Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

The inner ear is located in the petrous area of the temporal bone. It is divided into two major sections, namely, semicircular canals and cochlea. Various inner ear diseases include Ménière's disease, drug-induced ototoxicity, vestibular neuronitis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, vestibular schwannoma, herpes zoster oticus and purulent labyrinthitis. There are several symptoms of these diseases, such as vertigo, hearing loss, imbalance and tinnitus. A focused physical examination can be used to diagnose inner ear diseases. Electronystagmography (ENG) can be used to diagnose vertigo, and audiometry is used to diagnose hearing loss. Intratympanic steroid therapy and intratympanic gentamicin are the two forms of drugs that are commonly used to treat inner ear diseases. This book aims to shed light on some of the clinical aspects of inner ear diseases. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to these diseases have been included herein. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Pediatric palliative care is referred to as a specialized medical care for those infants and children who are suffering from a serious disease. The main goal of palliative care is to relieve the symptoms and stress of the disease. The intention is to enhance the family's quality of life along with the child. It can be given in conjunction with curative treatment and is appropriate for patients of all ages and at any stage of disease. Pediatric palliative care is centered on the family and it facilitates the coordination and communication of care. It is focused on the need of the patient and not prognosis. Thus, it is important to start the palliative care for the child as soon as possible. It deals with serious diseases such as cancer, neurologic disorders, genetic disorders, heart and lung conditions, prematurity, etc. This book explores the interdisciplinary aspects of pediatric palliative care in the present day scenario. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of medicine as well as for experts.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines. There are two main types of IBD, namely, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease causes swelling and pain in the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis is a condition that affects the large intestine and causes ulcers and swelling in colon and rectum. A person may experience common symptoms like diarrhea, weight loss, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain in inflammatory bowel diseases. The diagnosis of IBD primarily involves complete blood count (CBC) and stool test to detect the signs of inflammation in the intestine. Some other diagnostic methods which are used for its diagnosis are flexible sigmoidoscopy, upper endoscopy, capsule endoscopy, imaging scans and colonoscopy. IBD treatments include medications such as antibiotics, biologics, aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, and immunomodulators. This book outlines the diagnosis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease in detail. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers involved in the study and treatment of this disease.

The study of disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury is called pathophysiology. It is a field of study that is formed as a result of the integration of pathology and physiology. Pathology is a medical field that explains abnormal or disease state whereas, physiology is a biological field that explains the mechanisms functioning within an organism. Thus, pathophysiology seeks to describe the functional changes that happen within an individual due to a disease or pathological state. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when the brain moves rapidly within the skull leading to damage due to an external mechanical force such as a blow, bump, or jolt. The level of impact and effect that TBI causes is different in different individuals due to the complexity of the cerebral pathophysiology involved. No two TBIs are the same because the injuries differ in severity, type and location, and the age and gender of the affected individual. All these factors lead to the development of unique brain pathologies. Both real-time, high resolution monitoring together with intermittent monitoring of injury pathophysiology are essential in the modern neuro intensive care units (NICUs). Monitoring the TBI pathophysiology helps detect deterioration, guides treatment, and may also be used to forecast the efficacy of new treatment strategies. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to the pathophysiology of the injured brain. It consists of contributions made by international experts.

