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Among the most important contributions the National Park Service has made since its founding in 1916 has been the development of extraordinary museum technology and administration---national in scope and international in influence. This manual, a distillation of what many persons have learned about the day-to-day operations of museums, is meant to provide curatorial standards and serve as a reference for museum workers everywhere. This book was written by Ralph H. Lewis, an outstanding museum administrator and curator with many years of experience in the National Park Service. It is an outgrowth of an earlier (1941) volume entitled Field Manual for Museums by Ned J. Burns, a work that went out of print during World War II and is, even to this day, in demand by curators and museum managers. In this present manual, Mr. Lewis carries on a tradition of excellence in museum practice that can be traced back to the mid-1930's when Carl P. Russell set the basic pattern for museum work in the national parks. In those early years most park museums could not afford or were too small to engage a full time professional museum staff. Dr. Russell set up centralized laboratories staffed by curators and preparators and provided the parks with exhibition and preservation expertise from this pool. The ordinary maintenance and operation of the museums were left to the superintendents who managed the parks, and to the archeologists, historians and naturalists who interpreted them.

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

This book is an exhibition of historic and current photographs and drawings of sixty-one American buildings that represent fading currents in American society.

On September 13, 1961, Congress authorized Fort Smith National Historic Site by Public Law 87-215. According to its 1994 statement of park significance, Fort Smith National Historic Site "preserves the site of two frontier forts and the site of the Federal Court for the Western District of Arkansas, including the Indian Territory." To fulfill its obligation to Fort Smith's enabling legislation, National Park Service interpretation can be grouped into the following three periods: First Fort: continuous military occupation from 1817 to 1824, then intermittent military occupation from 1824 to 1834; Second Fort: intermittent military occupation from 1838 to 1851; continuous military occupation from 1851 to 1871 (including occupation by the Confederacy during the Civil War);Federal Court: judicial era from 1872 to 1896 In brief: the term "First Fort" refers to a fort the Army built on a bluff at the confluence of the Arkansas and Poteau Rivers. The Army occupied the first Fort Smith continuously from 1817 to 1824, then intermittently to 1834. During this 17-year period, the Army helped maintain order between two principal Indian nations, the Cherokee and the Osage. "The intermittent use of the fort from 1824 to 1838 was tied to the forced removal of the Five Tribes-Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole-beginning in 1830."These nations were moved to lands historically occupied by the Osage. The removal of these nations provided the need to authorize a second fort. The term "Second Fort" refers to remains of a second fort slightly to the northeast of the present courtroom and jail. This second fort served primarily as a supply depot. From 1838 to 1851, the Army occupied this second Fort Smith site intermittently, and from 1851 to 1871 an army occupied the second fort continuously. The term "an army" is appropriate because during the Civil War federal and confederate armies occupied the second fort. The term "federal court" refers to the use of Army buildings as a federal court. In 1872, the year after the Army vacated Fort Smith, the U.S. Court for the Western District of Arkansas moved into the Army's former barracks building. The federal court modified the barracks into a courthouse and added a wing for a jail in 1887. The court used this federal jail until 1917. The federal government maintained control of the building until 1920. The principal figure of federal occupancy from 1875 to 1889 was Judge Isaac Charles Parker (1838-96). Judge Parker served at Fort Smith from 1875 to 1896. In 21 years on the bench, he heard more than 12,000 cases. Fort Smith NHS represents the site of the Federal Court for the Western District of Arkansas by preserving the courtroom to its appearance in 1883. In one part of this historic building (completed as a military barrack in 1851 and converted to a courtroom in 1872), visitors will view furnishings representing the building's use as a courtroom. This historic furnishings report summarizes primary evidence of objects in the courtroom for the years 1872 to 1883; it then recommends objects appropriate for a historic furnishing of the courtroom to the appearance of the room in 1883. The principal reason the report recommends 1883 as the date of interpretation is that a description of the contemporary appearance of the courtroom appears in a secondary account of a trial occurring in that year. The trial was that of Mat Music, an accused man who tried to escape during his trial by diving through a doorway to the right of Judge Parker. More detail about that trial and the newspaper description come later in this report.

