Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Targeted drug delivery (TDD) is a process of delivering medication to a specific site like infected organ, tissue or cell. It comprises engineered technologies for the targeted delivery and controlled release of therapeutic agents. It is extensively used in the treatment of cancerous tumors. TDD is also beneficial in treating some other diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. It aims to target, localize, prolong and have a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue. There are various advantages of TDD, which include having a more uniform effect of the drug, reduction in the frequency of the dosages taken by the patient, reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels, and reduction of drug side-effects. Different approaches, evaluations and advanced studies on targeted drug delivery have been included in this book. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and researchers alike and contribute to the evolution of research on this area of study.

Neurological disorders refer to the disorders that affect the nervous system, which includes spinal cord, brain, peripheral nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system, nerve roots, and neuromuscular junction. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, depression, dementia, multiple sclerosis and brain tumors are some of the neurological disorders. These disorders occur due to electrical, structural and biochemical abnormalities occurring in the brain and spinal cord along with other nerves, which can result in a range of symptoms. The high biological and symptomatic heterogeneity of significant neurological disorders makes it a challenging task to develop efficient treatments that can manage all the symptoms. Majority of the drugs available currently are focused on reducing the symptoms, in place of amelioration of the cause that leads to the symptom. Thus, directing the focus on one major symptom that is well understood might result in a viable approach for the development and discovery of drugs for neurological disorders. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the discovery and development of drugs for treating neurological disorders. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

A minimally invasive surgery is a type of surgical procedure that involves small incisions and reduced time for healing of the wound, which in turn reduces the recovery time for the patient. It causes less operative trauma, complications and adverse effects than an equivalent open surgery. There are several types of minimally invasive surgeries including arthroscopic surgery, bronchoscopy, endoscopy, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), parathyroidectomy, robotic surgery, sigmoidoscopy, etc. Laparoscopy was one of the first types of minimally invasive surgery done by making one or more small incisions, and using small tubes with light and camera. This procedure helps to examine organs, check abnormalities, and take tissue samples. In bronchoscopy, a flexible tube with a light and camera known as bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth to look inside the lung airways. It is used to evaluate and diagnose lung problems, assess blockages, obtain samples of tissue or fluid, and help in removing a foreign body. This book outlines the processes and applications of minimally invasive surgery in detail. It is an essential guide for medical students and practitioners associated with surgery.

Mobile phone addiction is the obsessive use of a mobile phone that negatively affects the physical and mental health of a person. The main cause of mobile phone addiction is internet addiction disorder in which the technology purposely keeps its users engaged through various applications and games. Emotional regulation and depression are the risk factors associated with the addiction of internet and smart phones. Chronic phone usage leads to conditions, such as GABA dysfunction, decrease in grey matter in the brain and depression. There are several methods of treating addiction to mobile phone and internet, which include counseling, group therapy, group support, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychotherapy, motivational interviewing and medication-assisted treatment. This book examines the risk factors of mobile phone and internet addiction along with its assessment and treatment methods. Researchers and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Metabolic syndrome is referred to as the presence of at least three of the five medical conditions, including high blood sugar, abdominal obesity, low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL), high blood pressure and high serum triglycerides. Ethnicity, a high-fat diet, aging, a history of frequent drinking and stress are some of the risk factors strongly linked to metabolic syndrome. The risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease is correlated with metabolic syndrome. Its diagnosis involves measuring blood pressure, fat levels, waist circumference and fasting blood sugar. There are several ways of preventing and managing metabolic syndrome such as quitting smoking and other tobacco products, eating a balanced diet, being physically active, and maintaining a healthy weight. This book presents the complex condition of metabolic syndrome in the most comprehensible and easy-to-understand language. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to metabolic syndrome have been included in this book. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this medical condition.

