Bøger af Carlos Ernesto Flores Tapia

The sociology of religion was born when sociology was born as a science -the 19th century-, coinciding with the moment of transformations in Western life in the political, religious, cultural and economic spheres, among others. That is, when capitalism appeared as a new system.In this new scenario, the religious fact is of concern because it also undergoes changes. In this sense, we seek to study it scientifically because religious discourse appears as the experience of the religious fact. Thus, what the believer appears to have as religious motivations are not necessarily so, since society influences the conformation of beliefs and practices and they are part of social conflicts, creating the need to be interpreted -the religious fact- as a social fact.

A sociologia da religião nasceu quando a sociologia nasceu como ciência - o século XIX -, coincidindo com o momento das transformações da vida ocidental nos domínios político, religioso, cultural e económico, entre outros. Ou seja, quando o capitalismo surgiu como um novo sistema.Nesse novo cenário, o fato religioso é preocupante, pois também passa por mudanças. Nesse sentido, buscamos estudá-lo cientificamente, pois o discurso religioso aparece como a experiência do fato religioso. Assim, o que o crente aparenta ter como motivações religiosas não o são necessariamente, pois a sociedade influencia a conformação das crenças e práticas e estas fazem parte dos conflitos sociais, criando a necessidade de ser interpretado - o facto religioso - como um facto social.

La sociologie de la religion est née lorsque la sociologie est née en tant que science - au XIXe siècle -, coïncidant avec le moment des transformations de la vie occidentale dans les sphères politique, religieuse, culturelle et économique, entre autres. C'est-à-dire lorsque le capitalisme est apparu comme un nouveau système.Dans ce nouveau scénario, le fait religieux est préoccupant car il subit lui aussi des changements. En ce sens, nous cherchons à l'étudier scientifiquement car le discours religieux apparaît comme l'expérience du fait religieux. Ainsi, ce que le croyant semble avoir comme motivations religieuses ne le sont pas nécessairement, puisque la société influence la conformation des croyances et des pratiques et qu'elles font partie des conflits sociaux, créant le besoin d'être interprété -le fait religieux- comme un fait social.

La sociologia della religione è nata quando la sociologia è nata come scienza - il XIX secolo -, in coincidenza con il momento delle trasformazioni della vita occidentale in ambito politico, religioso, culturale ed economico, tra gli altri. Cioè, quando il capitalismo è apparso come un nuovo sistema.In questo nuovo scenario, il fatto religioso è preoccupante perché anch'esso subisce dei cambiamenti. In questo senso, cerchiamo di studiarlo scientificamente perché il discorso religioso appare come l'esperienza del fatto religioso. Così, quelle che il credente sembra avere come motivazioni religiose non sono necessariamente tali, poiché la società influenza la conformazione delle credenze e delle pratiche e sono parte dei conflitti sociali, creando la necessità di interpretare - il fatto religioso - come un fatto sociale.

Die Religionssoziologie wurde geboren, als die Soziologie als Wissenschaft geboren wurde - im 19. Jahrhundert -, zeitgleich mit den Veränderungen im westlichen Leben, unter anderem im politischen, religiösen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Bereich. Das heißt, als der Kapitalismus als neues System erschien.In diesem neuen Szenario ist das Religiöse von Bedeutung, da es ebenfalls Veränderungen erfährt. In diesem Sinne versuchen wir, sie wissenschaftlich zu untersuchen, weil der religiöse Diskurs als Erfahrung der religiösen Tatsache erscheint. Was dem Gläubigen als religiöse Motivation erscheint, ist also nicht notwendigerweise so, denn die Gesellschaft beeinflusst die Ausprägung der Überzeugungen und Praktiken, und sie sind Teil sozialer Konflikte, wodurch die Notwendigkeit entsteht, das religiöse Faktum als soziales Faktum zu interpretieren.

We live in a different world from that of only five or ten years ago, we are part of a historical period in transition between what has been and what will be, and we are actors in a world that is inexorably changing. In this context, the geographic distribution of natural resources, the levels of industrialization and technological progress that have been achieved are unparalleled in history. These and other facts and perceptions, such as those related to social, ethnic and religious differences, contribute to the emergence of various international conflicts. However, the way in which these differences are acted upon and managed will have an impact on their outcome and thus on the way of life of individuals and peoples in the coming decades. The topics of international relations and international negotiations covered in this book are dealt with in ten sections, which analyze trends, in some cases towards globalization and in others towards regionalization. It also considers some mechanisms that can help design the world of the future, from the strategic perspective of integral, territorial and sustainable development.

The globalization process confronts the economies of the least developed countries with a series of challenges, forcing them to review national development strategies in order to overcome the dependency generated with the hegemonic countries. Therefore, to counteract this situation, it is urgent to strengthen the relations between the actors of the international system, which are determined, mainly, by the quality of diplomacy and the policy and strategy of the States, as well as the capacity negotiation of these actors.For its part, international business is key to the development of a good number of countries. However, these businesses are often limited and restricted. In this context, the theory and practice of alternative conflict resolution contribute with adequate models and tools that allow controversies to be settled in the most diverse fields of international relations, particularly in international economic negotiations.

The internationalization of the economy, trade liberalization processes, free trade agreements and globalization and regionalization processes constitute new scenarios in which productive capacity, transformation, value added, technology, productivity and competitiveness, marketing and negotiation skills in international markets are, among others, the components that will define the present and future quality of life of countries and their citizens.It is a pleasure to share this book, which deepens the subject of foreign trade and economic integration in the context of international business, becoming an important reference for the reflection and management of international relations of countries, particularly for those that urgently need to formulate, consolidate and implement new dynamics and scenarios for comprehensive, territorial and sustainable development and the implementation of successful processes of regional and global integration, allowing entrepreneurs and States to better respond to the processes of globalization and regionalization.