Bøger udgivet af American Medical Publishers

Neuropharmacology is the study of the manner in which medications alter the cellular function in the nervous system, and the neurological mechanisms by which they influence behavior. Behavioral neuropharmacology and molecular neuropharmacology are the two main branches of neuropharmacology. The study of the impact of drugs on human behavior is the focus of behavioral neuropharmacology. It also studies how drug dependency and addiction affect the human brain. The study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions is known as molecular neuropharmacology. It aims to discover the medications that improve brain function. Both these branches of neuropharmacology deal with the interplay of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, neurohormones, neuromodulators, enzymes, second messengers, co-transporters, ion channels and receptor proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Various researches are being conducted for studying these interactions with an aim to develop medications to treat various neurological problems, including pain, neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders and addiction. This book consists of contributions made by international experts. The various advancements in neuropharmacology along with their applications have also been explained in detail within this book. It will serve as an excellent reference for a broad spectrum of readers.

The branch of medical science which deals with the study of the function of the nervous system as well as its measurement and evaluation is known as neurophysiology. It lies at the intersection of neuroscience and physiology. It involves analysis of the functional properties of neurons, glia, and networks. Clinical neurophysiology focuses on the study of the central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectrical activity. Some of the areas of study within this field are epilepsy, developmental clinical neurophysiology, psychophysiology and psychopathology, and motor control and movement disorders. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the field of neurophysiology. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and clinical applications of this area of study. Students, researchers, and medical experts associated with neurology will benefit alike from this book

The cells within the brain and the nervous system, which are responsible for receiving sensory information from the outside world and sending motor commands to the muscles, are known as neurons. They comprise of a cell body, an axon and dendrites. The process of signaling between the neurons is both electrical and chemical in nature. Neurons are electrically excitable and can communicate with other cells through connections known as synapses. There are also voltage gradients across their membranes. These allow them to generate an electrochemical pulse if the voltage changes significantly over a short interval. These electrochemical pulses are known as action potential. They are broadly categorized into sodium-based action potentials and calcium-based action potentials. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of neurology and neuroscience. It is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex researches on neuronal signaling. This book will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Neuroimaging is a branch of medical imaging that employs imaging technology to investigate the anatomy and function of the nervous system in a non-invasive manner. With the help of neuroimaging, the doctors and researchers can explore how the CNS, more specifically, the brain function is affected in states of health and disease. Conditions such as stroke and head injury may affect the normal brain functions related to cognition and information processing. Neuroimaging studies two major aspects of the brain. First, neuroimaging studies how the brain and the brain network works. Second, neuroimaging studies how different activities affect the brain. The essential tasks for neuroimaging are the refinement of preoperative differential diagnosis, precise anatomical localization for operational planning, detection of response to therapy, detection of tumor development, and recognition of treatment-related adverse effects. Major neuroimaging techniques include, computed tomography scan (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography scan (PET), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This book discusses the fundamentals as well as the recent developments in the field of neuroimaging. It presents researches and studies on brain networks and connectivity performed by experts across the globe. This book is a resource guide for experts as well as students.

The diseases of the central or peripheral nervous system are called neurological disorders. These disorders include epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and other dementias. Cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke, migraine, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, etc. are also considered as neurological diseases. A biomarker or biological marker is a cell, tissue, or body fluid cell that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a pharmacological response to a normal biological process, pathogenic process, or therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers characterize the progression of the disease from the earliest natural signs of the disease. Biomarkers assess the disease susceptibility and severity enabling prediction of outcomes, deciding interventions, and assessing the therapeutic responses. Based on clinical applications, biomarkers can be categorized as molecular biomarkers, cellular biomarkers, or imaging biomarkers. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of biomarkers. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe on the topic in detail. It attempts to assist those with a goal of furthering their studies in the field of biomarkers and biomarker development.

Neurological diseases are the diseases of the nervous system, which are caused due to electrical, structural and biochemical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other nerves. Neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases are major types of neurological diseases, which are related with high morbidity and mortality. The progressive loss of structure or function of neurons is the primary cause of a neurodegenerative disease and this process is known as neurodegeneration. Cerebrovascular diseases are a range of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and cerebral circulation. The diagnosis of neurological disorders is a difficult process since the symptoms generally overlap between multiple disorders. Diagnosing a particular neurological condition involves a study of the medical history of the family, physical examination and imaging tests. Medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, along with supportive and rehabilitative therapies can be used to treat neurological disorders. This book presents researches that have transformed the study of neurological disorders. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for those interested in this field.