Breast cancer is the cancer that develops in the tissues of the breast. The signs of breast cancer include change in the shape of breast, secretion of fluid from the nipple, scaly red patch of skin, lump in the breast, and a new inverted nipple. Metastasis is the process through which cancer cells spread. Metastatic breast cancer is the condition where cancer cells originated in the breast spread to other body parts, like brain, lungs, liver and bones. Metastatic cancer originates when cancer cells from the primary tumor break away and enter the lymphatic system or blood stream, which carry fluids across the body. The cancer cells travel from the primary tumor through these fluids, and then they settle and develop new tumors in other parts of the body. This book unravels the recent studies on the metastasis of breast cancer. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Mental disorders, also called mental illnesses, refer to conditions that affect the thinking, feeling, mood, and behavior of a person. Such disorders may affect a person occasionally or may be chronic. Such disorders can potentially impact a person's ability to perform their functions normally. There are various types of mental disorders such as anxiety disorders (panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and phobias), depression, bipolar disorder, mood disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and psychotic disorders. Depression is a serious mood disorder that that negatively affects how a person feels, thinks, and acts. There are multiple causes of mental disorders and depression such as genetics, family history, life experiences, stress, abusive past, traumatic brain injury (TBI), cancer, etc. Physical examination, laboratory tests, and psychological evaluation are used to diagnose mental disorders. The treatment of mental disorders and depression depends on the type of disorder and its severity. This book unravels the recent studies on mental disorders and depression. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Mental illness refers to a behavioral pattern which causes difficulty or impairment in personal functioning, which can occur as single, remitting or persistent episodes. There are various types of mental illnesses, which include mood disorder, psychotic disorder, personality disorder, eating disorder, sleep disorder, substance use disorder, developmental disorder and anxiety disorder. Substance use disorder (SUD) is a type of mental illness, characterized by continued use of drugs and alcohol despite significant harm and negative effects. They are associated with a variety of behavioral, mental, emotional and physical problems, including, chronic guilt, physiological withdrawal symptoms and an inability to decrease or quit consuming the substances despite recurrent attempts. There are various categories of drugs with which a person can be involved, such as tobacco, opioids, phencyclidine, hypnotics, cannabis, inhalants, and stimulants. This book explores all the important aspects of mental illness and substance use disorders in the present day scenario. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Medical microbiology refers to a sub discipline of microbiology which is applied in biology. The major aim of medical microbiology is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, which can be caused by microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi. It is also focused on the study of different clinical applications of microbes for improving the health. Epidemiology is a significant aspect of medical microbiology, which investigates the causes, effect and patterns of health and disease. However, the clinical aspect is concerned with the microbial infections affecting the humans, and various methods for the treatment of infectious diseases. A detailed diagnosis of infectious disease comprises various techniques, such as genotyping, microbial culture, biochemical tests and microscopy. This book explores all the important aspects of medical microbiology in the present day scenario. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of pathogenesis, immunity and control of microbial infections. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Mycology refers to the branch of biology, which is related with the study of fungi along with their taxonomy, human uses, and biochemical and genetic properties. It seeks to find the uses of fungi for various purposes including food, tinder, entheogens and traditional medicine, along with the risks associated with them like infection or toxicity. Fungi play crucial roles for life on Earth as symbionts, in the form of lichens, mycorrhizae and insect symbionts. Various fungi can break down complicated organic biomolecules like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, lignin, petroleum and pollutants like xenobiotics. Fungi play an important role in the global carbon cycle through the decomposition of these molecules. The field of medical mycology has become significant in the current time, where the incidence of invasive fungal infections is on rise, which poses therapeutic and diagnostic challenges in the modern medical practice. The book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of medical mycology and its utmost significance in modern times. It will unravel the recent studies in this field. Researchers and students engaged in medical mycology will be assisted by this book.

Medicinal chemistry is the study of molecular aspects of drug actions. It encompasses molecules, their structures, designs, and their pharmacological activities. A molecule's potency is determined by its structure. The structural activity relationship is a sub-branch of medicinal chemistry that estimates a molecule's potential to display any pharmacological activity. Computational methods play a significant role in the development of molecules that are therapeutically significant. These methods can be categorized into ligand-based and structure-based methods. Ligand-based methods make use of ligand information for the prediction of activity based on the similarities and dissimilarities compared to previously known active ligands. Generally utilized ligand-based methods include quantitative structure-activity relationships, molecular descriptors, and ligand-based pharmacophores. These methods are analogous towards high-throughput screening, where information regarding ligand and target structure both is important. Structure-based methods include ligand design methods, pharmacophore, and ligand docking. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of medicinal chemistry. It will provide interesting topics for research on the computational methods for drug design, which interested readers can take up. This book will serve as a reference source for a broad spectrum of readers.

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic health condition characterized by the destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. In this condition, the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone that enables sugar to enter cells to produce energy. The major symptoms of type 1 diabetes are dry mouth, upset stomach and vomiting, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurry vision, and frequent infections of skin, urinary tract, vagina, etc. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test, random blood sugar test, and fasting blood sugar tests are major diagnostic tests used for type 1 diabetes. Its treatment is aimed at keeping blood sugar level under control and includes insulin administration, frequent blood sugar monitoring, eating healthy foods, exercising regularly and maintaining a healthy weight. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the medical management of type 1 diabetes. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this medical condition. This book will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in the study and management of diabetes at various levels.

