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It's an unhappy time when a marriage ends, but sometimes it needs to happen in order to move on to better things. If you or a friend is in the midst of going through a divorce, this book will be a great gift as a reminder that divorce is a transaction and that the best is yet to come.
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,7, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: Non-verbal aspects of communication , language: English, abstract: This essay deals with the question whether facial expressions are universal meaningthat all cultures use the same mimics for expressing a certain feeling. Are theseexpressions innate or do they have to be learned?First, I will give an overview of Charles Darwin¿s theory about the universality of facialexpressions because he was the first who dealt in detail with this issue.The chapter is subdivided in three parts: the first part describes the relationshipbetween the facial expressions of nonhuman primates and human primates. Thefollowing part deals with Darwin¿s observations of the facial expression in infants andchildren including those children that have no opportunity to learn facial expressionsfrom others. Finally, Darwin¿s method of cross-cultural study in order to provideevidence for his claim will be presented.The second chapter depicts the behaviourists¿ position that in contrast to theUniversalists¿ point of view is based on the belief that all facial expressions arelearned and culturally bound.The main chapter represents the most current and detailed research of facialexpressions. The studies of Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen refer mainly to Darwinbut also consider the cultural aspect. They introduce a neurocultural theory ofemotions, showing that the facial behaviour itself is determined by biological factorsas well as by social factors. Further, I will give a summary of three importantexperiments Ekman and Friesen conducted in order to proof that the facialexpressions for the six basic emotions are universal.[...]
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: Language and Gender , language: English, abstract: In London during the 1980ies there were reports in the right-wing press, that socialist local councils like Hackney Council had to banish the word manhole by order of its Women¿s Committee since the term was meant to be sexist. This is just one out of many incidences that came up during the political correctness debate. Since the eighties this phenomenon has occurred on the American campuses and developed rapidly to a publicly debated subject. This essay will deal with the phenomenon of the political correctness in the English language with the main focus on gender questions and feminist linguistics. The central question is if expressions like policemen or phrases like to be the master of the situation are really conceived as sexist by the majority of people and if replacing those by terms like ¿police officers¿ can solve the problem of sexist language use. Have the efforts to regulate or reform language been successful and can language be at all non-sexist or even neutral?First of all, the term political correctness and politically correct are placed into a historical context explaining its roots and development before trying to define the concept. Furthermore, the importance of the political correctness debate for the Women¿s Liberation Movement and the development of feminist linguistics will be explained.The third chapter explains on which assumptions and theories the claimed language change is based on. The relation between language use and perception of the individual or of a group plays a central part. In the context of the political correctness debate the central question is in how far sexist language use, representation, the naming or not naming of women effects the perception and thinking of people.The fourth chapter gives a description of the measures that were taken in order to influence language and language use. On the one hand, measures aimed at the regulation and sanction of sexist language and on the other hand, some more moderate and liberal measures intended the reformation of language in order to achieve more equality between women and men on a linguistic level. In how far have these measures been successful in increasing the awareness for discriminating language use?
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject American Studies - Culture and Applied Geography, grade: 1,3, University of Duisburg-Essen, course: A Survey of American History, language: English, abstract: America in the sixties was above all a time of protest in which the minorities includingAfro- Americans as well as women began to plead for equal rights. Manyorganizations were founded during this time and every movement applied its ownmethods in order to achieve its goal. The Black Panther Party was one of theseorganizations which developed out of the Black Power Movement, a radicaliseddevelopment in the Civil Right Movement, which was until then famous to use nonviolentmethods of resistance in order to achieve their aims. This essay will deal withthe importance of the Black Panther Party for the emancipation of Afro-Americansduring the time of the Civil Rights Movement, which success the Party could achieveto end the discrimination of blacks and which impact the party or their leaders stillmight have today. In the first part the social situation of Afro-Americans in the sixtieswill be described in detail and in which areas racism became obvious. Next there willbe a historical overview of main events during the Civil Right Movement andespecially of the different positions that began to develop within the movement. Inparticular, the importance of Malcolm X for the Black Power will be mentioned. BlackPower is famous as a slogan and an idea but also resulted in a movement. Thesecond part of this essay will deal with the development of the Black Panther Party.Here it is important to know from which social background the founders came fromand which kind of people they wanted to address with their ideology. Furthermore, Iwill focus on the theories on which the ideologies and strategies of the Black PantherParty are based on. While the second part concentrates mainly on the theory behindthe party¿s activities the third part gives an idea of their actions and campaigns andas well as of important events that marked the history of the Party and demonstratedthe great impact of the Black Panther Party on Afro-Americans. The last chapterdescribes the loss of the party¿s influence, their division and the dissolution of theparty in the beginning of the 1980ies. Finally, I will give a comment on the importanceand lasting impact of the Black Panther Party for the present situation of Afro-Americans.[...]
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