A dental implant is a prosthesis that connects to the bone of jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis, like crown, bridge, denture, and facial prosthesis. The biological process called osseointegration, in which materials like titanium or zirconia develop an intimate contact with bone, is the foundation of modern dental implants. The health of the person receiving treatment, medicines that impact osseointegration, and the health of the tissues in the mouth play a crucial role in the success or failure of implants. The fundamental use of dental implants is to support dental prosthetics. The risks and problems associated with implant dentistry are divided into three categories. These include complications that arise during the surgery process, complications occurring within six months of the surgery and long-term effects like peri-implantitis and mechanical failures. After the implant procedure, implants must be cleaned with a periodontal scaler for removing any plaque. Different evaluations, techniques and advanced studies on implant dentistry have been included in this book. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Infectious diseases are the diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoans. The transmitters of infection can be classified into various categories depending on size, biochemical characteristics, or the way in which they interact with the human host. Some common signs of infectious diseases include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle aches and coughing, but usually depend on the organism causing the infection. The two modes of transmission of infectious diseases are through direct contact and indirect contact. Direct contact, such as person-to-person, animal-to-person, and mother-to-unborn child may result in spread of infectious diseases. Consumption of contaminated food and insect bites may also lead to transmission of pathogens. Infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, AIDS, and meningitis may prove to be fatal, if left untreated. Infections with human papillomavirus, Helicobacter pylori, and hepatitis B and C are a few infections associated to an increased risk of cancer. Preventive measures, such as washing hands, vaccination, safe sex, and healthy habits can decrease the risk of infection. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of infectious diseases. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge. It is a vital tool for all researching or studying these diseases as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends of their management and diagnosis.

Immunology is a sub field of biology and medicine which studies the immune system. Parasites are the organisms which reside in or on their host and obtain food by harming their hosts. Parasitology, refers to the study of parasites and their hosts, along with the interactions that take place between them. Immunoparasitology is the combination of immunology and parasitology, which studies the immunological interactions that take place between the parasite and the host, along with the immune responses generated by hosts to fight against parasitic infections. One of the primary motivations for investigating parasite resistance is the requirement to comprehend, reduce and eradicate the harm caused by parasites. The host responses to parasites are more than just passive reactions after infection. Different host immune responses indicate different defense methods used by the host for creating protective immunity. Parasites have developed several ways to evade host immune surveillance, such as molecular mimicry and decoys that helps in parasite's survival. This book contains some path-breaking studies in immunology and parasitology. It covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the disciplines.

Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases caused by chronic high glucose levels in the blood. In this disease, beta cells (β cells) of the pancreas lose their ability to produce adequate insulin, or there is ineffective utilization of insulin by cells in the body. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are the two prevalent types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks and damages the insulin producing beta cells. In type 2 diabetes the body becomes insulin resistant and there is an accumulation of sugar. Insulin resistance that is a result of insulin signaling inhibition leads to a series of immune responses that intensify the inflammatory state, leading to the condition of hyperglycemia. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to diabetes and immunology. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Dendritic cells (DCs) refer to antigen-presenting cells of the mammalian immune system. The major job of the dendritic cells is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They serve as messengers among the adaptive and innate immune systems. Dendritic cells are found in those tissues that come contact with the external environment, such as the skin and the inner lining of the stomach, nose, intestines and lungs. They can also be detected in the blood in an immature form. Dendritic cells are obtained from hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells, which first develop into immature dendritic cells and communicate continuously with other cells in the body. The communication can occur in the form of direct cell-cell contact on the basis of interaction between cell-surface proteins. This book aims to understand the immunobiology of dendritic cells. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to the readers. Researchers and students engaged in the study of dendritic cells will be assisted by this book.

The complement system is a part of the immune system which improves the capability of phagocytic cells and antibodies to take out damaged cells and microbes from the organism's body. Complement control proteins, which are found in a higher concentration in the blood plasma as compared to complement proteins, regulate the complement system. Some of the complement control proteins are found on the membranes of self-cells that protect them from attack by the complement system. This system is considered to be focused on killing bacteria that infect the host organism. Furthermore, it acts as an innate immune surveillance system, which has a significant role to play in host homeostasis, defense against pathogens and inflammation. The dysfunction of the complement system is a major reason of diseases caused in the central nervous system, such as neurodegenerative conditions like spinal cord injuries and Alzheimer's disease. C3 glomerulopathy and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome have been found linked with mutations in the genes of complement regulators specifically factor H. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about the complement system and its immunobiology through this book. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this area of study.