Microbiology refers to the scientific study of microorganisms, such as viruses, fungi and bacteria. One of the subsets of microbiology is medical microbiology, which is focused on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of various infectious diseases. It studies microbes for finding out their clinical applications to improve human health. Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine, which includes the study of immune systems in every organism. Protozoa, bacteria and viruses cause various diseases, such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria and dengue fever. Medical microbiology and immunology are interlinked, as the microbes which cause disease, trigger an immune reaction and control the immune system during the infection. An integrated approach of medical microbiology and immunology is focused on understanding the response of the immune system towards the infection in the host organisms. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to medical microbiology and immunology. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Embryology refers to the branch of biology concerned with the study of prenatal development of gametes, including fertilization and growth of embryos to the fetal stage. It is the foundation for understanding the intimate connection among structures in various organ systems, including muscles and the nervous system. It is integral for comprehending the developmental disorders that can manifest in humans as one of the congenital myopathies. One of the significant aspects of embryology comprises research on stem cells, as it helps to understand how genetic disorders progress and what effect does mutation have. Medical embryology is widely utilized for finding anomalies before birth. It investigates the various mechanisms and phases in which anomalies manifest in newborns. Appearance of abnormalities due to outside contributors results in disruptions. Teratogens are the outside disruptions. Retinoic acid, hyperthermic stress, alcohol and ionizing radiation are examples of common teratogens. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the recent studies on medical embryology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of this discipline.

Reproduction and representation of an object's form in a visual representation is referred to as imaging. The application of methods and materials for generating, preserving and making duplicate images is known as imaging technologies. In medical intervention and clinical analysis, processes and techniques of imaging the internal body is known as medical imaging. It creates a database of physiology and normal anatomy, in order to detect abnormalities. It is a subset of biological imaging that includes radiology, which employs imaging technologies such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, endoscopy, tactile imaging, elastography, thermography and medical photography. It facilitates rapid diagnosis with quantitative assessment and visualization, which has made it a significant tool in clinical analysis. This book attempts to understand the multiple technologies that are used for medical imaging. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the health of the mother and fetus before, during, and immediately after pregnancy. MFM concerns those patients who fall under defined levels of maternal care such as the mother, baby or both throughout the pregnancy. Furthermore, this field of medicine is concerned with providing care to pregnant women having chronic conditions, patients at risk for pregnancy-related problems, and pregnant women with fetuses at risk. Congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, infections, maternal sickness, growth restriction and genetic diseases are the reasons causing risk for fetuses. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to maternal-fetal medicine. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in this area of study. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for medical professionals and students.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes develop mechanisms to defend themselves from the impact of antimicrobials. Infections occurring due to resistant microbes are not easy to treat as they require high doses of antimicrobial drugs or other alternative medicines which are more toxic. The microbes resistant to various antimicrobials are referred to as multidrug resistant (MDR). Every class of microbes may evolve resistance, which may develop naturally through genetic mutation or through acquisition of resistance from one to another. Antimicrobial resistance is majorly caused by the excessive use of antimicrobials, which supports the mutations and results in making the antimicrobials ineffective. The control of antimicrobial resistance requires intelligent combination of approaches for various complimentary therapies. These combination therapies should extend beyond biologically active molecules for controlled delivery of strategies. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to antimicrobial resistance. It includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights to the readers on the mechanisms and therapeutic approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance.

