Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Squamous cell carcinoma is a kind of cancer that develops from specific type of cells known as squamous cells. These cells are present in the skin's outer layer as well as mucous membranes. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) occurs in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and throat. The type of HNSCC depends on the site where the carcinoma has developed. For instance, carcinoma may occur in the voice box (larynx) or the lower part of the throat near the larynx (hypopharynx). The common symptoms of head and neck cancer include a sore in the head and neck region that does not heal, bleeding in the mouth or the throat, double vision or unexplained weight loss. Diagnosis of head and neck cancer involves carrying out a tissue biopsy for detecting the presence of cancerous cells. The treatment is based on the size, location and stage of the tumor progression. The available treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, etc. The various advancements in the study of head and neck cancer are glanced at and their applications as well as ramifications are looked at in detail in this book. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Pediatric surgery is a surgical subspecialty that deals with the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. It is used for the treatment of several pediatric diseases, including congenital malformations, abdominal wall defects, pectus excavatum and separation of conjoined twins. It also focuses on childhood tumors such as neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, liver tumors, teratomas and kidney tumor. There are mainly two sub categories that fall under pediatric surgery, namely, neonatal surgery and fetal surgery. Neonatal surgery involves the medical care of newborn infants, particularly who have illness or were born premature. Fetal surgery is a type of pediatric surgery that is used for the treatment of birth defects in fetuses. This book provides significant information of this discipline to help develop a good understanding of pediatric surgery. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this branch of surgery. The book is an essential guide for both medical professionals and students.

Reproductive medicine refers to a subspecialty of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility, as well as other reproductive issues. It deals with issues associated with family planning, sexual dysfunction, sexual education and reproductive system disease. It also addresses difficulties linked with contraception, puberty and menopause. Reproductive medicine has enabled the growth of artificial reproductive techniques (ARTs), which have helped in overcoming the issue of human infertility, and these techniques are also being utilized in wildlife conservation and agriculture. Artificial insemination, embryo transfer, IVF and genome resource banking are a few types of ARTs. The evaluation and treatment of reproductive conditions is an important aspect of reproductive medicine. Congenital disorders, infectious diseases, endocrine disorders and benign tumors are among the most common medical conditions that have an impact on reproductive medicine. This book elucidates the innovative models around prospective developments with respect to reproductive medicine. Different approaches, evaluations, methodologies and advanced studies on reproductive health have been included herein. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Neuroimaging is the use of quantitative methods to study the structure and function of the central nervous system. It is basically developed for scientifically studying the healthy human brain in a non-invasive manner. It is utilized for quantitative studies of psychiatric illness and brain diseases. It can be categorized into structural imaging and functional imaging. Structural imaging is used for quantifying the structure of the brain utilizing voxel based morphometry, whereas in functional imaging, brain function is studied by utilizing techniques such as MEG and PET. Techniques of functional brain imaging such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are commonly utilized techniques in neuroimaging. Medical imaging of the brain has various distinguishing features, which increases the difficulty in the assessment. Various artificial intelligence techniques like expert systems, machine learning, knowledge representation, robotics and perception, deep neural networks, reinforcement learning, and evolutionary computation can be used for better interpretation of the brain images. This book unravels the recent studies on neuroimaging data analysis. It is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Neurons are largest cells, which have polarized and complex morphologies. They are divided into pre- and post-synaptic regions, synapse, dendrite, soma, and axon, all of which are necessary for their functions. Their typical process lengths in many species range from millimeters to centimeters, and axons can even reach meters in large mammals. Signaling inside and between neuronal compartments needs the positioning of sophisticated mechanisms for setting basal conditions, which allows processing of information and ensures transmission of encoded data to the end destination. Molecular processes are involved in the origin, variation, and death of cell in the nervous system. These molecular processes comprise lipid mediators, lipid-binding proteins, protein-lipid interactions, protein misfolding and not fully characterized membrane-protein receptors. Bioactive lipids and transcription factors trigger signal transduction. Deregulation of lipid-mediated processes results in neurodegenerative diseases, such as retinopathies, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. It can also cause proliferative disorders like diabetic retinopathy and brain cancer. This book explores all the important aspects of neuronal signaling in the present day scenario. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Neuro-oncology is the branch of medicine that deals with the tumors of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It is also known as CNS oncology. Cancers that affect the nervous system are quite serious and life-threatening. CNS cancers can develop as a primary tumor or as a metastatic (secondary) tumor that spreads from other parts of the body. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery are the three main treatment options for CNS malignancies. Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for CNS malignancies, and research has shown that it enhances survival in patients with both primary and metastatic tumors. Chemotherapy is another treatment option for reducing the growth of cancer cells and controlling symptoms. This handbook unravels the recent studies in the field of neuro-oncology. It explores all the important aspects of this field in the present day scenario. Researchers and students in neuro-oncology will find this handbook comprehensive and extremely useful.