Neuroimaging refers to the utilization of quantitative methods for the study of the structure and function of the central nervous system. It was developed as a non-invasive method to scientifically investigate the healthy human brain. It is widely being used in quantitative investigations for psychiatric illnesses and brain disorders. Various techniques that are used in neuroimaging include computed axial tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse optical imaging, positron emission tomography, cranial ultrasound. The human brain is a massive, interconnected and complex system. Advanced neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging allow us to investigate the underlying principles of brain structural and functional architectures. It also enables us to study the pathological changes in a variety of brain disorders. Multi-modal neuroimaging techniques could provide a more thorough understanding of the pathomechanism of brain disorders, which facilitates early diagnosis and helps in assessing prognosis and therapeutic effect. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to the characterization of brain disorders. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights in the field of neuroimaging.

Neuroimaging is a specialized field of medical imaging that uses a wide range of structural and functional imaging techniques to study the structure and function of the CNS and the brain. Neurology makes use of quantitative techniques. From large sectional anatomy to the subatomic level, structural neuroimaging encompasses all scales of anatomical imaging. The primary methods for structural neuroimaging are computerized tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Radiology is a medical specialty that involves the use of medical imaging techniques to diagnose and treat diseases. Radiology, unlike neuroimaging, uses qualitative methods based on subjective impressions and substantial clinical training but it does occasionally employ quantitative tools. Functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are standard in neuroimaging but uncommon in radiology. This book discusses the fundamental and modern approaches to neuroimaging. It includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted worldwide on various topics related to neuroimaging and radiology. This book will serve as a source of comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Neuroergonomics is an emerging science that is defined as the study of the human brain and behavior at work. It integrates two scientific disciplines, namely, neuroscience and ergonomics. Neuroscience is concerned with study of the structure and function of the brain while ergonomics deals with understanding the interactions among human and other elements of a system. Ergonomics also focuses on the optimization of this interaction. The objective of combining these two disciplines is to enhance the performance and expand the capabilities at workplace by providing new training methods. Functional neuroimaging, neurostimulation, and psychophysiology are the three principal approaches used in neuroergonomics. Some of the areas of study within this field are working memory, motor control, mental workload, visual attention and human-automation interaction. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neuroergonomics. It brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates a cognitive neuroscience approach to this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying in this field.

Neuroergonomics is an emerging field of study that draws from two fields, namely, neuroscience and ergonomics. Neuroscience is related to the study of human brain's structure and functions whereas ergonomics focuses on the study of people in their working environment, and also deals with the design and arrangement of workplaces to ensure maximum productivity from the employees. Ergonomics endeavors to match technology with the capabilities and limitations of people to ensure that the people are able to work effectively and safely. The purpose of neuroergonomics research is to optimize the understanding of neural mechanisms. Neuroergonomics has primarily two key goals: the first one is to employ existing/emerging knowledge of human performance and brain function to build systems and technologies that are safer and more efficient to operate. The second goal is to expand this understanding of the relationship between brain function and real-world task performance. The aim of combining the aforesaid two fields is to utilize path breaking discoveries about human brain and physiological functioning underlying human perceptual, cognitive, and motor functioning with a focus on real-world contexts. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of neuroergonomics. Through it, an attempt has been made to further enlighten the readers about the new concepts in this field.

Neurodevelopmental disorders refer to a group of disorders which impact the development of the nervous system. It leads to altered brain function that may affect self-control, emotion, memory and learning ability. The effect of these disorders can be seen throughout the person's life. There are various types of neurodevelopmental disorders including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorders, intellectual disabilities (Ids), developmental language disorder (DLD), neurogenetic disorders, autism spectrum differences (ASD), traumatic brain injury and motor disorders. There are several causes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as nutritional factors, genetic and metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, toxic and environmental factors, immune disorders, social deprivation, and physical trauma. The diagnosis of these disorders can be done through examination of specific symptoms and behaviors in a child. These disorders can also be confirmed through genetic testing. This book covers in the detail the evaluation and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. It will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this condition.