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located below the rib cage. Each kidney is roughly the size of a fist. If the kidneys lose their function, waste products may accumulate and can potentially lead to life-threatening risks. The most frequent reason for requiring a kidney transplant is loss of kidney function, which causes kidney failure or end-stage chronic kidney disease. A kidney transplant is a type of surgery in which a diseased kidney is replaced with a healthy kidney. The kidney can be taken from either a living donor or deceased organ donor. There are some complications associated with kidney transplants, such as infection, temporary kidney failure, blockage of the blood vessels that supply the new kidney, and inappropriate functioning of the newly replaced kidney. After the transplant, medicines should be consumed to convince the immune system to not attack the transplant and accept it. This book contains some path-breaking studies on kidney transplantation. It provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of the medical complications associated with this medical procedure. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The mass spectrometry technique, based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and time of flight mass spectrometry, used for the determination of the properties of cells, is called mass cytometry. In this method, antibodies are coupled with isotopically pure elements and are utilized to label the cellular proteins. Cells are nebulized and passed through argon plasma, which leads to the ionization of the metal-conjugated antibodies. Time of flight mass spectrometer then analyzes the metal signals. This technique overcomes the constraints of spectral overlap in flow cytometry as it makes use of distinct isotopes as reporter system in place of traditional fluorophores which have broad emission spectra. Mass cytometry has research applications in the field of medical science that includes immunology, hematology, and oncology. It is also utilized for examining hematopoiesis, cell cycle, cytokine expression, and differential signaling responses. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of mass cytometry. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Maternal health refers to the well-being of women during pregnancy and after the birth of the child. It also relates to maintaining the health of mothers in the postpartum period. Infant health is an area of study within medicine dealing with the well-being and prevention of diseases in infants. The significant aspect of this field is to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Several other health care dimensions such as family planning, preconception, and prenatal and postnatal care are also covered under the domain of maternal and child health. The several factors affecting maternal health include poverty and access to healthcare, pre-existing conditions such as HIV/AIDS and maternal weight. The leading cause of death among women of reproductive age is considered to be complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal bleeding, postpartum infections including maternal sepsis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, obstructed labor, and pregnancy with abortive outcome including miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy are some causes that can be attributed to maternal mortality. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of maternal and infant health. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid developments in this field of study.

A liver transplant is a surgical procedure that involves the replacement of a diseased liver with a healthy liver received from a donor. It is used to treat conditions such as chronic or acute liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver transplantation can be categorized depending on the type of donor and is broadly categorized into deceased donor liver transplants and live donor liver transplants. The most common procedure of liver transplantation is orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). In this procedure, the original liver is removed followed by the replacement of the donor liver in the exact anatomic position. Whole organ is generally transplanted, however, segmental liver transplantation can also be done, which enables the transplantation of two recipients with a single cadaveric organ. Reduced grafts technique is commonly used for the cases having mismatch between the organ size of the recipient and the donor. This book outlines the operative techniques and medical management of liver transplantation in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Lung epithelial biology is focused on the study of epithelial cells present in the lungs. These cells are located in the interface between the organism and the environment, and perform various significant functions like fluid balance, barrier protection, surfactant and mucus production, as well as inducing immune responses. The respiratory epithelium acts as a functional and physical barrier responsible for safeguarding against infectious agents. The alveolar surface is stacked with membranous pneumocytes called granular pneumocytes, type I alveolar epithelial cells (AEC I) and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II). AEC I are thin, squamous and large cells that contribute in gaseous exchange. These cells also create a barrier to detect microbial products for initiating inflammatory responses. AEC II are cuboidal cells responsible for epithelium reparation upon injury and ion transport. These are also involved in lung defense through the secretion of antimicrobial products, like complement, lysozyme, and surfactant proteins (SP). This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of lung epithelial biology. Researchers and students engaged in the treatment of pulmonary diseases will be assisted by it.

Liver diseases are a group of disorders that affect the liver and its functions. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and it performs various functions associated with metabolism, storage of energy and filtering toxic substances out from the bloodstream. Viral hepatitis is the major cause of liver diseases including hepatitis A, B and C. Autoimmune conditions of the liver such as autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis are some other conditions affecting liver. The diagnosis of liver diseases involves various liver tests to examine certain enzyme levels and other proteins in the blood. Alanine transaminase (ALT) test, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) test, bilirubin test and prothrombin time (PT) test are some common tests performed to diagnose liver diseases. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to the pathophysiology and clinical aspects of liver diseases. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested scholars can take up. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that involves the replacement of a diseased kidney with a healthy kidney received from a donor. There are several surgical complications associated with kidney transplantation such as infection, bleeding, blockage of the blood vessels to the new kidney, lack of new kidney function at first, and leakage of urine or blockage of urine in the ureter. The post-operative management of a kidney transplant includes keeping the area of surgery dry and clean since contact with water increases the risk for infection. Any activity or posture that places pressure on the operated area or the transplanted kidney should also be avoided. The blood pressure and weight of the operated patient should also be monitored regularly. Any signs or symptoms such as fever, increase in pain around location of incision, swelling, redness, or bleeding from the operated site must be reported to a doctor immediately. This book provides comprehensive insights into the surgical complications and medical management of kidney transplantation in detail. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of medicine as well as for experts.

