Bøger af Mohamed Abdel-Raheem

Most snake species lay eggs, but some species give birth to live young. Snakes lay their eggs in a warm location. With the exception of some python species, eggs and young are not cared for by the male or female.Snakes also have forked tongues, which they flick in different directions to smell their surroundings. That lets them know when danger¿or food¿is nearby.Snakes have several other ways to detect a snack. Openings called pit holes in front of their eyes sense the heat given off by warm-blooded prey. And bones in their lower jaws pick up vibrations from rodents and other scurrying animals. When they do capture prey, snakes can eat animals up to three times bigger than their head is wide because their lower jaws unhinge from their upper jaws. Once in a snake¿s mouth, the prey is held in place by teeth that face inward, trapping it there.

Sugar ¿ beet, Beta vulgaris is one of the most important economic crops in Egypt. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase sugar beet production in order to increase the requirements for local sugar production.Sugar-beet plants are liable to infestation by a variety of insects. Some of these insects are key pests of regular occurrence and cause serious damage to their host plants that leads to reduction of crop yield, in both quantity and quality.Sugar is a strategic commodity to many countries of the world, since it comes right after wheat. It has strategic importance to many countries in Europe, Africa. North and South America and Australia, where as it occupies the second position after rice in Asian countries.

Pathogens are bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and fungi. Insects, like humans and plants, can be infected with pathogens that cause diseases. Insect pathogens generally kill, reduce reproduction, slow the growth, or shorten the life of a pest insect. Unlike chemical insecticides, microbial insecticides usually take longer to kill or weaken the target pest. But under certain conditions, such as high humidity or high pest populations, these pathogens can cause disease outbreaks that decimate an insect population. Pathogens are most effective when pest populations are very high. Pathogens are difficult to manage because their presence and effectiveness strongly depends on factors like moderate temperature and high humidity. During the dry season, for example, you will almost never see aphids killed by a fungus because that fungus needs a high humidity for survival and spread. Most pathogens are too small to be seen by human eyes. Only the symptoms that insect pathogens cause can be seen with the eyes: for example a dead insect covered with fungus spores like ¿hairs¿ or ¿dust¿ or a dead insect which is black and spills fluid out of the body.

Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) is a key pest of palms originating from South and South East Asian Countries that has significantly expanded its geographical and host range during the last three decades. In the Near East RPW is causing wide spread damage to date palm Phoenix dactylifera L., having both agricultural impacts on the palm production, which has negative repercussions on the livelihoods of farmers and environmental impacts. In North Africa, it is also present (except in Algeria) but for the moment only in few limited spots, only on the Canary Island palm P. canariensis. Even when these spots are located on the Mediterranean coast, they represent a serious threat for the Southern oasis.

All insects have natural enemies. Some pests have more ¿ or more efficient¿natural enemies than others. Biological control relies on effective natural enemies that can be managed by humans. Types of natural enemies Vertebrate natural enemies of insects include certain birds, such as flycatchers, woodpeckers, purple martins, starlings, and chickens; certain mammals, such as bats, moles, voles, skunks, and hogs; and toads, frogs, and lizards. With a few minor exceptions, these cannot be managed to reduce the populations of pests signify cantly, and they will not be considered further in this publication. Insects that feed on other insects or mites make up the most important group of natural enemies. This is an extremely large and diverse group. Unfortunately, because beneficial insects are often tiny and nondescript, they are frequently overlooked by even the most dedicated practitioners of bio logical control. Only the large, common, or brightly colored species, such as praying mantids and lady beetles, are commonly recognized. Insects that eat other insects are either fly larvae, lay their eggs in the immediate predatory or parasitic.