Neurochemistry is the branch of neuroscience concerned with the study of neurochemicals, which are organic molecules that participate in neural activity. Oxytocin, serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter-regulating substances are some examples of neurochemicals. Oxytocin plays an important role in controlling the maternal behavior. Hypothalamus is the reservoir of oxytocin from where it is transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary. Finally, it is released into the blood stream, which transports it to the target tissues such as the mammary glands. Dopamine is a common neurotransmitter that is involved in the functioning of the limbic system, which is responsible for emotional function and control. Serotonin is a neurochemical that plays a regulatory role in several areas, such as mood and sleep. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of neurochemistry. It aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Neurofeedback refers to a type of biofeedback that uses brain waves to teach self-control of brain activities and then provides a feedback signal. Brainwave activity is recorded through electrodes, and feedback on brain functioning is delivered. Neurofeedback rewards healthy brainwave activity over unhealthy activity, which results in decreasing undesirable behavior and symptoms. Audio and video feedback is typically provided using neurofeedback. Negative or positive feedback is generated for desirable or undesirable brain actions. Neurofeedback has been used in various conditions, including attention disorders such as insomnia, dyslexia, and ADHD, drug addiction, epilepsy, learning impairments and mental health problems like PTSD, depression and anxiety. It can also be utilized to develop mental performance as a whole, increase normal functioning and for restoring focus and serenity to an exhausted mind. There are other applications of neurofeedback, which includes enhancement of athletic and musical performance, and pain management. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the dynamics and clinical applications of neurofeedback. Different approaches, evaluations, and advanced studies on this topic have been included in it. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A kidney transplant refers to a type of surgical procedure that involves implanting a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor into a patient who is suffering from kidney dysfunction. It is the preferred treatment for kidney failure in contrast to lifelong dependence on dialysis. Kidney transplants are performed to benefit people suffering from end-stage renal failure or chronic kidney disease. Significant risks associated with kidney transplant surgery include a cancer or disease that can be transmitted through the donated kidney, rejection or failure of a donated kidney, etc. High blood pressure, bleeding, blood clots, and weight gain are examples of possible side effects of the kidney transplant procedure. This book unravels the recent studies on kidney transplantation and the latest advances in its clinical management. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A local anaesthetic (LA) is a drug that prevents the body from feeling any sensation of pain. In contrast to a general anaesthetic, a local anaesthetic causes pain to disappear in a specific body area without causing loss of consciousness. Almost every nerve between the peripheral nerve terminals and the central nervous system can be blocked with local anaesthetics. Paralysis (loss of muscle power) can be induced if LA is applied to specific nerve pathways, a phenomenon known as local anaesthetic nerve block. LA are used in acute pain, chronic pain and surgery. As a result of the local anaesthetic, edema of the tongue, throat and larynx might occur. During the administration of LA injection, there is a risk of accidental injury to local blood vessels. Also, there are chances of excitatory or depressant effects on the central nervous system, along with cardiac toxicity and allergy. This book presents various works that consist of contributions made by international experts. Its objective is to present upcoming studies on local anaesthetics. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Hemodialysis is a clinical procedure used to remove fluid and waste products from blood and to correct the electrolyte imbalance in the human body. It is done using a hemodialysis machine and dialyzer called "artificial kidney". It is a renal replacement therapy. Hemodialysis can be performed in a hospital, a non-hospital dialysis centre, or at home. A surgeon makes an entrance into the blood vessels to get the blood to the dialyzer. This is accomplished with a minor surgery, which is commonly performed on the arm. Fistula and graft are the two most common ways to gain vascular access. A fistula is a connection that is formed by connecting an artery to a neighbouring vein beneath the skin to form a larger blood vessel. This is the recommended method of access because it has fewer issues and lasts longer. A graft is a procedure in which a short, soft tube made of synthetic material is put under the skin to connect an artery and a nearby vein. A catheter is a thin, flexible tube that is placed into a major vein in the neck or chest. This sort of access is typically employed when dialysis is only required for a short period of time. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and techniques of hemodialysis are examined in detail within this book. Medical professionals and students actively interested in this medical procedure will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Pediatrics refers to a branch of medicine concerned with the care, growth and illnesses of children, newborns and adolescents. The rising occurrence of diseases like metabolic syndrome, mental illness, attention deficit disorder, cancer, asthma, obesity, autism, diabetes, chronic pain and other inflammatory-mediated illnesses has drastically changed the landscape of pediatrics. These changes also have a negative impact on younger age groups and children today confront major health issues which have increased the need for pediatricians having new abilities and a stronger emphasis on preventative health. This has led to the emergence of pediatric integrative medicine, which is the result of changing pediatric illness patterns and patient demands. Integrative pediatrics uses a combination of traditional and alternative therapies to develop a tailored plan that meet the requirements of each child, family and circumstance based on the best available research. The objective of this book is to present the latest researches on integrative pediatrics. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Psychiatry is a field of medicine that aims to study, prevent and treat mental illness in human beings. It includes various maladaptations associated with cognition, behavior, perceptions and mood. It helps in treating and managing mental illnesses that are traditionally classified into three types, namely, personality disorders, mental illnesses and severe learning disabilities. The main pillars of psychotherapy used in the treatment of psychological disorders are psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology and behaviorism. A psychiatric assessment can be conducted to determine the mental and physical health of a person. This typically involves questioning the individual and gathering information from a variety of sources including associates, emergency medical personnel, relatives, psychiatric rating scales, health and social care professionals and law enforcement personnel. The mental and physical examination is useful in determining or ruling out other disorders that could be contributing to the psychiatric problems. This book explores all the important aspects of psychiatry in the present day scenario. It aims to understand the clinical perspectives of psychiatry. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Pulmonology is a branch of medicine that specializes in the diseases involving the respiratory tract. It is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs. These respiratory diseases include emphysema, asthma, pneumonia and tuberculosis. There are several clinical procedures that can be used for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases, which includes blood tests, arterial blood gas tests, pulmonary function testing, bronchoscopy, CT scan, chest X-rays, etc. Surgical procedures can also be used to take a sample from inside the lung or chest to assist with the diagnosis. Spirometry is one of the diagnostic methods used to diagnose airflow obstruction. The treatment of pulmonary diseases involves medications which can either be inhaled or taken in oral form. Inhalers are used in the treatment of inflammatory lung conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. This book outlines the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases in detail. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book is appropriate for medical students and professionals seeking detailed information in this area of medicine.