Hypoxia refers to a condition in which the body or some part of the body does not receive enough oxygen supply at the tissue level. It can be categorized as either generalized, where entire body is affected, or localized, where a part of the body is affected. It is a pathological condition including changes in the arterial oxygen concentrations. These types of changes can also occur during normal physiology, such as while doing vigorous physical activity and hypoventilation training. Hypoxia can be caused due to the failure in the delivery of oxygen to the cells. This condition results in increased heart rate and aortic blood flow, and it decreases the peripheral resistance. Oxygen supply and blood flow is increased towards the vital organs, which is an indicator that redistribution of blood flow is essential for the oxygen supply. This book unravels the recent studies on hypoxia and circulation. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Dyslexia is a learning disorder which is characterized by difficulty in reading due to problems with identifying speech sounds and learning to relate letters and words (decoding). Dyslexia is of two types, namely, developmental dyslexia and acquired dyslexia. Developmental dyslexia is used to describe an unanticipated difficulty in reading in children and adults who otherwise possess motivation, intelligence, and schooling considered necessary for accurate and fluent reading. Acquired dyslexia is a result of neurological factors such as traumatic brain injury or stoke. It causes problems with spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, pronouncing words, and understanding the meaning. The rate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental language disorders, and difficulties with numbers is higher in patients with this disorder. The interaction of genetic and environmental factors results in dyslexia. It can be diagnosed by a series of evaluations that includes examination of memory, spelling, vision, and reading skills. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to dyslexia. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the identification, assessment and treatment of this condition. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Fungi are the main elements in global biogeochemical cycles. They play a significant role in biomedical research and manufacturing industries, and impact humans through their influence on biodiversity, global health and agriculture. Pathogenic fungi cause disease in human beings or other organisms. Majority of the fungi do not have pathogenic traits, but certain species result in infections which range from posturing to life threating. The fungi that are pathogenic to humans, are studied within the discipline of medical mycology. Several pathogenic fungi are microorganisms despite the fact that they are eukaryotic. There are various types of pathogenic fungi including Cryptococcus, Stachybotrys, Candida, Histoplasma, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis. Cryptococcus neoformans can result in a severe form of meningitis and meningo-encephalitis in AIDS infected patients. Stachybotrys can cause severe headaches and respiratory issues. Fungal infection usually occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, genital-urinary tract and respiratory tract. This book provides comprehensive insights on human fungal pathogens. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Human health refers to the total state of social, physical as well as mental well-being rather than just the absence of illness, infirmity or disease. Nutrients are components found in food that drive biological activity and are therefore necessary for human health. Good nutrition is required for a person to develop physically and maintain proper health. Nutrients can be classified as carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, lipids as well as vitamins, which are helpful in performing essential functions of the body. They are helpful in growth and maintenance of body parts like teeth, bone and muscle, as well as the generation of energy. Nutrition also has a significant impact on the safety, metabolism and effectiveness of a drug. The interactions between food and drugs are studied within pharmacology under the sub-discipline of nutritional pharmacology. It also studies the effect of different micronutrients on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of drugs. This book explores all the important aspects of pharmacology and nutrition in the modern day. It aims to shed light on the role of nutrition and pharmacology in human health. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