In the past decades, apart from the pyrethrum which has attained international and commercial acclaim due to its high effectiveness and broad spectrum insecticidal activity (repels and kills insects depending on concentration) very few natural insecticides have been developed of particular economic significance among the plants in common use today is the tropical plant Azadirachta indica, popularly known as the neem tree. In India as well as in Nigeria the plant is effectively used to control over 25 different species of insect pests. The activity has been associated with the presence of azadirachtin, which is said to be highest in the kernel than in the leaves and other tissues of the plant. The effectiveness of nine insecticidal species of Chineese origin has been compared with synthetic insecticides against 40 species of insects. Three of the plants Milletia pachycarpa Benth, Trpterygium Forrestii Loes and Rhododendron molle G. Don were studied in detail. The finely ground powder when applied as spray in suspension or as dust were highly active against aphids, pentatomids and leaf-beetles as well as against caterpillars, body lice and plant lice.

Microbial pesticide exists naturally or by genetically changed fungi, protozoans, bacteria or algae. This can be used as an alternate method to chemical insecticide, this is very effective. Biological toxin material is derived from microorganism, for example, fungus or bacterium, this is called microbial toxin. These types of microorganism may cause death or rupture the gut of the pest because these entomopathogens are highly toxic. Studies proved that pathogen develops insecticidal toxin that are very much important in pathogenesis. Antibiotics are the substance that stops the growth or kills microorganism, including both fungi and bacteria. In ¿bactericidal¿, the antibiotics kill the bacteria, whereas in ¿bacteriostatic¿, the antibiotics stop the growth bacteria. It is the success of biotechnology that develops the transgenic crops which are resistance against the major pests and also commercialize the transgenic crops. In first generation, the products include plants with just single insecticidal Bt genes, which shows resistance against the major pests of cotton and corn.

School libraries play an active and leading role in the educational process, where it helps pupils¿ continue education effectively so they can learn by themselves. School libraries bear the slogan "Learn how to teach you and search for information.Since school libraries identify within educational institutions, it means that there should be a form of coordination between libraries and all the other elements within the educational institutions such as teachers, pupils, the curricula, and the programs. This format was planned in an interactive manner so that it functions efficiently and effectively.

Phlebotomine sand flies are major biting pests of man and are the vectors of several viruses, the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis and most importantly the protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniasis. Worldwide, there are an estimated 2 million new cases of leishmaniasis annually, and 12 million people are currently believed to be infected (WHO 2006). Throughout North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Phlebotomus papatasi is the primary vector of Leishmania major, the causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). While larvicides are commonly used to control mosquitoes and many other flies of medical and veterinary importance, there is no current use of larvicides for phlebotomine sand fly control. In arid and semi-arid foci, P. papatasi exhibits a close association with several burrowing rodent reservoirs of L. major (Neronov and Gunin 1971). In ZCL foci in the Old World, rodent burrows are considered to be the primary immature habitats for P. papatasi, but introducing an insecticide into the burrows is generally precluded by the length and complexity of the tunnels which comprise the burrows (Seyedi-Rashti and Nadim 1973, Karapet¿ian et al.1983.

Bt makes toxins that target insect larvae when eaten. In their gut, the toxins are activated. The activated toxin breaks down their gut, and the insects die of infection and starvation. Death can occur within a few hours or weeks. The different types of Bt create toxins that can only be activated by the target insect larvae. In contrast, when people eat the same toxins, the toxins are not activated and no harm occurs.Each type of Bt toxin is highly specific to the target insect. For example, the ¿kurstaki¿ type targets caterpillars. The ¿isrealensis¿ type targets immature flies and mosquitoes. Little to no direct toxicity to non-target insects has been observed.People are most commonly exposed to Bt through their diet, at very low levels.Exposure can also occur if you breathe it in or get it on your skin or eyes. For example, this can occur while applying sprays or dusts during windy conditions. You may also be exposed after using a product if you don¿t wash your hands before eating or smoking. Since Bt is commonly found in soils, exposures not related to pesticides are also possible.