The Ancillary Structures of the Dry Tortugas Light Station were built to accommodate the Light Keeper's, their families and the equipment and supplies necessary to maintain the Lighthouse and support habitation in this remote location. The Light Station was originally constructed during a period of transition and significant growth within the Lighthouse Establishment. As a result of hurricanes and fire several of the original support buildings were destroyed. At various periods, advancements in technology and the need to modernize the Light Station have led to the site through the NPS's Volunteer-In-Parks (VIP) modification of original structures and the addition of new facilities. The Light Station was manned by keepers or caretakers from its initial construction through the mid-1980s when it was transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) to the National Park Service (NPS). At this time, the lamp or lighthouse optic was automated, eliminating the need for continual occupation of the site. Under the Park Service's management, public visitation to the Key has been limited however a relatively constant presence has been maintained at the program and various research initiatives. In October 2008, Lord, Aeck & Sargent was contracted by the National Park Service to prepare a Historic Structure Report (HSR) for the resources of the Dry Tortugas Light Station. It was decided that three documents would be prepared, the first would address the Lighthouse and Oil House, the second, the Keeper's Residence and the last document would address the remaining Ancillary Structures of the Light Station. This document addresses the Ancillary Structures, including the Kitchen Building, Brick Cisterns, Boat House, New Oil House, Concrete Cisterns, and Concrete Walkways. During the first week of March 2009, a two member team from Lord, Aeck & Sargent traveled to Loggerhead Key to undertake a physical inspection of the Light Station resources. In addition, Ms. Dorothy Krotzer of Building Conservation Associates also traveled to the site to collect mortar and paint samples for analysis. Personnel from Lord, Aeck & Sargent spent a week on the island documenting the resources and collecting information to support preparation of the HSRs. A second brief visit was made to the site in June 2009. Field notes, measurements, material sampling and photographs were collected for all of the structures as a means to record the existing conditions. With the exception of the mortar and paint sampling, no destructive testing was performed and no historic fabric was removed to facilitate the collection of information. All portions of the buildings were accessible with the exception of the Lighthouse galleries. A hurricane-proof plywood insert had been installed at the Watch Room level door, restricting access to the galleries. Loggerhead Key and the resources of the Dry Tortugas Light Station (with the exception of the Lighthouse) were transferred to the National Park Service in 1992 when Dry Tortugas National Park was established. Current agreements call for transfer of the Lighthouse to the National Park Service in the near future, pending the fulfillment of several requirements, including completion of this report. Upon official transfer of the Lighthouse, the structure will remain an active aid to navigation and the USCG will retain management and maintenance responsibilities for the optic and its associated equipment. The Park's General Management Plan has addressed treatment and use of the Light Station resources through the establishment of a Historic Preservation/Adaptive Use Management Zone in the center of Loggerhead Key. This management zone prescribes that the resource of the Light Station will be primarily reserved for interpretive and educational opportunities. The structures will also be adaptively used to accommodate critical functions such as housing for volunteers, staff and research personnel and the storage of utility components and equip

The history of federal involvement in dam construction goes back at least to the 1820s, when the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built wing dams to improve navigation on the Ohio River. The work expanded after the Civil War, when Congress authorized the Corps to build storage dams on the upper Mississippi River and regulatory dams to aid navigation on the Ohio River. In 1902, when Congress established the Bureau of Reclamation (then called the "Reclamation Service"), the role of the federal government increased dramatically. Subsequently, large Bureau of Reclamation dams dotted the Western landscape. Together, Reclamation and the Corps have built the vast majority of major federal dams in the United States. These dams serve a wide variety of purposes. Historically, Bureau of Reclamation dams primarily served water storage and delivery requirements, while U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dams supported navigation and flood control. For both agencies, hydropower production had become an important secondary function. This history explores the story of federal contributions to dam planning, design, and construction by carefully selecting those dams and river systems that seem particularly critical to the story. Written by three distinguished historians, the history will interest engineers, historians, cultural resource planners, water resource planners and others interested in the challenges facing dam builders. At the same time, the history also addresses some of the negative environmental consequences of dam-building, a series of problems that today both Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers seek to resolve.

This Management Plan identifies a series of collections management issues facing the park and presents actions to address them.