Preterm birth refers to a condition when infant baby is born too early, before the completion of 37 weeks of pregnancy. There are four sub-categories of preterm birth which are defined on the basis on gestational age. These categories are extreme preterm, very early preterm, early preterm birth, and late preterm birth. Common causes of preterm birth include multiple pregnancies, infections, and chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. The most frequent and severe type of injury during preterm birth is hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) or perinatal asphyxia. HIE refers to brain damage that occurs due to inadequate supply of oxygen or blood flow in the brain. The common signs and symptoms of HIE are abnormal movements or seizures, weak cry, and organ dysfunction (especially of heart, kidney and liver). The signs of brain damage can be diagnosed using neuroimaging tests, such as through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm birth. With its detailed analyses and data, it will prove immensely beneficial to professionals and students involved in this area at various levels.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels refer to a group of ion channels located on the plasma membrane of animal cell types. These channels play an important role in the regulation of basic cellular processes and have implications in the initiation of various forms of cancer. Various functions are regulated by TRP channels, which include homeostasis, mechanical sensations, cardiovascular regulation, lysosomal function, cell proliferation and growth. Mutations in TRP channels are associated with several diseases like skeletal dysplasia, kidney disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, TRP channels are implicated in neurologic disorders, like lysosomal storage disorder, neuropathic pain, mucolipidosis type IV and cell injury caused due to cerebral ischemia. In the nervous system, TRP channels are responsible for excitotoxic cell death caused due to anoxia, receptor signaling and neurite outgrowth. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex advancements in the study of TRP channels. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within this field. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The diseases which affect neurons and lead to the loss of function or structure within them are known as neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the major examples of these diseases are Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. The mechanisms of these diseases range from epigenetic to genetic and intracellular. There is another class of neurodegenerative diseases known as proteopathies which are caused due to the aggregation of misfolded proteins. The research on the therapeutics for these diseases is still ongoing as no cure has been found yet. There are similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, which suggests that the development of a cure for a particular disease will be beneficial to people suffering from other neurodegenerative diseases. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, comprising neurobiological and therapeutic studies on neurodegenerative diseases. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Network pharmacology reveals pharmacological mechanisms of drugs for outlining the development and discovery of drugs along with clinical treatment. It combines clinical, experimental and computational investigation, while creating favorable conditions for investigating the features of traditional medicine. The aim of network pharmacology is to reveal and reflect on the biological foundations of various complex diseases and effects of drugs by the application of network based understanding. It is useful in drug discovery and development, as it combines system biology and genomic technologies through computational biological tools. It is capable of elucidating complex relations amidst biological systems, diseases and drugs. It emphasizes on systems level modeling of mechanism of drugs, by integrating protein-protein interaction, drug-target interaction along with other type of interactome data. This book explores all the important aspects of network pharmacology in the present day scenario. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. As this field is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers to understand drug discovery and development within network pharmacology.

Epilepsy refers to a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures. Due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, epileptic seizures can range from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking. Physical injuries can occur as a result of these episodes, either directly such as broken bones or through causing accidents. Excessive and abnormal neuronal activity in the cortex of the brain, which may be seen in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of an individual, is the underlying mechanism of epileptic seizures. Epilepsy can be caused by both genetic and acquired factors. Serious brain trauma, stroke, tumors, and brain problems originating from a previous infection are the acquired causes. Epilepsy is normally managed with daily medication, in patients who have suffered a second seizure. However, medication may be taken after the first seizure in patients at high risk for subsequent seizures. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about neurobiology of epilepsy. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of bacterial and parasitic diseases commonly found in various nations in Africa, Asia and Latin America. NTDs are caused by different kinds of pathogens and transmitted by vectors such as mosquitoes and black flies. Some of the common NTDs are schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, mycetoma, onchocerciasis, trachoma, etc. There are several factors such as the lack of accessibility to clean water and hygienic sanitary conditions that contribute to the spread of NTDs. These diseases mainly affect the poor and are a source of tremendous suffering because of their disfiguring, debilitating, and sometimes deadly impact. NTDs also impair physical and cognitive development. This book investigates the neglected tropical diseases and their impact on global health in detail. Its aim is to present researches that have transformed the study of these diseases. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Network pharmacology is an emerging discipline focused on understanding drug interactions and actions within multiple targets. It systematically lists the molecular interactions of a drug that take place in a living cell, by making use of computational techniques. It studies the effect of a drug on the body and the biological system. It comprises chemical properties, sources, biological effects and use of drugs for therapeutics. Bioinformatics, high-throughput histology and system biology are utilized by network pharmacology, which combines information network and pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are the two main branches of pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics is concerned with the supply, absorption, metabolism and excretion of drugs, while pharmacodynamics is related with the physiological, molecular and biochemical effects of drugs. It integrates polypharmacology and network biology, which helps in the identification of drugs and disease targets, simultaneously understanding pathways and mechanisms between them. This book is a compilation of chapters that discuss the most vital concepts in the field of network pharmacology. The topics covered herein offer the readers new insights into this field.