Liver cancer refers to a cancer that affects the liver. It is grouped in two categories, namely, primary liver cancer and secondary liver cancer. Primary cancer develops in the liver and is classified into three types, namely, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intrahepatic cancer (IHC), and angiosarcoma. Secondary liver cancer or liver metastasis begins in other parts of the body and reaches the liver. Cirrhosis is the primary cause of liver cancer, which is caused due to hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Some common symptoms of liver cancer are jaundice, nausea, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, etc. A few of the treatment methods for this medical condition are liver transplantation, hepatic arterial embolization and ablation. Treatment may also include therapies like targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radioembolization. This book outlines the pathological and clinical aspects of liver cancer in detail. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the management of this disease. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Cirrhosis is the last stage of complications associated with the liver disease. In this condition, the liver is permanently damaged due to loss of liver cells and irreversible tissue scarring. The common causes of cirrhosis include viral hepatitis B and C, and alcohol consumption. The risk factors of cirrhosis are diabetes, obesity, unprotected sex, alcohol abuse, etc. A patient suffering from severe cirrhosis may experience symptoms, such as jaundice, ascites, itchy skin, blood in stool, redness in palms and orange or brownish urine. Liver cirrhosis is diagnosed with the help of physical exam and certain tests, including blood tests, imaging tests, such as computerized tomography (CT) scan, abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and biopsy. The treatment of liver cirrhosis is aimed at prevention of further damage to the liver and management of liver complications. Liver transplantation is a prominent method for treating advanced stages of cirrhosis. This book provides comprehensive insights into the diagnosis, medication and treatment of liver cirrhosis. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this medical condition.

The kidneys are vital organs in the body that play a crucial role in filtering the waste products and excessive fluid from the blood. The conditions that affect the kidney function are referred to as kidney diseases. There are several types of conditions and diseases, which affect the kidneys including kidney cancer, chronic kidney disease, acute kidney disease, cysts, kidney stones and kidney infections. Most of these diseases affect the ability of the nephrons to perform their functions effectively. Some common symptoms of kidney diseases are fatigue, weakness, hypertension, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Genetic problems, injuries and medications are the main factors that lead to the development of kidney diseases. Diagnostic methods that are used for diagnosing kidney conditions and diseases include urine tests, renal ultrasonography, biopsy of the kidney, and blood tests. The treatments involve the management of disease progression by relieving the symptoms. Dialysis and kidney transplantation are the treatment methods for end-stage kidney disease. This book presents recent studies on the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, it targets students and professionals.

A kidney transplant refers to a type of surgical procedure that involves implanting a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor into an individual whose kidneys are no longer functioning appropriately. A kidney transplant can help patients feel better and live longer lives by treating end-stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease. There are serious risks associated with kidney transplant surgery, such as rejection or failure of the donated kidney, blood clots, and infections. The management of a kidney transplant includes maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes proper exercise and diet, and taking anti-rejection medications regularly, in appropriate doses and at the appropriate intervals. This book provides comprehensive insights on kidney transplants. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about its clinical management. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area.

Smartphone addiction refers to a behavioral condition that involves the obsessive use of a smartphone. It is often fueled by an internet addiction disorder. The addiction occurs due to electronic gadgets, as well as the applications, games and internet that connect the people with virtual world. The symptoms of internet addiction disorder manifest in both physical and emotional forms. Depression, isolation, agitation, defensiveness, no sense of time, avoidance of work, fear, loneliness, procrastination, mood swings and anxiety are some of the emotional symptoms of internet and smartphone addiction. Some physical signs and symptoms include backache, insomnia, neck pain, weight gain or loss, dry eyes and other vision problems. Cognitive behavior therapy, group therapy and psychotherapy are some common treatment methods for internet and smartphone addiction. This book provides an evidence based approach to help develop a better understanding of internet and smartphone addiction. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are roughly the size of a fist. They are located on each side of the spine and just below the rib cage. Kidney diseases refer to those conditions in which kidneys get damaged and are unable to filter blood normally. There are various types of kidney diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, cystinosis, IgA nephropathy, polycystic kidney disease, lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritis, Fabry disease, etc. The diagnosis of kidney diseases is done through urine and blood tests. The key markers utilized for assessing kidney function include estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and abnormal urine albumin levels. Treatment often comprises of measures to control signs and symptoms, slow disease progression and decrease complications. Kidney transplantation and dialysis are two treatments that are utilized for end-stage kidney disease. This book elucidates the innovative researches around prospective developments with respect to kidney diseases. It addresses the causes, diagnoses and therapies for these diseases. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of this medical condition.