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ATTP 3-21.50, "Infantry Small-Unit Mountain Operations," provides perspective on Infantry company missions in an operational environment characterized by high-altitudes, rapidly changing climatic conditions, and rugged terrain. It also provides the small-unit leader with guidance on how company-sized units and below can conduct these operations. The mountain environment challenges all warfighting functions. Infantry units are full spectrum organizations, not specifically designed for mountain terrain but are well-suited for mountain operations. Successful units combine the basic doctrine described in FM 3-21.10 and augment with specialized equipment and predeployment training. The tactics and techniques specific to conducting operations in mountain terrain provide added operational capability. This manual focuses on company and below operations in mountain operational terrain levels II and III as described in FM 3-97.6, specifically, where the influence of increasingly steep and rugged terrain dictates the use of dismounted operations. For mountain operations in level I (lower, less rugged valleys and flatter terrain) refer to FM 3-21.10. The concepts discussed in this publication are useful in most mountain environments. This publication applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the United States (ARNGUS), and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) unless otherwise stated.

Massive 660 page book detailing urban combat tactics and techniques with text and illustrations. These are the chapters: 1) Introduction and Considerations, 2) Urban Analysis, 3)Urban Combat Skills, 4)Offensive Operations, 5)Defensive Operations, 6)Sniper and Countersniper Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, 7) Employment and Effects of Weapons, 8) Obstacles, Mines, and Demolitions, 9) Employment of Attack and Assault/Cargo Helicopters, 10) Fires, 11) Mobility, Countermobility, Survivability, 12) Combat Support, 13) Combat Service Support, and 14) Stability Operations and Support Operations. This book is thorough, there are even sections within chapters. For example, in "Urban Combat Skills" chapter the sections are: Movement, Entry Techniques, Clearing, Fighting Positions, Navigation in Urban Areas, and Camouflage. You won't find a better urban combat book anywhere.

U.S. Army Special Forces Guide to Unconventional Warfare contains incredibly detailed information and visuals provided by the U.S. Army. With this guide, you will be able to easily apply its material to understand and create initiators, igniters, and incendiary materials. This is an anarchist cookbook of sorts by army guys. It is an improvised munitions handbook made from U.S. Army intelligence. The table of contents includes gelled gasoline, fire fudge, napalm, silver nitrate, concentrated sulfuric acid, fuse cords, spontaneous combustion, and delay mechanisms. Brimming with special forces secrets, this guide is a critical tool for any provocateur-in-training and provides insight into how American special forces are fighting our enemies overseas.

All the information you need to survive anywhere in the...

The Official U.S. Army Guerrilla Warfare and Special Forces Operations Field Manual offers guidance and training in Special Forces and unconventional warfare, including concepts, organization, methods, and operations.

The Official U.S. Army Pistol Training Manual provides the framework for training and using a service pistol, including equipment, ammunition, and shooting.

This field manual is a guide for fabric repair specialists, personnel qualified in MOS 43M, grades E1 through E7. It can be used by personnel in both mobile and fixed repair units. This manual consists of general instructions for the inspection and repair of military clothing, textiles, canvas, and webbing. It covers methods for sewing by hand and by machine. It includes directions for different kinds of stitches, seams, darns, and patches. It explains how to replace fasteners (zippers), and hardware items. Publications which pertain to fabric repair are listed at the back of the manual.

The focus of this publication is to inform leader and Soldiers of the stressors of combat (offense and defense), stability, and civil support operations and to provide information on combat and operational stress control (COSC). It provides guidance on how to prevent, reduce, identify, and manage combat and operational stress reactions (COSRs) in the Soldier's own unit to the maximum extent possible. This publication identifies risk facts/stressors associated with military operations and leader actions/preventive measures required to reduce or eliminate them. It is the intent of this publication to provide COSC management tools that will maximize the combat effectiveness of an organization or element. Leaders must focus their efforts on the management COSR and mitigating factors to control COSR and shape the long-term reaction of their organization and individual Soldiers. These COSC management tools will facilitate healthy and adaptive resolutions of stress issues resulting from combat and operational engagements while conducting military operations. Using these tools, leaders should assist junior personnel in managing their stress. This publication discusses the application of unit needs assessment (UNA), COSC management techniques, and traumatic event management (TEM) that help prevent, identify, and treat stress casualties in forward areas and minimize the long-term effects of a COSR.