Nanotechnology is a science and engineering discipline that deals with designing, producing, and using structures, devices and systems by manipulating atoms and molecules at the nanoscale. There are several applications of nanotechnology in various sectors, including information technology, security, medicine, transportation, energy, food safety and environmental science. The major objective of the application of nanotechnology in drug delivery is to improve treatments with targeted delivery and fewer side effects. It is generally performed through the usage of designed nanomaterials, as well as forming delivery systems from nanoscale molecules like liposomes. There are various advantages of applying nanotechnology in drug delivery systems, such as providing site-specific targeting in order to reduce the accumulation of drug within healthy tissue. Furthermore, it facilitates effective treatment by retaining the drug for a sufficient time in the body. This book explores the design and applications of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of this field are examined in detail. This book will help new researchers by foregrounding their knowledge in this branch of science.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections that are prevalent in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. These diseases are caused by various types of pathogens that include parasitic worms like helminthes, protozoa, viruses and bacteria. There are several types of NTDs including buruli ulcer, Chagas disease, cysticercosis, dengue fever, echinococcosis, fascioliasis, etc. These diseases are most common in tropical areas, where people do not have access to clean water or safe ways to dispose human waste. There are several preventive measures to control and eradicate NTDs, such as by controlling the vectors like mosquitoes and black flies. Some other highly effective strategies against NTDs are improvements in basic sanitation and hygiene. The topics included in this book on neglected tropical diseases are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. It will explore all the important aspects of these diseases in the present day scenario. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students.

Myopia, often known as near-sightedness or short-sightedness, is a vision disorder in which the image of the object is created in front of the retina rather than on it. As a result, the faraway objects appear hazy, while the close objects appear normal. Common symptoms of myopia include blurred vision when looking at distant objects, headache, eye strain, difficulty in driving (specifically during night hours), etc. It is an inheritable condition, and genome-wide association studies have identified some of the genes that play a role. From a clinical perspective, controlling myopia in children is critical for reducing the burden of pathological myopia when they enter adulthood. The diagnosis of this disorder requires carrying out the initial objective assessment of the refractive status of each eye and it is administered by an optometrist or ophthalmologist. The treatment of this eye condition is usually done with the help of glasses and contact lenses, surgery, LASIK, vision therapy, and eye exercises. This book discusses the diagnosis as well as management of myopia. It will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid advancements in the study of this medical condition.

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. It encompasses everything from medical applications of nanomaterials and biological devices to nanoelectronic biosensors. It also comprises future applications of molecular nanotechnology, such as biological machines. Nanomedicine is being used in both diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles have the potential to assist visualization of blood pooling, ischemia, angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and focal regions of inflammation in cardiovascular imaging. Nanoparticles are particularly useful in medicine because of their small size. They circulate widely throughout the body and enter cells or can be designed to bind to specific cells. Nanotechnology based medical devices like neuro-electronic interfacing allow the computers to link with the nervous system. They build a molecular structure, which allows detection and control of nerve impulses through an external computer. Furthermore, nanomedicine is regarded as a successful technique in drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new studies on nanomedicine. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights into this field.