The hypothalamus is a part of the brain, which is structurally small but functionally significant. The brainstem and its reticular formation are extremely interconnected with the hypothalamus. It is a part of the limbic system and it has connections to other limbic structures such as septum and amygdala. It is also well connected to the areas of the autonomous nervous system. The hypothalamus works as a control center for various endocrine functions. It regulates endocrine systems by secreting various hormones such as oxytocin, growth hormone-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone and antidiuretic hormone. Hypothalamic disease is a type of disorder which can lead to disruptions in growth, weight, emotions, sleep cycles, etc. It can also result in hypopituitarism, neurogenic diabetes insipidus, tertiary hypothyroidism, and developmental disorders. There are several causes of hypothalamic disease such as head trauma, radiation, tumor, genetic disorders, lesion, surgery, and illness caused due to malnutrition. This book attempts to understand the anatomy and dysfunction of the hypothalamus along with disease management. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Hip replacement, also known as hip arthroplasty, is a surgery in which a prosthetic implant, often known as a hip prosthesis, replaces the hip joint. A whole hip replacement or hemi (half) replacements are two options for hip replacement surgery. Total hip replacement surgery may be prescribed in cases of joint failure caused by osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, avascular necrosis, traumatic arthritis, protrusio acetabuli, certain hip fractures, benign and malignant bone tumors, etc. Knee replacement or knee arthroplasty, is a surgical method that replaces the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to reduce pain and impairment. This type of surgery is mostly recommended when conservative measures fail to relieve joint discomfort, as well as for other knee disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Infections, blood clot, a fracture during or after surgery, nerve damage, and continued pain or stiffness are some possible complications associated with hip and knee replacement surgery. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. There has been rapid progress in this area of orthopedic surgery. Doctors and students actively engaged in hip and knee arthroplasty will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Brain dynamics characterize expert cognitive-motor performance based on neural and psychomotor efficiency. It is relevant to consider the dynamics for all aspects of mental activity--perception, cognition, and emotion because brain activity keeps on changing rapidly even in a stable environment. Several measuring tools and techniques like electroencephalogram (EEG), event-related potential (ERP), functional magnetic resonanceimaging (fMRI), and EEG coherence are used to obtain the details of brain activity. The study of brain dynamics majorly focuses on evaluating the internal states of the human brain and its dynamics. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted worldwide on various topics related to human brain dynamics. From theories to research to practical applications, case studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this field have been included herein. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with human brain dynamics will benefit alike from this book.

Transplant hepatology is a subspecialty of gastroenterology that focuses on the treatment of chronic liver disease. The liver performs a variety of crucial functions, such as producing bile to aid in digestion, converting food into energy and eliminating toxins from the body. Transplant hepatology is the study of diseases that lead to transplantation, the assessment of patients prior to transplantation, the assessment and treatment of patients following transplantation, and management of transplant-related complications. It involves a thorough understanding of hepatopathology and the diagnostic methods required to assess and treat individuals in need of liver transplants. This medical specialty is also concerned with the management of issues like infectious diseases associated with transplant and immunosuppression. This book unravels the recent studies in hepatology and transplant hepatology. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. For all readers who are interested in these areas of study, the case studies included in this book will serve as an excellent guide to develop a comprehensive understanding.

Hypoxia is referred to as the condition of low oxygen level and it occurs naturally in high altitudes. As the altitude rises, total atmospheric pressure falls down and causes a lower partial pressure of oxygen causing hypobaric hypoxia. The humans have adjusted themselves to hypoxia that occurs at high altitude in various locations, which is possible due to genetic basis. The genetic signatures of certain populations are recognized in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway, responsible for the organization of transcriptional response to hypoxia. These genetic signatures are found in the HIF2A gene in Tibetans, which encodes for the prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 and HIF-2α gene. Adaptation to high altitude is the result of various genes that act in coordination with each other. Novel therapeutic approaches can be identified by unraveling the mechanisms of these genes. This book provides comprehensive insights on hypoxia. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid developments in the study of human adaptation to hypoxia.

Hemostasis refers to body's natural reaction that stops bleeding and initiates the repair of an injury. There are three principal steps involved in the mechanism of hemostasis. These include vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation and blood coagulation. Thrombosis is a condition that develops when blood clots block the blood vessels. It is of two main types, namely, venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. Some common causes of thrombosis are obesity, certain medicines, disease or injury to the leg veins, and autoimmune disorders. Its treatment includes medicines such as blood thinners to prevent blood clots. It also involves the placement of stents or catheters to reopen the blockage in the vessels. Losing weight and quitting smoking can help in preventing medical complications related to thrombosis. This book outlines the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis in detail. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which the interested readers can take up. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of hematology.