Field Manual (FM) 3-34.400 is the primary implementing manual for the engineer function that bears its name (the others being combat and geospatial engineering). This FM provides the linkage between the engineering doctrine contained in FM 3-0, FM 3-34, and Joint Publication (JP) 3-34. It specifically draws from the material presented in the Army's keystone engineer manual (FM 3-34) and should always be used with an understanding of its relationship to that manual and its role as the keystone engineer manual. As the implementing manual for the engineer function of general engineering (GE), FM 3-34.400 describes the operational environment (OE) and how to apply and integrate GE principles in support of full spectrum operations and the linkage of GE to assured mobility. This FM focuses on the establishment and maintenance of lines of communications (LOCs) and sustainment operations that support operational requirements throughout the area of operations (AO). FM 3-34.400 is designed primarily to assist Army engineers at all echelons in planning and coordinating GE operations at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. It is also a resource applicable to Department of Defense (DOD), joint, and other Army organizations and agencies that have a role in supporting, establishing, and/or maintaining the infrastructure required to conduct and sustain military operations. It is the primary manual to define the engineer function of GE. FM 3-34.400 is applicable across full spectrum operations. This includes the four types of Army operations (offense, defense, stability, and/or civil support) across the spectrum of conflict (peace, crisis, and war). This FM recognizes the need for joint interdependence and the reality that operations will frequently be performed in a joint, interagency, and multinational environment. This FM describes in detail how to apply the principles of GE when planning and executing GE functions, and is broken down into the following three major parts: Part One defines GE in the OE. It provides the staff engineer with the basic concepts and principals necessary to be successful in planning GE missions in support of joint, interagency, and multinational operations. Part Two defines the roles and functions associated with gaining and maintaining LOC in support of mobility. It details the responsibilities, planning, and construction/repair actions necessary to assist the force commander in deploying, maneuvering, and redeploying the force. Part Three provides information on missions that empower engineers to support sustainment of the force. It includes discussions on procurement of materials, protection support, facilities of various types, base camps, power generation and distribution, well-drilling, and real estate operations. Although it may be helpful for units conducting construction projects on post, it is not intended to specifically address or focus on the myriad of challenges associated with normal base operations in the continental United States (CONUS) or permanent overseas locations.

Field Manual 4-02.51, Combat and Operational Stress Control, outlines the functions and operations of each combat and operational stress control (COSC) element within an area of operations (AO). This field manual (FM) establishes Army doctrine and provides guidance for conducting COSC support for combat, stability, and reconstruction operations from brigade to theater level. The information provided in this publication will assist commanders and their staffs to operate efficiently at all levels of command and throughout the operational continuum.

This manual describes the organizations, processes, procedures, and systems involved in the control of movements across the military spectrum. The focus of this manual is for the reader to gain an understanding of the movement control system and how it functions from the strategic to the tactical level. It focuses on the planning, controlling, and managing of the use of available modes of transport to move units, equipment, and materiel. It also describes transportation request procedures, container operations, and how transportation resources are controlled and managed. The Chief of Staff of the Army has mandated that the Army be able to move a combat capable brigade anywhere in the world within 96 hours. To put a viable combat capability on the ground anywhere in the world in this time frame will require effective movement control. This manual remains consistent with Army operations, logistics doctrine, and concepts currently published or in the process of being published. However, the reader is cautioned that logistics doctrine is changing - and changing rapidly. The on-going efforts to reduce the Army logistics footprint and move to the Objective Force will require doctrinal change. Users acting within the scope of their authority may vary from this doctrine in this manual when such variation will result in improved operations. The Army's environmental strategy into the 21st century defines its philosophy and commitment in protecting and preserving the environment and natural resources for present and future generations. Sound environmental practices and considerations must be integrated into all Army documents, missions, and operations. In keeping with the Army's vision to be a national leader in environmental stewardship, commanders and leaders must ensure that all local, state, federal, and host nation laws and regulations pertaining to the environment are included in the planning process and followed to an extent consistent with operational considerations.