In 1941, nearly 113,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living on the West Coast, in California, Washington, and Oregon. On December 7, Japan attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and the United States declared war on Japan. Two months later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order No. 9066 empowering the U.S. Army to designate areas from which people could be excluded. Although the Executive Order did not identify who was to be excluded, the Army enforced its provisions only against Japanese Americans. No person of Japanese ancestry living in the United States was ever convicted of any serious act of espionage or sabotage during the war, yet the entire West Coast population of people of Japanese descent was forcibly removed from their homes and placed in relocation centers, many for the duration of the war. Responding to demands for redress and reparations made by the Japanese American community, the Federal government finally took steps to publically apologize to Japanese Americans for their wartime treatment. In 1988 President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which provided financial redress to former detainees. The Federal government also took steps to commemorate this period of history and educate the public about the abrogation of Japanese Americans' constitutional rights during the war years. Title II of Public Law 102-248, enacted by Congress on March 3, 1992, authorized and directed the Secretary of the Interior to prepare a Japanese American National Historic Landmark (NHL) Theme Study, so that related sites could be evaluated for NHL designation. Specifically, this law defined the purpose of the study to: . . . identify the key sites in Japanese American History that illustrate the period in American history when personal justice was denied Japanese Americans. The Theme Study shall identify, evaluate, and nominate as national historic landmarks those sites, buildings, and structures that best illustrate or commemorate the period in American history from 1941 to 1946 when Japanese Americans were ordered to be detained, relocated, or excluded pursuant to Executive Order Number 9066, and other actions. This theme study, therefore, encompasses the 1941 to 1946 period assigned to the study by Public Law 102-248. An overriding purpose of the theme study was to determine the sites that are potentially eligible for designation as National Historic Landmarks, and establish priorities for designation.

The Museum Management Plan for the consolidated operation of the 3 National Parks, Eugene O'Neill, John Muir, Rosie the Riveter and the affiliated area of Port Chicago. And issues facing the parks with recommendations to address them.

This plan identifies a series of collections management issues facing the park and presents corresponding actions to address them.

This report accompanies the digital geologic map data for Cumberland Gap National Historical Park in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, produced by the Geologic Resources Division in collaboration with its partners. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research. This document incorporates preexisting geologic information and does not include new data or additional fieldwork.

This plan identifies the key collection management issues facing Klondike Gold Rush National Historis Park and how to address those issues.

This Plan outlines a series of issues concerning the development, management, and use of the park archives, library, and museum collections and recommends actions to address these issues.

This report addresses natural resource topics of interest and applicability to the National Park Service and others in natural resource management.

Amistat International Reservoir is a 26,300 hectare (65,000 acre) multi-purpose reservoir that impounds the Rio Grand River. The Amistad Reservior was created under the provisions of the Water Treaty of 1944 between the United States of American and Mexico and 22 USC 227d 13-16, Storage Dam- US and Mexico, approved July 7, 1960. The river serves its purpose to the United States as water storage for municipal industrial and agricultural uses in south Texas.

Overview how the land contributes to the Lower Columbia region.

Historic structure report to provide comprehensive documentation for the historic structures and landscapes of National Park Service units in the Southeast Field Area.

Recommendations for restoration of the Lewis-Davis House.

Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve has the distinction of being the first national historical reserve in the National Park System. Authorized in 1978, the reserve preserves and protects an unbroken historical record of Puget Sound exploration and settlement from the 19th century to the present. Located on Whidbey Island, the largest island in the conterminous United States, Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve lies about 43 km (27 mi) north of Seattle. Members of the central Whidbey Island community work together with local, state, and federal governments to manage the reserve and to balance the needs of the community with the protection of the reserve's resources.

recommendations for restoration and potential for visitor uses.

This report accompanies the digital geologic map data for Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site in North Carolina, produced by the Geologic Resources Divisions in collaboration with its partners.