The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented and growing global crisis with devastating health, economic and social impact in every country. It is plunging the world economy into a recession of historic dimensions. Many, if not most businesses, face the challenges of massive shifts in demand, supply chains, transportation and mobility and worker protection ¿ to name just some of the major topics before you. Workers too are facing shocks ¿ and so are consumers. The fear of becoming infected. The prospect of losing livelihoods. These and other severe vulnerabilities are being exacerbated by inadequate social protection coverage, which means that millions of people around the world are unable to access adequate medical care, or any social benefits. I understand that business leaders have a wealth of pressing concerns, yet I would like to put workers, and other ordinary people, at the core of your discussions today. The health of every business depends on both workers', and consumers', well-being.

Oleaginous insects can degrade various organic wastes to accumulate fat-based biomass, thus serving as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, the use of insects fed on organic waste for biodiesel production has increasingly attracted considerable investigations. In recent years, different insect species have been studied for their efficiency in converting various organic wastes and for producing biodiesel from their fat. Several methods have been developed for biodiesel production from insects to improve yields and reduce production costs and environmental impacts. This review summarizes the latest findings of the use of insects for converting organic wastes into biodiesel. The production processes and fuel properties of biodiesel produced from insects.

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is the most pests of various palm species. The RPW causes severe damage to coconuts in Southeast Asia. Recently, research efforts point out the potential of the green synthesis of metal NPs, chiefly Ag NPs, for use against a wide spectrum of noxious pest species either in the laboratory or in the field. For example, Jayaseelan et al. (2011) and Abdel-Raheem, et al., (2019, 2020) on R. ferrugineus reported that Ag NPs synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) caused complete mortality of the head louse, P. humanus capitis De Geer adults after 1 h of exposure at 25 mg/l. Ag NPs was negatively influenced the growth (i.e., larval weight and period of development, pupal weight, and adult weight) of both species as a result of the physiological changes in the body of the insects due to the presence of NPs (Yasur and Usha Rani 2015). Ag NPs synthesized by extracellular filtrate of the entomopathogenic fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) resulted in 92, 96, and 100% mortality of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd¿4th instar larvae or pupae of A. aegypti, respectively.

Artificial intelligence and image recognition technologies are combined with environmental sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) for pest identification. Real-time agricultural meteorology and pest identification systems on mobile applications are evaluated based on intelligent pest identification and environmental IoT data. We combined the current mature A IoT technology and deep learning and applied it to smart agriculture. We used deep learning YOLOv3 for image recognition to obtain the location of Tessaratoma papillosa and analyze the environmental information from weather stations through Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to predict the occurrence of pests. The experimental results showed that the pest identification accuracy reached 90%. Precise positioning can effectively reduce the amount of pesticides used and reduce pesticide damage to the soil. The current research provides the location of the pest and the extent of the pests to farmers can accurately use pesticide application at a precise time and place and thus reduce the agricultural workforce required for timely pest control, thus achieving the goal of smart agriculture.

Recently, research efforts point out the potential of the green synthesis of metal NPs, chiefly Ag NPs, for use against a wide spectrum of noxious pest species either in the laboratory or in the field. For example, Jayaseelan et al. (2011) reported that Ag NPs synthesized by leaf aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) caused complete mortality of the head louse, P. humanus capitis De Geer adults after 1 h of exposure at 25 mg/l. Ag NPs was negatively influenced the growth (i.e., larval weight and period of development, pupal weight, and adult weight) of both species as a result of the physiological changes in the body of the insects due to the presence of NPs (Yasur and Usha Rani 2015). Ag NPs synthesized by extracellular filtrate of the entomopathogenic fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai (Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae) resulted in 92, 96, and 100% mortality of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd¿4th instar larvae or pupae of A. aegypti, respectively, at 0.25% concentration after 24 h of exposure (Sundaravadivelan and Padmanabhan 2014, Abdel-Raheem, et al., 2020). Palm trees are an important resource for many societies in the Middle East and North Africa region.