Prior to the mid-1960s, Threat air forces were equipped mainly to provide air defense. Threat aircraft were limited in range and payload, being primarily designed as interceptors. In recent years the mission of the Threat air force has been expanded. Missions now include destroying friendly nuclear reserves and tactical air forces and providing tactical air support of ground forces. Through the 1960s, and with increasing tempo through the 1970s, Threat air forces have been receiving new aircraft and munitions with greatly improved offensive capabilities. Older aircraft have been modified to support new missions. This manual is designed to show how the Stinger platoon will train and fight. Chapters in this manual cover the following - The Air Treat, The Stinger Weapon, Organization and Command and Control, Communications, Stinger Employment Principles and Guidelines, Stinger Platoon Operations, Combat Operations, Stinger Defense in ADA Units, Support of Special Operations, Combat Service Support, Operations Security, NBC Defense, Manual Shorads Control System (MSCS), Small Arms in the Air Defense Role.

The purpose of this manual is to provide the authoritative doctrine for Army theater distribution in support of operations across the full spectrum operations. This manual describes the Army distribution system, organization, structure, and operational processes within a theater. It provides doctrinal guidance for units with distribution responsibilities, operations, and the in-transit visibility (ITV) tracking and monitoring processes for moving personnel and materiel in theater. These topics are addressed as they pertain to geographic combatant commanders (GCC), logisticians at all levels, staff, and students who may require knowledge on Army, joint and multinational theater-level distribution. This manual also provides the basis for theater distribution system training, organizational, and materiel development. The target audience is logistics managers and planners operating external and internal in the theater of operations. It is doctrine for the units and commands that provide strategic and in-theater distribution, as well as the units supported by those organizations. It supports deployment doctrine and focuses on current Army distribution processes. Commands should adapt the doctrine in this manual to fit existing organizational structures. Current operations have demonstrated that Army forces can rapidly deploy units and materiel into an area of operations. These units require the proper sustainment to win the Nation's wars. Distribution is the key to delivering the sustainment to forces in the field. Theater distribution covers how the Army supports its forces as well as other requirements. Theater distribution requires focused Army organizations whose mission is to deliver the right stuff in the right quantity to the right place within the right time. To accomplish this task, the theater must have efficient distribution management, enhanced in-transit visibility and capable sustainment units.

This field manual (FM) provides information on the structure and operation of all medical platoons and medical sections that are organic to combat and combat support (CS) battalion and squadrons. It is directed toward the medical platoon leader and medical platoon members. The tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) provided are not all-inclusive. They provide a way of performing a particular mission, but may require modification based on mission, enemy, terrain, troops, time available, and civilian considerations (METT-TC). This publication provides information on the organization of the division and how medical platoons and sections organic to division units provide combat health support (CHS). It outlines the responsibilities of medical platoon/section leaders. It provides definitive information on planning, rehearsing, and conducting CHS at Echelon I. It provides TTP for directing, controlling, and managing CHS at the medical platoon/section level. It describes the troop-leading procedures for CHS operations and identifies interface and coordination requirements with other brigade medical elements. This publication provides doctrine for the Force XXI medical platoon.

This field manual (FM) provides doctrine, as well as techniques and procedures for conducting medical evacuation and medical regulating operations. Medical evacuation encompasses both the evacuation of Soldiers from the point of injury (POI) or wounding to a medical treatment facility (MTF) staffed and equipped to provide essential care in theater and further evacuation from the theater to provide definitive, rehabilitative, and convalescent care in the continental United States (CONUS) and the movement of patients between MTFs or to staging facilities. Medical evacuation entails the provision of en route medical care; supports the joint health service support (JHSS) system; and links the continuum of care. In addition, it discusses the difference between medical evacuation and casualty evacuation (CASEVAC), as well as coordination requirements for and the use of nonmedical transportation assets to accomplish the CASEVAC mission. This publication is intended for use by medical commanders and their staffs, command surgeons, and nonmedical commanders involved in medical evacuation operations.

