Bøger af Willeke Palz

Since 1977 the U.S. National Photovoltaic Program has actively supported the design, construction and operation of a variety of photovoltaic power system applications classed as Intermediate size systems and ranging in size from 15 kW to 1000 kW. To date fourteen systems have been built and generally are operating as planned. One lOOkW application project was terminated before the completion of the project due to exhaustion of funds and too ambitious of a project. The fourteen operating systems represented a total installed peak generating capacity of 1,164 kW and have delivered nearly 2,000 MWH of energy. Under the U.S. National Program two additional intermediate size photovoltaic power plants are under construction and are expected to become operational during 1984. These two plants represent a total of 1,300 kW of peak generating capacity and should deliver over 1800 MWH of energy per year. In addition the U.S. Photovoltaic Program has committed most of the funding to support the design, procurement and construction of a 1000 kW photovoltaic plant. This .plant will be constructed and installed during the 1984-1985 period. Current U. S. Program Plans do not anticipate funding any further Intermediate size photovoltaic power plants. In parallel with the government program, the private sector has begun building and installing Intermediate (and larger) size photovoltaic power systems. Over the past 21 months, the private sector has installed four Intermediate size PV systems in the U.S.

The objectives of the Modelling Sub-Group are to unify European research in the field of computer models, to provide the best simplified models in the Passive Solar Working Group's extensive European Passive Solar Handbook and to ensure that these simple models are easy to use for design purposes. It has defined the needs of the research program for a large model and has chosen the Scottish program ESP as a large simulation model to be used as a reference for the analysis of the simplified ones. Each participant has commissioned the chosen model on his own computer and run a very simple exercise, just to verify that the program works similarily on the different machines. The analysis of the large model is being brought on its different sections, such as : input, output, heat transfer, passive solar systems, etc. The group will run ESP using the same passive solar bulding data as inputted to simplified models to assess the sensitivity of the latter ones. It will report on the work needed for the next 4 year CEC research program.

In the Last few years, much progress has been made in Learning how to use soLar energy. In photovoLtaics the prospects Look brighter every year and as a resuLt of this, photovoLtaic conferences are attracting increasing interest from the pubLic. The 1980 PhotovoLtaic SoLar Energy Conference in Cannes was the third organized by the Commission of the European Communities since 1977. With more than 700 participants from aLL over the worLd, it was the biggest heLd to date in Europe on photovoLtaics. These proceedings reproduce the SS invited and more than 120 submitted papers which have been presented during the conference. In generaL, these papers were of very high quaLity; they provide a comprehensive overview of the curren~ status and future prospects of photovoLtaics. I take this opportunity to thank the Commissariat a L'Energie SoLaire in Paris and the Institute of ELectricaL and ELectronic Engineers in New York for their cooperation in organizing this very successfuL conference. WoLfgang PaLz Conference Chairman -ili- Exhibition on the roof of the Palais des Festivals Exhibition, Commission's booth -~- CONFERENCE COMMITTEE G.neral Chairman Dr. C. J. Bishop Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden Dr. W. Palz Colorado, U.S.A.

In this book, the Commission of the European Communities presents the proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Central Receiver Projects, held in Varese, I taly , in June 1984. This Workshop was supported by all operators of solar tower power plants around the world and, as a result, these proceedings provide a comprehensive overview of the technology in its current state of development. The Workshop was organized by the Commission of the European Communities in the frame of the second solar energy R&D programme under the responsibility of its Di rectorate-General (X 11) for Science, Research and Development in Brussels. The meeting place, Varese, in Italy, was selected because of its neighbourhood to the Ispra Establishment of the Commission's Joint Research Centre who cooperated in the organization of the Workshop. Solar power plants of the central receiving type have two conflicting characteristics: they employ very simple and classical components but as a system they are of tremendous complexity. It was the hope for rapid progress by using available components that guided the decisions taken in the late seventies to build six large experimental plants: four in Europe, one in Japan and one in the United States. At that time, this technology enjoyed high priority in solar energy R&D around the world. Once the plants were completed, however, it became clear that the technical complexity combined with difficult meteorological conditions at most construction sites made the yields less favourable than anticipated.

W. PALZ, Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development, Brussels STRATEGY PAPER EC SOLAR ENERGY R&D PROGRAMME Project F, Solar Radiation Data - OUTLINE (Status as of April 1981) 5 ACTION 1 -Calibration and characteristics of radiometers J. -L. PLAZY, Commissariat a l'Energie Solaire, Sophia Anti­ polis, Val bonne , France 11 ACTION 2 -Short reference years H. LUND, Thermal Insulation Laboratory, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark 19 ACTION 3 -ATLAS AND DATA BOOKS (from existing data) ACTION 3. 1 - Global irradiance on horizontal plane - Definition of radiation climate zones in the EC F. KASTEN, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Obser- torium Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany 28 ACTION 3. 2 - Global irradiance on tilted planes - Direct radiation R. DOGNIAUX, Institut Royal Meteorologique de Belgique 37 ACTION 3. 3 -Statistical analysis of meteorological data J. A. BEDEL, Direction de la Meteorologie, Service Meteoro- gique metropolitain, Paris, France 53 ACTION 3. 4 -Sensitivity analysis of the useful energy output for solar converters with respect to quality and completeness of meteorological data sets H. R. KOCH, KFA Julieh, Institut fUr Kernphysik 74 ACTION 4 -NEW MEASUREMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES ACTION 4. 1 -Improvement of measurements in national network- global, direct, diffuse irradiance and irradiance on inclined surfaces J. W. GRUETER, Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Federal Republic of Germany 92 ACTION 4. 2 - Special measurements J. -L.

The goal of the book is threefold; first, to serve as a reference for the enormous amount of existing clustering concepts and methods; second, to be used as a textbook; and, third, to present the author's and his Russian colleagues' results in the perspective of current developments. It contains several unique features: It is the only book to contain an up-to-date review of clustering including the most recent theories about discrete clustering structures (subsets, partitions, hierarchies etc.) in their relation to data. An approximation framework is developed as a major construct substantiating and extending such existing approaches as agglomerative clustering and K-means method, and leading to new methods such as box and ideal type clustering, uniform partitioning, aggregation of flow tables, and principal cluster analysis: The opening chapter is devoted to a review of classification and clustering goals and forms prior to defining the scope and goals of clustering. A dozen real-world illustrative examples are interwoven throughout the exposition. £/LIST£ Audience: The book will be useful to both specialists and students in the field of data analysis and clustering as well as in biology, psychology, economics, marketing research, artificial intelligence, and other scientific disciplines.