The Ancillary Structures of the Dry Tortugas Light Station were built to accommodate the Light Keeper's, their families and the equipment and supplies necessary to maintain the Lighthouse and support habitation in this remote location. The Light Station was originally constructed during a period of transition and significant growth within the Lighthouse Establishment. As a result of hurricanes and fire several of the original support buildings were destroyed. At various periods, advancements in technology and the need to modernize the Light Station have led to the site through the NPS's Volunteer-In-Parks (VIP) modification of original structures and the addition of new facilities. The Light Station was manned by keepers or caretakers from its initial construction through the mid-1980s when it was transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) to the National Park Service (NPS). At this time, the lamp or lighthouse optic was automated, eliminating the need for continual occupation of the site. Under the Park Service's management, public visitation to the Key has been limited however a relatively constant presence has been maintained at the program and various research initiatives. In October 2008, Lord, Aeck & Sargent was contracted by the National Park Service to prepare a Historic Structure Report (HSR) for the resources of the Dry Tortugas Light Station. It was decided that three documents would be prepared, the first would address the Lighthouse and Oil House, the second, the Keeper's Residence and the last document would address the remaining Ancillary Structures of the Light Station. This document addresses the Ancillary Structures, including the Kitchen Building, Brick Cisterns, Boat House, New Oil House, Concrete Cisterns, and Concrete Walkways. During the first week of March 2009, a two member team traveled to Loggerhead Key to undertake a physical inspection of the Light Station resources. In addition, a second team traveled to the site to collect mortar and paint samples for analysis. A second brief visit was made to the site in June 2009. Field notes, measurements, material sampling and photographs were collected for all of the structures as a means to record the existing conditions. With the exception of the mortar and paint sampling, no destructive testing was performed and no historic fabric was removed to facilitate the collection of information. All portions of the buildings were accessible with the exception of the Lighthouse galleries. A hurricane-proof plywood insert had been installed at the Watch Room level door, restricting access to the galleries. Loggerhead Key and the resources of the Dry Tortugas Light Station (with the exception of the Lighthouse) were transferred to the National Park Service in 1992 when Dry Tortugas National Park was established. Current agreements call for transfer of the Lighthouse to the National Park Service in the near future, pending the fulfillment of several requirements, including completion of this report. Upon official transfer of the Lighthouse, the structure will remain an active aid to navigation and the USCG will retain management and maintenance responsibilities for the optic and its associated equipment. The Park's General Management Plan has addressed treatment and use of the Light Station resources through the establishment of a Historic Preservation/Adaptive Use Management Zone in the center of Loggerhead Key. This management zone prescribes that the resource of the Light Station will be primarily reserved for interpretive and educational opportunities. The structures will also be adaptively used to accommodate critical functions such as housing for volunteers, staff and research personnel and the storage of utility components and equipment.

Director's Order NPS-75 requires the National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Inventory and Monitoring Program to establish a Servicewide inventory of waterbodies and water quality use classifications. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 (GPRA) directs Federal agencies to articulate program goals in a quantifiable and measurable manner. These mandates are reflected in the mission goals of the 2000 NPS Strategic Plan. Included among these mission goals are the creation of a water resources inventory and achieving a target of 85% of 265 park units with unimpaired waterbodies. To help achieve the goals of NPS-75, GPRA, and the NPS Strategic Plan, this report summarizes for Dinosaur National Monument (DINO): (1) Clean Water Act (CWA) State- designated uses; (2) CWA 303(d) quality impaired waters and causes; (3) special designations recognizing waters of exceptional quality as defined in State water quality standards; and (4) hydrographic statistics based on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 1:100,000 scale National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). Data sources used to compile this report include: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Total Maximum Daily Load Tracking System, EPA Water Quality Standards Database, EPA National Assessment Database, EPA EnviroMapper for Water, USGS NHD, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment - Water Quality Control Division, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality - Division of Water Quality.

Maine has one of the longest and most unspoiled coastlines on the Atlantic. Glancing at this rugged and rocky coast stirs thoughts of the past and makes one wonder how people survived the geographic-and climatic-challenges of the place. But a more careful look reveals sandy coves and calm inlets where the first peoples of Maine made their homes seasonally since time immemorial. Here they survived by following nature's rhythms. Here the lives of countless generations of people began and ended. They were the ancestors of today's Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Maliseet and Micmac tribes. Collectively known as Wabanaki or "People of the Dawnland," they had many things in common: lifeways that fit into this unique environment, interconnected bloodlines, legends that were told at the campfire, and songs that were sung at ceremonies. Over the last 400 years, the social structure of Wabanaki peoples has undergone dramatic transformations. The coming of the European explorers, merchants and settlers brought wars and epidemics, which took heavy tolls among our peoples. The important part of our history is that we survived this assault and are alive today to carry on the bloodlines and traditions of our ancestors. This report is a valuable piece of work. It captures important segments of the history that have been hidden under so many layers of various stories. It will serve as a reminder of the lifeways of the Wabanaki people, which are so important to understand-about our deep connection to and religious convictions about the land, rivers and ocean of this region. Reading this study, future generations of people will learn to appreciate the type of history the Wabanaki people had, adapting to an environment of extremes-a habitat that was sometimes generous but often harsh. This historical-ethnographic overview of Acadia National Park spans almost 500 years and covers a wide coastal stretch between Penobscot and Gouldsboro Bays - and sometimes much beyond. Such breadth of coverage is necessary in order to take in the park's center piece on Mount Desert Island, plus Isle au Haut and Schoodic Peninsula, along with various land holding arrangements (including easements) on numerous offshore sea-islands in this area. The study explores the shifting but ongoing relationship between this habitat and Wabanaki peoples - a group of northeastern Algonquian speaking ethnic groups or tribal nations today distinguished as the Abenaki, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot.

