Bøger af Marie Howland

Ce livre est un roman poignant sur les liens familiaux et sociaux à une époque où la tradition et la modernité s'affrontent. L'auteur explore les thèmes de l'amour, de la loyauté et de la trahison, créant ainsi un récit captivant et émouvant.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Until recently, a common explanation for lagging growth in the Frost belt was that a large proportion of Northern establishments were not competitive in national and international markets. According to this line of reasoning high wages, a unionized labor force, high energy costs, old capital equipment located at inefficient sites, and high taxes were undermining the competitive position of Northern firms. These high operating costs, combined with shrinking regional markets due to the North to South shift in employment and population, were assumed to result in higher rates of plant closures in the Frostbelt than Sunbelt region(Bluestone and Harrison 1983; Storper and Walker 1984). High rates of plant relocations and failures were assumed to explain, in part, the economic stagnation and slow growth of the frostbelt

There are wide variations in the severity with which regions experience national recessions (Borts [1960], Browne [1978], Freidenberg and Bretzfelder [1980], Gellner [1974], Howland [1979,1981], SUQ and Rush (1975]). This paper presents and tests an econometric model to explain these cross-regional differences in cyclical behavior. The model, based on export base theory, is tested with state-level data from the five post-World War II recessions between 1950 and 1975. The findings suggest that cross-state differences in the industry mix of exports, capital-labor ratios, age of manufacturing capital stocks, levels of unemployment insurance benefits, unionization of labor forces, and multiplier impacts on the residentiary sector of the economy explain cross-state differences in the severity of state recessions.

region or city's industry composition is an important determinant of the amplitude and timing of its local business cycles. Local economies comprised of cyclically sensitive industries should experience recessions that are severe relative to the nation, whereas local economies made up of cyclically stable activities should exhibit mild cycles relative to the nation. The effects of industry mix on local cycles are clearly stated by Walter Isard (1957): Differences in the intensity and timings of regional cycles are explained in terms of differences in the sensitivity and responsiveness of particular industries. Cycles of a regional economy are simple composites of the cyclical movement of the economy's industries appropriately weighted.

The literature review entitled "The Sensitivity of Local Economic Activity to National Economic Cycles, "by Peterson and Manson, identifies two gaps in the business cycle literature. One gap is in our knowledge of the cyclical sensitivity of central cities. The second is in our understanding of the effects of economic expansions and contractions on the decentralization of employment. Both topics will be addressed in this study. A third issue to be explored here is the extent to which cross area differences in plant closings occur during recessions and expansions. Since the literature review noted above addresses the first two topics, we will not retrace the authors' steps. Rather, this paper now turns to consider the literature on sensitivity of plant closings to the business cycle and the geographical distribution of plant closings. This literature review is followed by an outline of the questions addressed in this part of The Urban Institute's study and a discussion of the data use to carry it out.

A severe recession in 1973 to 1975 followed by a weak expansion from 1975 to 1979 and another recession in 1979 through 1983 left many metropolitan areas with short falls in tax revenues and rising social costs. The effects of the weak national economy during this period were felt particularly severely in the central cities, which were already experiencing the stresses of secular declines in employment and the number of middle income residents. If the cyclical instability of the last decade is a forerunner of the remainder of the 1980s, it is clear that an understanding of central city and suburban economies requires a better understanding of the interaction between the business cycle and long run metropolitan growth. The purpose of this paper is to begin to fill this gap in our knowledge.In particular, this paper addresses the relationship between a metropolitan economy's long run growth and its response to the national business cycle

Papa's own girl, has been considered important throughout human history. In an effort to ensure that this work is never lost, we have taken steps to secure its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for both current and future generations. This complete book has been retyped, redesigned, and reformatted. Since these books are not scans of the authors' original publications, the text is readable and clear.