert die Arbeiten junger Forscher - Studenten des Instituts für Journalismus der Belarussischen Staatlichen Universität Irina Vysotskaya, Yulia Demeshko, Polina Dolgopolova, Victoria Puzatko, Polina Sarvilina, Daria Shablinskaya, deren Aufmerksamkeit auf die aktuellen Trends in der Entwicklung des modernen Werbemarktes der Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten, Europas und Asiens gerichtet ist. Die Relevanz dieses Themas erklärt sich aus der Tatsache, dass die Werbung unter den gegenwärtigen Bedingungen ein wichtiger Faktor der sozioökonomischen, sozialen und kulturellen Entwicklung ist. Sie bildet einen bedeutenden Teil des Wirtschaftsraumes, fördert die Entwicklung des Unternehmertums, des Wettbewerbs, der Marktbeziehungen - all das ist besonders wichtig für die sozioökonomische Entwicklung der Republik Belarus, wo jetzt verschiedene Maßnahmen ergriffen werden, um günstige Bedingungen für Werbetätigkeiten zu schaffen. Das systematische Studium, die Verallgemeinerung und die Einführung der besten ausländischen Erfahrungen in der Entwicklung des Werbemarktes in die Praxis ist eine der wichtigen Bedingungen für die erfolgreiche Gestaltung der belarussischen Werbung. Die Möglichkeiten der Nutzung ausländischer Erfahrungen in Weißrussland werden in dieser Sammeluntersuchung diskutiert.

The collection presents the works of young researchers - students of the Institute of Journalism of the Belarusian State University Irina Vysotskaya, Yulia Demeshko, Polina Dolgopolova, Victoria Puzatko, Polina Sarvilina, Daria Shablinskaya, whose attention is focused on the current trends in the development of the modern advertising market of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe and Asia. The relevance of this topic is explained by the fact that in the current conditions advertising becomes an important factor of socio-economic, social and cultural development. It forms a significant part of the economic space, promotes the development of entrepreneurship, competition, market relations - all that is especially important for the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus, where various measures are now being taken to create favourable conditions for advertising activities. Systematic study, generalisation and introduction into practice of the best foreign experience in the development of the advertising market is one of the important conditions for the successful formation of Belarusian advertising. The possibilities of using foreign experience in Belarus are discussed in this collective research.

The Republic of Belarus is actively developing science, technology and innovation, including through the use of international best practices in science and technology. Thus, the State Program of Innovation Development till 2025 as well as new scientific and technical programs have been launched in 2021. In addition, a task has been set to implement in the Belarusian regions, taking into account their competitive advantages, innovative projects to create high-tech industries based on developments of domestic scientists, which have great potential for commercialization both within the country and abroad. The transition to digital platforms as key instruments of digital transformation of traditional industries, as well as international cooperation in the use of modern technologies, educational and production organizations, development and serial production of knowledge-intensive products contributes to the growth of innovation potential of Belarus. Cooperation with foreign partners should play a key role in this. How is this process of innovation promoting the interests of Belarus implemented in practice? This is discussed in the proposed collection of articles.

The Strategy for Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in the Republic of Belarus until 2025 states that the priority of investment policy is the quality of investments, their value for increasing the competitiveness, economic security and stability of the domestic economy. Such areas as high-tech and science-intensive production, logistics, transport and digital infrastructure, the financial sector, the social sphere, as well as the tourism industry are considered to be promising for the attraction of foreign direct investment in the Belarusian economy. In 2021 foreign investors invested about nine billion dollars in the real sector of the Belarusian economy. A significant contribution to the active investment policy is made today by the free economic zones of Belarus, whose residents from January to March 2022 attracted a record volume - a quarter of foreign direct investment on a net basis in the country. As compared to 2021 they increased almost twice and a half times and amounted to 469 million dollars. How Belarus is currently addressing this challenge is discussed in the materials of the proposed study.

The Republic of Belarus is chairing the Commonwealth of Independent States in 2021. The concept of its presidency provides for the development of coordinated approaches to solving urgent issues of regional cooperation, strengthening multilateral cooperation for a comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of all post-Soviet states. Particular attention is being paid to achieving synergy among members of the Commonwealth in various integration associations and organizations such as the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, as well as in bilateral format. Media coverage of this cooperation is also expected to increase. In the sphere of inter-regional and cross-border cooperation we are talking about the development of socio-economic potential of regions, the establishment of direct links between business entities, the formation and implementation of a coordinated regional policy. How are these integration building plans realized in practice? The answer to this question is in the materials of the proposed study.

Strategic cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation is comprehensive and multidimensional today. In the difficult conditions of the coronavirus pandemic, the parties continue to maintain intensive contacts at the highest and highest levels, various formats of intergovernmental, interparliamentary and interagency interaction, which ensured traditionally high dynamics of bilateral relations. In September 2021 the Council of Ministers of the Union State of Belarus and Russia approved the guidelines for implementation of the provisions of the Treaty on the Union State for 2021-2023 and 28 Union State programs aimed to undertake large-scale tasks to strengthen the Belarusian-Russian integration, to deepen industrial cooperation. At that the parties noted that the direct partnership ties between the regions are becoming an increasingly important factor in strengthening of mutual trust and economic cooperation. This is confirmed by the specific practice of Belarusian-Russian interregional cooperation in 2021, which was implemented in a variety of formats. How it happens in practice is discussed in the materials of the proposed study.