This Field manual (FM) describes how logistics operations take place in the Brigade Support Area of Operations. It is primarily focused on how the brigade support battalion (BSB) performs its mission, but it also addresses the roles and functions of other sustainment elements within the brigade combat team (BCT) as well as those organizations external to the BCT that provide logistics and individual Soldier support services. This field manual was written for BSB staff officers and non-commissioned officers. Knowing that many are assigned to battalion staffs prior to advanced formal education, this manual provides all a general idea of functions performed by each unit and staff section assigned to the BSB. Chapter 1 is a review of modular force logistics and the various types of brigade combat teams and support brigades; Chapter 2 explains the role of the BSB, including the headquarters company and staff, and briefly describes the role of the Aviation Support Battalion (ASB); Chapter 3 covers the organizational structure and function of the distribution Company; Chapter 4 covers the role and organization of the field maintenance company; Chapter 5 provides detailed information on the brigade support medical company; Chapter 6 describes another key component of the brigade support battalion-the forward support company. Logisticians and Soldier support specialists, enabled by technological advances, provide support essential to the BCT during the full spectrum of military operations: offense, defense, stability operations, and civil support. Sustainment facilitates uninterrupted BCT operations, and it is carried out through the replenishment of supplies, maintenance of equipment, and performance of other services. BCTs have a significant organic capability to sustain their own operations, which serves to ensure freedom of action, extend operational reach, and prolong endurance.

This Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (ATTP) is intended to help company-level leaders understand the principles and techniques of camouflage, concealment, and decoys (CCD). To remain viable, all units must apply CCD to personnel and equipment. Ignoring a threat's ability to detect friendly operations on the battlefield is shortsighted and dangerous. Friendly units enhance their survivability capabilities if they are well versed in CCD principles and techniques. CCD is equal in importance to marksmanship, maneuver, and mission. It is an integral part of a soldier's duty. CCD encompasses individual and unit efforts such as movement, light, and noise discipline; letter control; dispersal; and deception operations. Each soldier's actions must contribute to the unit's overall CCD posture to maximize effectiveness. Increased survivability is the goal of a CCD plan. A unit commander must encourage each soldier to think of survivability and CCD as synonymous terms. Training soldiers to recognize this correlation instills a greater appreciation of CCD values.

Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (ATTP) 3-37.31 is the Army's doctrinal publication for mitigating civilian casualties (CIVCASs). The purpose is to provide doctrinal guidance for minimizing CIVCAS incidents and managing their consequences. The focus is on guiding Army leaders conducting operations involving armed conflict. This ATTP is organized into two chapters and two appendixes. Chapter 1 discusses the foundations of CIVCAS mitigation, including its purpose, key definitions, legal authorities, the significance of protecting civilians from armed conflict, application of the mission command philosophy to CIVCAS mitigation, and considerations for mission analysis. Chapter 2 expands on the Army's integrated approach to CIVCAS mitigation by introducing a CIVCAS mitigation cycle-prepare, plan, employ, assess, respond, and learn-that integrates with other Army processes and ensures effective mitigation. Appendix A discusses nonlethal capabilities. Appendix B provides detailed guidance for preparing reports and conducting investigations. The proponent has made every effort to ensure Army CIVCAS mitigation doctrine is consistent with appropriate laws, policies, regulations, and directives of the federal government, Department of Defense, and Department of the Army. In any case where Army doctrine differs, the laws, policies, regulations, and directives take precedence. This manual provides doctrinal guidance only and does not substitute for authoritative legal counsel. Army units should consult a staff judge advocate when conducting operations.

Profusely illustrated, this title is a reprint of the Department of the Army's Field Manual 23-5. Coverage includes essential information for the soldier on how to operate and maintain his M-1 Garand rifle. In the Stoppages and Remedies section, a table details jams and how to clear the battle rifle.

This publication provides technical information, training techniques, and guidance on the current Javelin weapon system and Block 1 improvements. The intended users include unit leaders, trainers, and designated gunners. The users will find this information invaluable in their efforts to successfully integrate this weapon system into their combat operations.

This printing publishes a complete revision of this Army regulation. Because the publication has been revised extensively, the changed portions have not been highlighted.

This pamphlet sets forth procedures for investigating, processing, and settling claims against, and in favor of, the United States. This publication is intended to be read and used in conjunction with AR 27-20, which sets forth guiding legal principles and policy.