Hemostasis refers to body's natural reaction that stops bleeding and initiates the repair of an injury. There are three principal steps involved in the mechanism of hemostasis. These include vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation and blood coagulation. Thrombosis is a condition that develops when blood clots block the blood vessels. It is of two main types, namely, venous thrombosis and arterial thrombosis. Some common causes of thrombosis are obesity, certain medicines, disease or injury to the leg veins, and autoimmune disorders. Its treatment includes medicines such as blood thinners to prevent blood clots. It also involves the placement of stents or catheters to reopen the blockage in the vessels. Losing weight and quitting smoking can help in preventing medical complications related to thrombosis. This book outlines the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis in detail. It will also provide interesting topics for research, which the interested readers can take up. The book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in the field of hematology.

Hearing loss refers to the impairment in perceiving or processing auditory information. Hearing impairment can be partial or complete, and may occur in one or both ears. The impairment in hearing may be acquired, inherited or caused due to perinatal problems and aging. Tinnitus, hyperacusis and presbycusis, endaural phenomena, and auditory processing disorder are a few hearing disorders. A common cause of hearing loss is chronic ear infection. During pregnancy, infections like rubella and syphilis can lead to hearing loss in the offspring. Hearing loss interferes with spoken language acquisition and causes cognitive decline. Certain cases of hearing loss can be examined medically, while others are irreversible and therefore, permanent. The usage of hearing aids, cochlear implants, sign language and subtitles are principal management tools to aid individuals suffering with this condition. The use of stem cell transplant and gene therapy for the regrowth of cochlear cells and nerve cells will prove highly beneficial in the treatment of hearing loss. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on the various topics related to hearing loss. It will serve as a valuable source of reference on its clinical diagnosis and management for graduate and post graduate students.

Hearing loss refers to a partial or complete inability to hear. It can be present at birth or it may develop later in life. It can affect one or both ears. Hearing problems in children may impair their ability to acquire spoken language, while social and occupational challenges are created for adults. Hearing loss can be permanent or temporary. When it occurs due to age, it often affects both ears and is caused by the loss of cochlear hair cell. There are various causes of hearing loss such as birth complications, certain medications or toxins, genetics, exposure to noise, trauma to the ear, some infections and ageing. Neural consequences of hearing loss can be seen in the structure of auditory cortex in humans. This book unravels the recent studies on hearing loss. It also strives to provide a fair idea about its neural consequences. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Hematology is a branch of medical science concerned with the study of the blood and all components of blood. It also involves the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of blood, bone marrow, and immunologic and vascular systems. The red blood cells or erythrocytes are important cellular components of the blood. Their main function is to carry fresh oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Carbon dioxide is removed from the body through the process of exhalation. The diseases related to red blood cells are caused due to a lack of iron or vitamins in the diet. Diseases of erythrocytes include several forms of anemia. It is a condition characterized by low count of healthy blood cells, which can transport adequate oxygen to different parts of the body. Major symptoms of anemia are tiredness, fast heart rate, pale skin, feeling cold, and in severe cases, heart failure. Some common forms of anemia are iron-deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, normocytic anemia, hemolytic anemia and fanconi anemia. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of hematology. It presents researches and studies on red blood cell mechanisms and clinical implications, performed by experts across the globe. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