Memory is the ability of the brain to encode, store, and recall data or information when needed. It is the long-term retention of information for the goal of influencing future action. Episodic memory is the memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is a compilation of prior personal experiences that occurred at certain periods and locations. Humans may also recall their exact impressions, feelings and thoughts during a given encounter. Episodic memory comprises a synopsis of sensory-perceptual-conceptual-affective processing. It is able to retain activation/inhibition patterns over a long period of time. The hippocampus which is part of the medial temporal lobe is essential for the formation of new episodic memories. New procedural memories can be developed without the medial temporal lobe, but they are unable to recollect the events that transpired at that time. Such selected concepts that redefine the study of episodic memory have been presented in this book. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like fungi, bacteria and viruses. These diseases can spread through direct contact, such as from one person to another, from animal to person, and from mother to an unborn child. They can also be transmitted indirectly through bug bites, contaminated water or food, and exposure to pathogens in the environment. The most common infectious diseases include influenza, hepatitis, common cold, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), strep throat, vaginal candidiasis and clostridioides difficile. The signs of infectious diseases vary based on the pathogens causing the infections, which may include fatigue, fever, congestion, chills, cough, muscle aches and headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. A weakened immune system as a result of consumption of various medications, or having diseases like HIV and cancer are the risk factors of infectious diseases. The risk of infection can be reduced by washing hands regularly, getting vaccinated, staying back at home during illness, clean and safe preparation of food, and practicing safe sex. This book aims to understand the clinical perspectives of infectious diseases. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective in this area of medicine.

Clinical pharmacology is a medical discipline concerned with the study of drugs and their effect on humans. It is involved in the understanding of drug interaction, therapeutic efficacy and safety in humans. It is a translational discipline underpinned by science of pharmacology, which is involved in the observational and experimental assessment of effects and disposition of drugs in humans. The fundamental goal of clinical pharmacology is to produce data for optimum utilization of drugs. There are various branches that fall under the domain of clinical pharmacology. These include pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, rational prescribing, toxicology, drug interactions, drug development, molecular pharmacology and pharmacogenomics. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of clinical pharmacology which will be crucial for the progress of this field in the future. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field of study. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Age is a natural process of gradual change that begins in early adulthood, including physical and mental changes. Many body functions start to deteriorate gradually after the early middle age. Physiology, heredity, lifestyle, senescence, biology and other factors have an impact on the aging process. Cataracts and refractive errors, osteoarthritis, depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia as well as neck and back pain are common conditions that are related with aging. Some people are more prone to have multiple diseases at once as they get older. Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, cancer, and type 2 diabetes are a few more examples of aging-related diseases. These diseases rise exponentially with age. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of aging. It covers in detail some existent and innovative concepts revolving around this domain. The extensive content of this book provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Brain aging is a complex natural process characterized by the aging of brain proteins and acquisition of toxicity. It begins early in life and escalates with age. Brain protein aging includes a broad range of processes of protein modifications such as phosphorylation, protein structural changes, glycation, methylation, protein-protein and protein-RNA interaction, common and rare variant transition, and the gain of toxic function. Brain aging gradually leads to neurodegeneration and memory loss. Dementia refers to a group of conditions characterized by impairment of at least two brain functions, such as memory loss and judgment. Studies have shown that dementia is not a part of biological aging. This book contains some path-breaking research studies on brain aging. It aims to help develop a better understanding of the relationship between aging and dementia. Researchers and students actively engaged in this area of study will find this book extremely helpful.

