Bøger af Ramíz Deníz

Wie die meisten Staaten und Völker Eurasiens im 13. Jahrhundert blieb auch Japan von der mongolischen Invasion nicht verschont. Die Insellage des Landes, das durch das Meer vom eurasischen Festland getrennt ist, hielt die Mongolen nicht davon ab, 1274 und 1281 zwei groß angelegte Invasionen der japanischen Inseln zu starten, bei denen sie zum ersten Mal eine See- und nicht die übliche Landoperation mit hochmanövrierfähigen Kavallerieformationen durchführten, was unmöglich gewesen wäre, wenn sie sich nicht auf das Potenzial der eroberten Länder mit maritimer Tradition, darunter China und Korea, gestützt hätten.Der Angriff der Yuan-Armee war für Japan keine Überraschung. Die wertvolle Quelle "Instruction to Foolish Children about Hatiman" ("Hatiman gudo:kin") und andere Quellen bezeugen, dass die Japaner sich eines möglichen Angriffs nicht nur bewusst waren, sondern sich auch darauf vorbereiteten. Um den mongolischen Angriff auf Japan zu rekonstruieren, enthält die "Instruktion", die ein Jahrzehnt nach der mongolischen Invasion entstand, trotz ihrer ideologischen und religiös-mythologischen Umschreibung wertvolle Informationen über die mongolischen Invasionen der japanischen Inseln in den Jahren 1274 und 1281.

Tal como a maioria dos Estados e povos da Eurásia no século XIII, o Japão não escapou à invasão mongol. A posição insular do país, separado do continente euro-asiático por mar, não impediu os mongóis de lançarem duas grandes invasões às ilhas japonesas, em 1274 e 1281, onde, pela primeira vez, realizaram uma operação naval, em vez da habitual operação terrestre com formações de cavalaria altamente manobráveis, o que teria sido impossível sem contar com o potencial dos países conquistados com tradições marítimas, incluindo a China e a Coreia.O ataque do exército Yuan não foi uma surpresa para o Japão. A valiosa fonte "Instrução às crianças tolas sobre Hatiman" ("Hatiman gudo:kin") e outras fontes testemunham que os japoneses não só estavam cientes, como também preparados para um possível ataque. Para reconstituir o ataque mongol ao Japão, a "Instrução", criada uma década após a invasão mongol, apesar da sua circunscrição ideológica e religioso-mitológica, contém informações valiosas sobre as invasões mongóis às ilhas japonesas em 1274 e 1281.

Like most of the states and peoples of Eurasia in the 13th century, Japan did not escape the Mongol invasion. The island position of the country, separated from the Eurasian mainland by sea, did not stop the Mongols' conquering impulse, who in 1274 and 1281 undertook two large-scale invasions of the Japanese islands, where for the first time they conducted not the usual land military operation with highly maneuverable cavalry formations, but a naval one, which would have been impossible without relying on the potential of the conquered countries with maritime traditions, which included China and Korea.The attack of the Yuan army was not a surprise to Japan. The valuable source "Instruction to Foolish Children about Hatiman" ("Hatiman gudo:kin") and other sources testify that the Japanese were not only aware of, but also prepared for a possible attack. To reconstruct the Mongol attack on Japan, the "Instruction," created a decade after the Mongol invasion, despite its ideological and religious-mythological coloration, contains valuable information on the Mongol invasions of the Japanese islands in 1274 and 1281.

Come la maggior parte degli Stati e dei popoli dell'Eurasia nel XIII secolo, il Giappone non sfuggì all'invasione mongola. La posizione insulare del Paese, separato dalla terraferma eurasiatica dal mare, non impedì ai Mongoli di lanciare due invasioni su larga scala delle isole giapponesi nel 1274 e nel 1281, dove per la prima volta condussero un'operazione navale, anziché la consueta operazione terrestre con formazioni di cavalleria altamente manovrabili, che sarebbe stata impossibile senza contare sul potenziale dei Paesi conquistati con tradizioni marittime, tra cui Cina e Corea.L'attacco dell'esercito yuan non fu una sorpresa per il Giappone. La preziosa fonte "Istruzione ai bambini sciocchi sull'Hatiman" ("Hatiman gudo:kin") e altre fonti testimoniano che i giapponesi erano non solo consapevoli, ma anche preparati a un possibile attacco. Per ricostruire l'attacco mongolo al Giappone, l'"Istruzione", creata un decennio dopo l'invasione mongola, nonostante la sua circoscrizione ideologica e religioso-mitologica, contiene preziose informazioni sulle invasioni mongole delle isole giapponesi nel 1274 e nel 1281.

Although information about the life of Guillaume de Rubruck is very scarce, it is known that he met with famous people of his time. He was close to King Louis IX and on his behalf traveled to Mongolia. After returning to France, Rubruk sent the king a report that has survived to this day - "Notes on a journey to the eastern countries", containing information about the geography, manners and religion of the Mongol Empire.Travel Guillaume Rubruk gave a lot of new for its time information about the countries he visited, and his observation allowed him to notice many valuable and important details from the life of the Mongols of the XIII century. Rubruk's work is justly considered to be one of the most important sources on the history of the East available in Western European literature of the late Middle Ages.Having understood the circumstances at the Mongol court, Rubruk came to the decisive conclusion that all attempts to preach Catholicism in Mongolia were in vain. On his way back, he met a mission of five Dominican friars who had letters from the Roman Pope to Sartak and Munkae. They were going to preach Catholicism among the Tatars, but Rubruk explained to them in detail the hopelessness of the endeavor.

Pope Innocent IV and King Louis IX "Saint" showed on the line of establishing ties with the Mongol khans. Two embassies were sent to the Mongols - Plano Carpini and Guillaume de Rubruk. To investigate the history of Mongolia and China in the thirteenth century, one must scrutinize three sources that can be trusted: Zhao Hong's "Meng-da bei-lu" ("A Complete Description of the Mongol Tartars") and Peng Dai and Xu Ting's "Hei-da shi-lue" ("Brief Information on the Black Tartars"), and finally Li Zhichang's "Chang-chun zhen-zhen si-yu ji" ("Note on the Journey to the West of the Righteous Chang-chun"). Carpini traveled to the East, over 770 years ago. What was the final destination of his mission - Tatarstan or China? At that time, present-day Mongolia and the surrounding territories up to the Bering Strait were called Tataria. He set out on his journey with Benedict from Poland and Stephen from Bohemia. Benedict was an interpreter and assistant Carpini. Benedict, by the way, himself left a description of the history of their diplomatic mission, impressions about the organization of life and life in Mongolia. However, his book "On the Journey of the Lesser Brothers to the Tatars" was published only in 1839.