Bøger af Muhammad Akram

Nut Crops - New Insights provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in nut crop cultivation and dietotherapy with nuts. It also examines the nutritional composition and health-promoting effects of nuts. Written and reviewed by experts in horticulture, agriculture, and food and medical sciences, this book opens new possible research paths for further novel developments in nut crops.

Besprowodnye sensornye seti (WSN) ochen' uqzwimy k atakam bezopasnosti iz-za ih zawisimosti ot besprowodnoj swqzi. Sensornye uzly w WSN imeüt nebol'shie razmery i ogranichennye änergeticheskie resursy i wychislitel'nye wozmozhnosti. Jeti uzly s ogranichennymi änergeticheskimi i apparatnymi resursami bez sootwetstwuüschih mer zaschity mogut byt' skomprometirowany protiwnikami. Bylo predlozheno neskol'ko shem fil'tracii lozhnyh dannyh po puti sledowaniq. Odnako pochti wse takie shemy predpolagaüt nalichie obychnogo bazowogo protokola marshrutizacii bez ucheta sostoqniq ataki i powedeniq rasseiwaniq änergii na puti. V ätoj knige predstawlen adaptiwnyj wybor promezhutochnyh uzlow prowerki i putej peresylki dannyh na osnowe nechetkih prawil s dinamicheskim rasprostraneniem klücha autentifikacii dlq dostizheniq luchshego änergosberezheniq. Shema na osnowe nechetkih prawil potencial'no balansiruet nagruzku mezhdu putqmi peresylki dannyh, wybiraet naibolee podhodqschij put' dlq peresylki dannyh, generiruet swezhie klüchi autentifikacii i peredaet ih promezhutochnym uzlam prowerki. Metod optimizacii na osnowe geneticheskogo algoritma awtomaticheski optimiziruet funkcii prinadlezhnosti w nechetkoj sisteme.

This monograph discusses the theoretical and practical development of multicriteria decision making (MCDM). The main purpose of MCDM is the construction of systematized strategies for the "optimisation" of feasible options, as well as the justification of why some alternatives can be declared "optimal". However, at time, we must make decisions in an uncertain environment and such inconvenience gives rise to a much more elaborate scenario. This book highlights models where this lack of certainty can be flexibly fitted in and goes on to explore valuable strategies for making decisions under a multiplicity of criteria. Methods discussed include bipolar fuzzy TOPSIS method, bipolar fuzzy ELECTRE-I method, bipolar fuzzy ELECTRE-II method, bipolar fuzzy VIKOR method, bipolar fuzzy PROMETHEE method, and two-tuple linguistic bipolar fuzzy Heronian mean operators. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, computer scientists, and social scientists alike.

This book focuses on three issues. First, it investigates the impact of uctuations in international trade competitiveness on employment in the UK manufacturing sector over the period 1999 to 2010. We find statistically significant effects of a shock to international trade competitiveness on the level of employment. We suggest that the adjustment process in employment mainly works through job creation. We also find that compared to large firms, small firms contribute more towards job creation than job destruction. Our results show that changes in GDP growth rate and average wages are significantly related to employment, suggesting that the UK labor market responds significantly to market forces. Finally, we find that the effect of changes in the real exchange rate on both job creation and job destruction differs for exporting and non-exporting firms.

It presents certain notions, including irregular bipolar fuzzy graphs, domination in bipolar fuzzy graphs, bipolar fuzzy circuits, energy in bipolar fuzzy graphs, bipolar single-valued neutrosophic competition graphs, and bipolar neutrosophic graph structures.

Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) are highly vulnerable to security attacks due to their reliance on wireless communication. Sensor nodes in WSNs are tiny in size and are supplied with limited energy resources and processing capabilities. These energy and hardware¿resource-constrained nodes, without suitable safeguards, may be compromised by adversaries. Several en-route filtering schemes have been proposed to filter out false data en-route. However, almost all such schemes presuppose a conventional underlying routing protocol without regard to the attack status and energy dissipation behavior along the path. This book presents fuzzy-based adaptive selection of the intermediate verification nodes and data forwarding paths with dynamic authentication key dissemination to achieve better energy saving. Fuzzy rule-based scheme potentially balances the load between data forwarding paths, chooses the most suitable path for data forwarding, and generates fresh authentication keys and shares with the intermediate verification nodes. Genetic algorithm-based optimization technique automatically optimizes the membership functions in the fuzzy system.

This book describes a set of hybrid fuzzy models showing how to use them to deal with incomplete and/or vague information in different kind of decision-making problems.

This book explores certain structures of fuzzy Lie algebras, fuzzy Lie superalgebras and fuzzy n-Lie algebras. Chapter 6 is devoted to the properties of bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals, bipolar fuzzy Lie subsuperalgebras, bipolar fuzzy bracket product, solvable bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals and nilpotent bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals.

This book addresses single-valued neutrosophic graphs and their applications. In addition, it introduces readers to a number of central concepts, including certain types of single-valued neutrosophic graphs, energy of single-valued neutrosophic graphs, bipolar single-valued neutrosophic planar graphs, isomorphism of intuitionistic single-valued neutrosophic soft graphs, and single-valued neutrosophic soft rough graphs.Divided into eight chapters, the book seeks to remedy the lack of a mathematical approach to indeterminate and inconsistent information. Chap. 1 presents a concise review of single-valued neutrosophic sets, while Chap. 2 explains the notion of neutrosophic graph structures and explores selected properties of neutrosophic graph structures. Chap. 3 discusses specific bipolar neutrosophic graphs. Chap. 4 highlights the concept of interval-valued neutrosophic graphs, while Chap. 5 presents certain notions concerning interval-valued neutrosophic graph structures. Chap. 6 addresses the concepts of rough neutrosophic digraphs and neutrosophic rough digraphs. Chap. 7 focuses on the concepts of neutrosophic soft graphs and intuitionistic neutrosophic soft graphs, before Chap. 8 rounds out the book by considering neutrosophic soft rough graphs.

This book provides readers with an introduction to m-polar fuzzy graphs and m-polar fuzzy hypergraphs, covering both theories and applications. The book describes metrics and labeling in m-polar graphs, m-polar fuzzy matroids.