In 1990, the D. R. Miller farm was donated to the National Park Service by the Conservation Fund, bringing into the park some of the most significant land in the Antietam Battlefield. The National Park Service now has responsibility for stewardship of the land and buildings on the farm. The farmstead has several mid-late 20th century buildings which are not historic. Remaining cultural elements that are historic include the house, barn, foundations, spring and the road traces. The area is also rich in potential for archeological exploration, since the complex once included an earlier house and numerous outbuildings, as well as a turnpike toll house. The purpose of this report is to provide an introductory history of the property, focusing on the house since it is the only remaining intact pre-Civil War building on the property. It is preliminary to a detailed structural study in an historic structures report. The history report begins with a discussion of the historical context of the property covering settlement and cultural patterns in the 18th and 19th century development of Washington County. The second part of the report contains a description of the property as it currently appears. Part three relates the history of ownership of the property. This is followed by a section discussing the history of the construction of the house based on documentation discovered during the research effort. Part five offers an explanation of the appearance of the property at the time of the Battle of 1862 and includes alternatives for the Park Service to consider concerning the future treatment of the property. The report concludes with appendices containing copies of documents and maps pertaining to the property and an annotated bibliography.

Maine has one of the longest and most unspoiled coastlines on the Atlantic. Glancing at this rugged and rocky coast stirs thoughts of the past and makes one wonder how people survived the geographic-and climatic-challenges of the place. But a more careful look reveals sandy coves and calm inlets where the first peoples of Maine made their homes seasonally since time immemorial. Here they survived by following nature's rhythms. Here the lives of countless generations of people began and ended. They were the ancestors of today's Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Maliseet and Micmac tribes. Collectively known as Wabanaki or "People of the Dawnland," they had many things in common: lifeways that fit into this unique environment, interconnected bloodlines, legends that were told at the campfire, and songs that were sung at ceremonies. Over the last 400 years, the social structure of Wabanaki peoples has undergone dramatic transformations. The coming of the European explorers, merchants and settlers brought wars and epidemics, which took heavy tolls among our peoples. The important part of our history is that we survived this assault and are alive today to carry on the bloodlines and traditions of our ancestors. This report is a valuable piece of work. It captures important segments of the history that have been hidden under so many layers of various stories. It will serve as a reminder of the lifeways of the Wabanaki people, which are so important to understand-about our deep connection to and religious convictions about the land, rivers and ocean of this region. Reading this study, future generations of people will learn to appreciate the type of history the Wabanaki people had, adapting to an environment of extremes-a habitat that was sometimes generous but often harsh. This historical-ethnographic overview of Acadia National Park spans almost 500 years and covers a wide coastal stretch between Penobscot and Gouldsboro Bays - and sometimes much beyond. Such breadth of coverage is necessary in order to take in the park's center piece on Mount Desert Island, plus Isle au Haut and Schoodic Peninsula, along with various land holding arrangements (including easements) on numerous offshore sea-islands in this area. The study explores the shifting but ongoing relationship between this habitat and Wabanaki peoples - a group of northeastern Algonquian speaking ethnic groups or tribal nations today distinguished as the Abenaki, Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot.