Global health is an area of study, research, and practice that focuses on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people around the world. The objectives of global health include improving worldwide health, reducing disparities, and protecting global threats that overlook national borders. It consists of various perspectives that emphasize the factors and administration of health in international contexts. Medicine, epidemiology, demography, economics, and other social sciences such as sociology, development studies, psychology, anthropology, cultural studies and law, can help in recognizing the determinants of health in societies. Technology plays a major role in the advancement of healthcare and medicine. Digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), healthcare trackers, wearables, sensors, telehealth, and telemedicine, etc. are now being used increasingly to make the healthcare systems cheaper, faster, and more effective in managing diseases. The topics included in this book on global health and health technology are of utmost significance and will provide incredible insights to the readers. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Glomerulopathies, also known as glomerular diseases, refer to a set of diseases that are caused as a result of damage to glomeruli, which are microscopic blood vessels in the kidneys that filter blood. Damaged glomeruli may lead to an imbalance of protein, waste, acids and other substances in the blood. The major symptoms of glomerular diseases include albuminuria, hematuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate, hypoproteinemia and edema. There can be multiple causes of glomerular diseases such as infections, drugs toxic to the kidneys, diabetes or lupus. The diagnosis of glomerular diseases requires blood tests and urine analysis. Glomerulopathies can result in various medical complications like nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure (sudden loss of kidney function), and chronic kidney failure. Treatment of glomerular diseases involves the use of blood pressure medicines such as ACE (angiotensin-converting enzymes) inhibitors that protect blood flow into the kidneys, steroids such as prednisone, and some other immune system-suppressing drugs. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the recent studies on glomerulopathies. It explores their causes, pathology and treatment. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Gastrointestinal surgery is a surgical method used for the treatment of diseases associated with the digestive system. The parts of the body involved in digestion are stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and rectum. There are several gastrointestinal conditions, like appendicitis, diverticular disease, gallbladder disease, hernia, inflammatory bowel disease and rectal prolapse, which can be treated through gastrointestinal (GI) surgery. This surgery can be either open GI surgery or minimally invasive surgery, depending on the health condition of the patient. Minimally invasive surgery involves smaller incisions and camera to view inside the body. Nephrectomy, foregut surgery, adrenalectomy and splenectomy are some common types of minimally invasive GI procedures. Open GI procedures such as abdominal surgery, Nissen fundoplication and Whipple procedure are performed with larger incisions, which leads to larger scars, more pain and takes a longer time for recovery. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to gastrointestinal surgery. Medical professionals and students actively engaged in this field will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The gastrointestinal tract is a passage way containing major organs of the digestive system from mouth to anus. The digestive system in humans comprises the gastrointestinal tract along with the accessory organs including the gallbladder, pancreas, salivary glands, liver and tongue. One of the significant diseases associated with gastrointestinal tract is the liver disease. Upset stomach and nausea are signs of liver disease. As the ability of the liver to take out the toxins decreases; it increases the digestive distress. Liver disorders can be genetic or caused due to viral infections, alcohol use and even obesity. Primary cancers of the gastrointestinal tract can eventually metastasize and cause secondary lesions or liver malignancies. One of the significant mechanisms that cause liver diseases is DNA damage. Diagnostic tests like liver function test, which are a group of blood tests, can be used to examine the proper functioning of liver. This book unravels the recent studies on gastrointestinal tract and liver diseases. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the diagnosis, mechanisms and treatment of these diseases. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

Mental illness refers to a mental or behavioral pattern which causes significant interference with the functioning of a person. The behavioral patterns can be remitting, relapsing or persistent, and can occur in isolated episodes. Glial cells are important for proper functioning of neurons and dysfunction in glial cells can result in various mental illnesses, like psychiatric disorders, autism, glioblastoma and multiple sclerosis. They do not produce electrical impulses and are found in the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. They help homeostasis, produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system, while providing protection and support to the neurons. Glial cells comprise ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes in the central nervous system. They are made up of satellite cells and schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. This book strives to provide a fair idea about glial neurobiology in mental illness and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances in their clinical management. Those with an interest in this field would find it helpful.

The method and practice of functional and structural imaging of the interior of a body for the purpose of clinical examination and subsequent medical intervention is referred to as medical imaging. Medical imaging techniques help in creating visual representation of the structure and function of different body parts, organs or tissues. They have proved to be extremely beneficial in diagnosing and curing diseases. They also help in creating a normal anatomy and physiology database, allowing the detection of abnormalities. In medical imaging, two types of radiographic images are used: projection radiography and fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopy, like radiography, produces real-time images of internal body structures, but it uses a steady input of X-rays at a lower dose rate. X-rays, or projectional radiographs, are often used to diagnose the kind and extent of a fracture as well as to detect pathological changes in the lungs. X-rays can be used to visualize the structure of the stomach and intestines, which is helpful in diagnosing ulcers and some types of colon cancer. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of medical imaging systems. For someone with an interest and eye for detailed research, this book covers the most significant topics in this field.