The process of growing older is known as aging. Among humans, it refers to the gradual accumulation of changes in a person's physical, psychological, and social characteristics over time. At the molecular and cellular level, ageing is caused by the accumulation of a range of molecular and cellular damage throughout time. This results in a gradual loss of physical and mental capacity, and an increased risk of disease and, eventually, death. These changes are not linear or continuous, and they are only tangentially related to a person's chronological age. Aging has an impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-and acute-phase reactants, such as C-reactive protein and blood clotting factors, all rise paradoxically as humans' innate immune system ages. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about healthy aging and the immune system through this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Hearing loss is defined as the inability to apprehend sound. There are mainly three forms of hearing loss, namely, sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss and mixed hearing loss. A number of factors like genetics, ageing, exposure to noise, infections, birth complications, trauma to the ear, and certain medications or toxins can lead to hearing loss. Its primary symptoms involve difficulty in understanding speech, and pain or pressure in the ears. Hyperacusis, tinnitus, vertigo and tympanophonia are some secondary symptoms associated with hearing loss. Diagnostic methods include otoscopy, tympanometry and differential testing. MRI and CT scans are also used to determine the pathology of causes related to hearing loss. The management of this medical issue includes cochlear implants, hearing aids, middle ear implants and assistive technology. The various advancements in the study of hearing loss are glanced at and the management strategies are looked at in detail within this book. Clinicians in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells in one or more parts of the body. Formation of lumps, unusual bleeding, persistent cough, unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel movements are all symptoms of cancer. Most cancers are caused by environmental and lifestyle factors that cause genetic abnormalities. Cancers of the larynx, throat, lips, mouth, nose and salivary glands are all examples of head and neck cancers. The risk of these cancers is increased by tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The head and neck cancers generally begin in the squamous cells that line the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck. Major symptoms of these cancers are lump formation in the neck, a painful sore in the mouth or throat that does not heal, difficulty in swallowing, and a change in voice. Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of treatments may be used to treat head and neck cancer. This book presents various developments and researches that have been made with respect to the head and neck cancer. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. Students, researchers, experts, and all associated with the study and treatment of head and neck cancer would benefit from this book.

Head and neck cancer refers to a group of malignant diseases that originate from the oral cavity, nasal cavity, nose, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx, salivary glands, or skin of the face. Some of the most prominent causes of head and neck cancer include consumption of alcohol and tobacco, betel nut, infection, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and exposure to UV and certain chemicals. The most common symptoms are persistent pain in the throat, a sensation of pain or difficulty when swallowing, jaw pain, a change in voice, persistent pain in the ear, etc. Most of the head and neck cancers are caused due to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Diagnosis depends on specific signs and symptoms, and the results of blood tests. Computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging scans are the imaging tests that are used to diagnose these cancers. Treatment for head and neck cancer is planned as per the specific needs and general health of individual patients. Treatment and management may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex principles and practices in head and neck oncology. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Health emergency and disaster risk management (H-EDRM) is the intersection of health and disaster risk reduction (DRR). In recent years, H-EDRM research has emerged as an important interdisciplinary field. This field involves various aspects including emergency and disaster medicine, DRR, humanitarian response, community health resilience, and health system resilience. The public health prevention hierarchy consists of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. These are the most essential public health principles which guide policy and program development. The objective of primary prevention is to prevent the onset of disease with strategies including health protection and health promotion. Health protection involves the establishment of policies, regulations and programs such as vaccinations, while health promotion is mainly concerned with health education and information sharing. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of health emergency and disaster risk management. It will serve as an invaluable resource for undergraduate and post graduate students, researchers and scholars.

Ultrasound imaging is a clinical imaging technique that provides real-time, quantitative anatomical and physiological information in humans. It can serve both diagnostic and therapeutic functions. The diagnostic ultrasound is a non-invasive technique that uses sound waves to scan the structures or parts within the body. Ultrasound images can capture the movement of the internal organs, fetus and blood flow through the vessels inside the body. There are several medical applications of ultrasound, which include monitoring the development and health of the fetus during pregnancy. A Doppler ultrasound is used to assess the movement of blood to parts of body such as the heart, placenta and testes. Therapeutic ultrasound can be used to alleviate pain from the spread of cancer into the bones (bone metastases). Some other applications of ultrasound imaging include treatment of uterine fibroids and prostate surgery. Various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field have been examined in detail within this book. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of ultrasound imaging. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.