Army doctrine reference publication (ADRP) 6-22 expands on the leadership principles established in Army doctrine publication (ADP) 6-22. ADRP 6-22 describes the Army's view of leadership, outlines the levels of leadership (direct, organizational, and strategic), and describes the attributes and core leader competencies across all levels. The principal audience for ADRP 6-22 is all leaders, military and civilian. Trainers and educators throughout the Army will also use this publication. Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable United States, international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all levels ensure their Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement (see Field Manual [FM] 27-10). ADRP 6-22 uses joint terms where applicable. Selected joint and Army terms and definitions appear in both the glossary and the text. For definitions shown in the text, the term is italicized and the number of the proponent publication follows the definition. The use of the term influence throughout this publication reflects the definition of common English usage "the act or power of producing an effect without apparent exertion of force or direct exercise of command," as distinct from the usage outlined in FM 3-13. It is contrary to law for DOD to undertake operations intended to influence a domestic audience; nothing in this publication recommends activities in contravention of this law. ADRP 6-22 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States, and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.

Field Manual (FM) 3-22, "Army Support to Security Cooperation," provides doctrine for Army support to Department of Defense security cooperation. It explains how Army forces conduct security cooperation, from theater army through brigade level, including support from Headquarters, Department of the Army, functional Army Service component commands, major commands, and direct reporting units. Army modularity allows commanders to add selective capabilities to assist the brigade as it conducts security cooperation activities. The brigade and any additional augmentation required from higher echelons provide the framework for advisors to function and accomplish the mission-building partner capacity and capability-to achieve the desired end state.

Army Techniques Publication (ATP) 3-90.90 facilitates development of standard operating procedures (SOPs) in order to enhance efficiency and adaptability across the force. ATP 3-90.90 achieves this purpose through linking to a milWiki portal under the milSuite uniform resource locator (URL) containing guidance for tactical SOPs and unclassified examples of SOPs for reference. The SOP portal provides a baseline for developing new SOPs quickly and a forum for improving existing SOPs. The portal presents best practices consistent with doctrinal principles. The Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate established the SOP portal in 2009. The authors attempted to align the original information with pertinent doctrine and regulations. Where the portal's contents differ from current doctrine and regulations, the latter take precedence. The information in the SOP portal is not authoritative doctrine. The examples in the portal do not provide ready-to-use SOPs for Army units. Soldiers developing SOPs for their units are encouraged to apply critical thinking while referring to the models and other resources to aid their own content development. At a minimum, portal users must be familiar with this ATP, Field Manuals (FMs) 5-0 and 6-99.2; Army Regulations (ARs) 25-1, 34-4, and 380-5; and Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA Pam) 25-403. Soldiers are encouraged to use the portal to collaborate, to improve the portal's contents, and to upload new SOP examples. The SOP portal is secure and requires an Army Knowledge Online or Defense Knowledge Online login. The portal's contents are unclassified. Neither this manual nor the SOP portal is intended to regulate the appearance or content of unit SOPs. This ATP uses joint terms where applicable. When formal military terms are identified in the text of this ATP, the terms are italicized and the number of the proponent manual follows the definition. A standard operating procedure is a set of instructions covering those features of operations which lend themselves to a definite or standardized procedure without loss of effectiveness. The procedure is applicable unless ordered otherwise (JP 3-31). A SOP is both standing and standard: it instructs how to perform a prescribed and accepted process established for completing a task. Features of operations that lend themselves to standardization are common and usually detailed processes performed often and requiring minimal variation each time. Well-written and properly used unit tactical SOPs enhance effective execution of tasks; the benefits of SOPs are numerous. They reduce training time, the loss of unwritten information, the commission of errors, the omission of essential steps or processes, and the time required for completion of tasks. This does not mean, however, that carrying out SOPs never requires thought or that SOPs should never change. Indeed, tactical units must change some operating procedures as rapidly as operational environments and missions change. The SOP portal helps units avoid an unnecessary loss of effectiveness that could occur by maintaining unthinking dependence on outdated written procedures. The portal also helps units avoid a loss of effectiveness that could occur when units delay writing down processes that need to become standardized. The doctrine in this manual provides techniques for developing unit tactical SOPs. Units throughout the Army can take advantage of technology to obtain guidance, collaborate in real time, and find information quickly. This manual and the SOP portal are intended to enhance operational adaptability Army-wide. In the short term, the information in the SOP portal will help units establish or improve SOPs more rapidly. In the long term, the intention is that more and more units will build SOPs using the portal and the doctrine in this manual. SOPs throughout the Army should increase in similarity as the combination of doctrinal guidance and Army-wide milWiki collaboration facilitates consensus.