Climate and weather events define the ecological characteristics found in national parks and are key to understanding and interpreting changes in natural resources. Everyday park operations including; fire management, search and rescue, maintenance of park infrastructure, and visitor use are influenced by weather. Collecting weather data and maintaining climate records provides essential information needed to support park operations and to monitor park resources. This report summarizes climate data collected in Olympic National Park during the 2010 water year, and is part of a set of climate summary reports from seven national and historic parks in the North Coast and Cascades Network. Published in the National Park Service's Natural Resource Data Series, annual climate summary reports are intended to provide basic data sets and data summaries in a timely manner, with minimal interpretation and analyses. We intend that the primary audience for this document will be National Park staff, especially decision makers, planners, and interpreters; partners; and interested public. Temperature and precipitation data are presented from 11 weather stations ranging in location from the coast to high elevation sites in the mountainous core of the Olympics. Data were recorded using automated instruments operated by the National Park Service and other collaborators, including the National Weather Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service. For two stations with long term records, the Quillayute Airport representing wet, west side conditions and the Elwha Ranger Station representing the drier, northern portions of the park, monthly average temperatures and monthly total precipitation are reported and compared to the 30-year normal (1971 to 2000). Monthly snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) are reported for two Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) stations and three snow courses within the park. Daily and monthly air temperature, precipitation and snowpack for the nine park operated weather stations are presented in individual appendices. Each appendix includes comparisons to the period of record, which varies by station. Highlights of important weather events and maintenance issues from each site are also noted. Weather data collected in water year 2010 indicated that this year was generally cooler and wetter than normal. Of particular interest was a mid-season shift in weather, resulting in an unusually cold and wet spring and summer which contributed to delayed phenology and a prolonged mountain snowpack.

Climate and weather events define the ecological characteristics found in National Parks and are key to understanding and interpreting changes in natural resources. Everyday park operations including fire management, natural resource activities, maintenance of park infrastructure, and visitor use are influenced by weather. Monitoring weather and maintaining climate records provides essential information to support park operations and monitor park resources. This report summarizes climate data collected at weather stations within and adjacent to Lewis and Clark National Historical Park from the 2010 water year. It is part of a set of climate summary reports from seven national and historic parks in the North Coast and Cascades Network. Published in the National Park Service's Natural Resource Data Series, annual climate summary reports are intended to provide basic data sets and data summaries in a timely manner, with minimal interpretation and analyses. We envision National Park staff, especially, planners, scientists, interpreters, partners; and interested public as the primary audience for these reports. Temperature and precipitation data are presented from four weather stations located along the Pacific Coast from Northern Oregon to Southern Washington. Data were recorded using automated and manual instruments operated by the National Weather Service and Federal Aviation Administration. For two stations with long term records; the Astoria Regional Airport Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS)/Cooperative Observer Station (COOP) Station and Long Beach COOP Station, monthly average temperatures and monthly total precipitation are reported and compared to the 30-year normal. For all stations, monthly air temperature and precipitation data are displayed. Daily precipitation and average daily temperature are presented for three stations. Weather data collected in water year 2010 indicated that average annual temperatures were near normal with slightly above normal annual precipitation. Overall, conditions during the winter months were warmer than normal, but shifted to cooler and wetter conditions during the spring months.

The Ed Styron House is a small, two- room house and one of only twenty historic structures remaining in historic Portsmouth Village in the Cape Lookout National Seashore. The house was leased as a temporary lodge for hunters and fishermen under one of the park's special use permits until 1989 but has been vacant and deteriorating since that time. Whatever its historical and architectural significance, the mere presence of the house upon the Portsmouth landscape is critical, given the small number of historic structures that remain in the village; with repairs the Styron House could again be useful. The 1982 historic resource study of Cape Lookout provides extensive documentation for the eighteenth and nineteenth century history of the village but very little for the twentieth century. Most of what is known about twentieth- century Portsmouth in general, and the Ed Styron House in particular, has come from the park's compilation of oral interviews with former residents and descendants of those who lived in the village. Additional research in early twentieth century Federal censuses, county records, and other sources would be useful for interpretation of the Styrons' lives and their contributions to village life. Founded in 1753 near Ocracoke Inlet, Portsmouth played a critical role as a seaport for over a hundred years, until Hatteras Inlet was opened by a storm in 1846 and provided a more convenient channel into Pamlico Sound. Evacuated during the Civil War, Portsmouth never regained its vitality as a port; in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the village economy revolved around hunting and fishing. The population declined from more than 600 in 1860 to 227 in 1880 and continued to decline after that. A hurricane in September 1933 severely damaged Portsmouth and, after that, "everybody just left," according to one former resident. The Styrons' old house was damaged by this storm, and they built a new house closer to the village center. By 1940, there were only 42 residents left on the island; in 1971, the last permanent residents moved to the mainland.