A disease caused by fungus is called fungal infection or mycosis. Fungal infections are divided into three categories depending on the part of body they affect. They are classified as superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections are benign infections which affect the skin, scalp and nails. They are caused by dermatophytes or Candida albicans. Subcutaneous infections such as eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis target the tissues in and under the skin. Systemic fungal infections are more fatal and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis, and mucormycosis. These fungal infections can be caused by fungi such as yeasts, molds, and fungi that can be both a mold and yeast. The line of treatment is based on the nature of the fungal infection, and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines. Prevention of fungal infections involves wearing clean clothes and practicing good hygiene. This book, with its detailed analyses and data, will prove immensely beneficial to researchers and students involved in the study of fungal diseases. It is a collective contribution of a renowned group of international experts. This book strives to provide a fair idea about the fungal infections as well as their prevention.

Surgery is an important treatment option for cancer patients. Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) of cancer is an intraoperative medical technique that produces real time fluorescence image of the surgical region which helps the surgeons in performing the surgical procedure. Till now, various types of cancers such as head and neck cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, esophagus cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, and melanoma have been treated with the help of FGS. Conventional imaging techniques such as CT and MRI are expensive and difficult and cannot be used at the time of surgery. On the other hand, FGS provides real-time imaging during surgery and it is less costly and easier to use. It is significant to achieve a negative tumor margin for a successful cancer resection as the presence of residual tumor cells after surgery may cause tumor recurrence that leads to poor prognosis. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of fluorescence-guided surgery of cancer. It aims to present researches that have transformed this discipline and have aided in its advancement. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Food addiction refers to compulsive overeating, where a person engages in frequent episodes of uncontrolled eating. Food disorders are associated with persistent behaviors of eating which affect the individual's health, their emotions and capability to function in their life. Binge eating is a food disorder characterized by a loss of control over eating. It is one of the most common chronic illnesses among adolescents. Individuals suffering from this disorder eat unusually large amount of food in relatively short periods of time. Some common symptoms of binge eating are feelings of distress, such as shame, disgust, or guilt. Purging behaviors, such as calorie restriction, vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative or diuretic use are some other symptoms. There are several medical complications associated with binge eating disorders, including heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, severe dehydration and constipation. It can be treated with the help of nutritional assistance and medication. This book explores the challenges and concerns of food addiction and disorders. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by it.

A surgical process that involves the heart or the blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart is called cardiovascular surgery or cardiac surgery. This form of surgery is used for treating complex diseases such as ischemic heart disease, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, etc. There are various types of cardiac surgeries including open-heart surgery, heart transplant, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and minimally invasive surgery. Advancements in cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques have remarkably lowered the mortality rates of these procedures. Neurological damage is one of the major concerns associated with cardiac surgery. Another complication related to cardiopulmonary bypass is postperfusion syndrome. Postoperative pulmonary complications such as pneumonia and atelectasis can be reduced by non-pharmacological approaches. Preventive approaches such as preoperative physical therapy and avoidance of smoking can reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation. This book will be of immense help as a guiding source for students and surgeons in the sphere of cardiac surgery. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Contraception is a method of preventing pregnancy. It generally prevents the egg and sperm from fusing together, which results in pregnancy. Vaginal rings, female and male sterilization, oral contraceptive pills, intra uterine devices (IUDs), injectables, lactational amenorrhea techniques, and implants are the most common forms of contraception. These techniques work through various mechanisms and are successful in preventing an unwanted pregnancy. Condoms are the only contraceptive method that can stop a pregnancy, as well as the spread of sexually transmitted infections such as HIV. Females have a number of choices for birth control, which range from intrauterine devices and patches to pills, while males have only two effective birth control methods, namely, vasectomy and condoms. This book explores all the important aspects of female and male contraception. It consists of contributions made by international experts. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.