FM 4-02.56, Army Medical Field Feeding Operations, provides information and guidance to hospital nutrition care personnel and commanders on Army Medical Feeding Operations in a table of organization and equipment (TOE) hospital. It describes nutritional care section actions, personnel, equipment, guidelines for nutrition support, and health promotion and nutrition education.

Field Manual (FM) 3-50.1 is the Army's doctrinal publication for personnel recovery. It presents doctrinal guidance and direction for Army personnel recovery operations and is the foundation for developing tactics and techniques, handbooks, and unit standard operating procedures. It provides operational direction for commanders, staffs, and trainers at all echelons, from company through theater army. This doctrine helps ensure all echelons of the Army organize, train, and equip to conduct personnel recovery and prevent isolation incidents. This FM supersedes and builds on the groundbreaking work of FM 3-50.1, Army Personnel Recovery, 10 August 2005, by articulating the importance of the commander in successful personnel recovery operations, enlarging its scope to include stability operations and defense support of civil authorities operations, and addressing unified land operations. This updated manual incorporates the doctrinal concepts in FM 1, The Army; ADP 3-0, Unified Land Operations; FM 3-07, Stability Operations; and FM 3-28, Civil Support Operations. Army personnel recovery doctrine is consistent with joint personnel recovery doctrine, applicable Department of Defense directives (DODDs) and instructions (DODIs), Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructions and manuals, Army policy and regulation, and federal law. It is Department of Defense (DOD) policy, established in DODD 3002.01E, to preserve the lives and well-being of individuals who are in danger of becoming, or already are, beleaguered, besieged, captured, detained, interned, or otherwise missing or evading capture while participating in activities or missions sponsored by the United States. The target audience for FM 3-50.1 is Army commanders and staffs responsible for the planning, preparation, execution, and assessment of personnel recovery operations. This manual provides guidance for other Service commanders and staffs who command and work with Army forces. This manual is also a resource for United States government agencies and other unified action partners who seek to understand the role of the Army in safeguarding and recovering Soldiers.

This manual establishes the doctrinal framework for the Army prepositioned stocks (APS) program. It describes the missions, duties, and responsibilities of all parties involved in moving APS to an operational area and handing it off to designated Army units. This manual supersedes Field Manual (FM) 100-17-1 and FM 100-17- 2. The changing world environment has led to significant changes in how the Army structures its forces. No single solution will succeed when confronting an adaptive adversary. The Army must retain a wide range of capabilities while significantly improving its agility and versatility. Building a joint and expeditionary Army will require versatile forces that can execute smaller, shorter duration operations without degrading its traditional role in a major combat operation. At the core of this philosophy is having the ability to rapidly project predominately continental United States (CONUS)-based forces to an area of operations (AO), requiring the involvement of numerous military Services, agencies, departments, and organizations. Its credibility depends on the capability to deploy, in a timely manner, an appropriate military force capable of accomplishing the mission. The APS program is a cornerstone of the Army's ability to rapidly project power. The Army has dedicated significant priorities and resources to ensure the readiness and availability of APS. APS has become a significant deterrent for potential enemies in recent contingencies. These stocks-identified as APS-1 (CONUS), APS-2 (Europe), APS-3 (Afloat), APS-4 (Northeast Asia), and APS-5 (Southwest Asia)-are available to support all combatant commanders' (CCDR) missions, not only in contingencies, but also for major exercises.

This training circular, "Static Line Parachuting Techniques and Training," (TC 3-21.220) contains basic and advanced training and techniques for static line parachuting. It is designed to standardize procedures for initial qualification and training of personnel in their duties and responsibilities in airborne operations. The jumpmaster, assistant jumpmaster, safeties, DACO, DZSTL, and DZSO occupy key positions in airborne operations. This manual contains the initial training and qualifications of the personnel designated to occupy these critical positions.