For nine years the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus has been carrying out organizational, practical and informational work on the implementation of the cluster model of development in the practice of management and management. The 2025 Programme envisages the formation of 13 clusters in the regions and Minsk: three clusters in the capital and the Vitebsk region; two clusters each in the Brest and Mogilev regions; one cluster each in the Gomel, Grodno and Minsk regions. And in Belarus there is the potential for the creation and development of more than 30 clusters: 8 existing, 6 emerging and 18 potential cluster initiatives. In particular, there are already functioning clusters in the field of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, instrumentation and electrical engineering, IT. And in the future - projects for the implementation of smart manufacturing technology, in mechanical engineering, woodworking and furniture production, as well as in construction and agro-ecotourism. There is already an interesting experience of the cluster model, which ensures mutually beneficial integration of science, education, and production business, which gives a synergetic effect for the country as a whole, in the Vitebsk region. How is this task solved in practice? This is discussed in the materials of the proposed study.

The Program of activities of the Government of the Republic of Belarus for 2018-2020 outlined the task to create conditions for the implementation of the policy of rational import substitution and development of import substitution, including using the potential of small and medium companies to improve the trade balance of the country, in order to eventually reach an annual increase in import substitution production of at least 600 million dollars. In Belarus the main task of import substitution, which is understood as a state policy aimed at rationalizing the import of goods and services by stimulating domestic producers, including with the participation of foreign capital to organize the production of products that were previously imported, is formulated as not a mechanical substitution of imported goods, but the development of competitive national production. The share of import-substituting products in the country is already close to 40 percent or $20 billion in monetary terms. And this is not the limit. How is this problem solved today? The answer to this question can be found in the proposed study.

Export is one of the main development priorities of the Belarusian economy. In its structure, it traditionally accounts for more than half of the gross domestic product, being one of the main sources to ensure sustainable economic growth in the country. Foreign trade in the Republic of Belarus has undergone certain structural transformation during the post-crisis period of world trade development. Today, a course has been taken to increase the share of science-intensive, high-tech products in the structure of export, diversification of deliveries to new markets. Belarus has traditionally pursued a multi-vector foreign economic policy, maintaining foreign trade contacts with the majority of foreign countries and taking an active part in international integration processes. Fundamental changes in foreign trade associated with Belarus' participation in the Eurasian Economic Union, the formation of a common common economic space, and forthcoming accession to the World Trade Organization are the most important developments, which have a significant impact on the conditions for export activities. How are these tasks and related issues dealt with in practice today? This study is about that.

The presidency of the Republic of Belarus in the Commonwealth of Independent States, which was based on the principles of continuity and aimed to implement the long-term elements of the development strategy of this integration association in the post-Soviet space in various areas, ended with the onset of 2022. The measures taken in 2021 under the auspices of the Belarusian presidency, combined with the efforts of the states at the national level, made it possible to ensure the growth of the most important macroeconomic indicators in the Commonwealth. The achievement of positive dynamics is largely due to the CIS free trade zone, which provides favorable conditions for the development of the economies of the CIS member states. In 2021, thanks to the chairmanship of Belarus, we continued to work actively with other States on a draft agreement on free trade in services, which is designed to provide additional opportunities for sustainable economic development in the post-Soviet space. The result of this work should be the signing of this document in May 2022. These and other issues of CIS integration are discussed in this study.

In the first quarter of 2022, Belarusian exports of goods and services increased by half a billion dollars. At the same time the surplus was a record high of almost one billion dollars, including 1.2 billion dollars in services. The main increase in exports of goods was provided by producers of food, vehicles, woodworking and metal products. Among services, the IT sector, transport and financial services made the greatest contribution. An important detail: these indicators were achieved at a time when the Belarusian economy was undergoing structural transformation. Logistics chains, supply and sales markets are being rebuilt. Imports of components and raw materials are being replaced by domestic products or from friendly countries. Of course, the restructuring of the whole economic mechanism will take time. How does the international economic cooperation of the Republic of Belarus in the post-Soviet space develop in this context, with Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan? What is characteristic for interaction with partners in Southeast Asia - Vietnam and Indonesia? What is the development of the territories with preferential treatment in Belarus itself? Answers to these questions can be found in this study.

The results of 2021 showed that the residents of six free economic zones (FEZ) operating in Belarus were able to generate up to 70 percent of investment, up to half of exports and a third of industrial production in their regions. And this despite the fact that at the beginning of 2022, 432 economic entities were registered in free economic zones, implemented projects with investments from more than 30 countries for a total of about seven and a half billion dollars of declared investment. During 2021 25 new residents with total declared investments more than 400 mln. dollars were added to the composition of FEZ in Belarus, one third of them - with foreign capital. In December 2021 the Republic of Belarus approved amendments to the law "On Free Economic Zones", which provided for the transfer of authority to change the boundaries of these preferential areas of land from the head of state to the government. The purpose of these innovations is to reduce the time from the idea to the start of new investment projects in the territories, which are considered to be points of growth in the regions. How is this task solved in practice? This is discussed in the materials of the proposed study.

The Republic of Belarus envisages a significant strengthening of the policy of rational import substitution for the next five years, taking into account the production of new high-tech and export-oriented goods. In April 2022, the Belarusian government adopted a comprehensive plan to support the economy, which contains five blocks of measures, the implementation of which will contribute to the normal operation of exporters. Production cooperation and production of import-substituting products will receive additional incentives. Under these conditions, regions, industries and specific companies are already developing a common vision of what has to be done, what steps have to be taken to prevent loss of efficiency in today's difficult conditions and to make the most of investment, innovation, manufacturing and export potential in order to promote sustainable and dynamic development of the Republic of Belarus. What opportunities are offered by the policy of international economic cooperation pursued by Belarus in the post-Soviet space, as well as in the countries of the far arc - the Asian and African continents? Answers to these and a number of other questions can be found in the proposed study.