Nanotechnology refers to the branch of engineering and science, focused on the design, production, and usage of systems, devices and structures through the manipulation of molecules and atoms at the nano scale. It facilitates the production of better products and it has applications in medicine for combating various diseases. The capability to manipulate systems at the atomic level enables the production of nanomaterials. They can be used as probes, sensors, or vehicles for the transportation of biomolecules in biological systems. Implementation of nanotechnology in medicine involves designing mechanisms and technologies so that nanoparticles and nanodevices can interact with the body at sub-cellular or molecular level with extreme precision. Nanotechnology can be used within the field of pharmaceuticals for site specific and target oriented delivery of medicines. It can help in reducing the drug consumption and side effects by specifically targeting the morbid region. This book explores all the important aspects of nanotechnology and its significance in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals in the present day scenario. It elucidates new techniques and their applications in a multidisciplinary manner. This book will help the readers in keeping pace with the rapid changes in this field.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes progressive demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). It is the most common demyelinating disease of the CNS in humans. In this disease the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged. There are several symptoms of this disease, such as double vision, blindness in one eye, muscle weakness, and trouble with sensation or coordination. The causes of multiple sclerosis include dysfunctional immune system, genetics and environmental factors, like viral infections. There are specifically four types of MS, namely, clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Neuroimaging, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, and evoked potentials are the major diagnostic tools that can be used in this disease. Therapy and medications are recommended for the management of this disease. The aim of this book is to present researches that have transformed the study of multiple sclerosis. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Neurorehabilitation or neurological rehabilitation is a complex medical program that is designed for assisting people with diseases, injury or disorders of the nervous system. The aim of neurorehabilitation is to help people recover from nervous system damage and minimize and compensate for any functional change that may occur due to it. It has been observed that neurorehabilitation can help improve neurological functions, reduce symptoms and improve the overall well-being of the patients. Neurological Music Therapy (NMT) is one of the techniques used in neurorehabilitation programs. It is a therapeutic technique that aims to improve people's mental health and overall well-being by utilizing music's innate ability to uplift the mood. Making music, writing songs, singing, dancing, listening to music, and discussing music are examples of this goal-oriented intervention. This type of treatment may be beneficial for people suffering from depression and anxiety, and improve the quality of life for those suffering from physical ailments. Music has the ability to change physiological characteristics in the body such as blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration. This book explores all the essential aspects of using music therapy methods for neurorehabilitation. It will also provide interesting topics for research which interested readers can take up. With state-of-the-art inputs by acclaimed experts of this field, this book targets students and professionals.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a serious disease that worsens over time. The immune system harms the fatty coverings called myelin sheaths that are present around nerve cells in the central nervous system (CNS). This disease affects people differently and can cause problems with their bodies, eyesight, speech, and minds. Various risk factors associated with MS include lack of vitamins in the body, taking too much stress, smoking habits, being sick frequently as a youngster, and genetics of the person. In MS, infiltration of immune cells results in inflammation within the CNS, leading to the loss of the protective insulator known as "demyelination". People with MS frequently experience severe pain and fatigue. They have weak muscles and have difficulty in moving and balancing. Their speech and vision can deteriorate over time. A doctor can assist a person with MS in managing their symptoms once they have been diagnosed. This book brings forth some of the most innovative concepts and elucidates the unexplored aspects of multiple sclerosis. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that causes damage to nerve fibers of the central nervous system (brain and the spinal cord). It can be categorized into four types namely clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Some common symptoms of multiple sclerosis are vision problems, muscle weakness, fatigue, changes in gait, muscle spasms, loss of balance or coordination, etc. As of now, no cure has been found for multiple sclerosis. Some treatments can slow the disease progression and help relieve the symptoms. Its treatment plans include disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), physical rehabilitation, mental health counseling, and relapse management medications. There are some preventive measures such as regular exercise, stress management, healthy food intake, etc. that can improve this condition. This book outlines the symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatments of multiple sclerosis in detail. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the latest concepts in this area of study. This book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students of medicine.

Medical toxicology is a branch of medicine that focuses on toxicity and treatment of poisoning and other harmful effects caused by drugs, occupational and environmental toxins, and biological agents. The drug intake may be unintentional or intentional. It may include overdoses of antidepressants, cardiac medications, addictive agents such as alcohol, and drugs of abuse. Exposure to industrial chemical products and environmental hazards encompass pesticides, heavy metals, household products, toxic gases, toxic alcohol, and other industrial and environmental agents such as radiation exposures. The diagnosis and management of snake, scorpion and spider envenomation, marine toxins, food-borne toxins, and ingestion of toxic plants are all included in medical toxicology. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most recent developments in field of medical toxicology. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the various concepts and applications of this field. Scientists and students actively engaged in the field of medical toxicology will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Virology refers to the study of biological viruses. It is a branch of microbiology that aims to detect, structure, classify and study the evolution of viruses. It focuses on detecting the methods of infection and how host cells are exploited for replication of the viruses. Furthermore, it studies the interaction of viruses with the physiology and immunity of the host. Virology also focuses on identifying diseases caused by viruses, isolation techniques and how they can be utilized in the research for developing appropriate therapies. There are various approaches which can be utilized for detecting viruses, including identification of nucleic acids or antigens, and virus particles along with infectivity assays. Various diagnostic tests are utilized in the laboratories for identification of viruses, such as polymerase chain reaction, which is a nucleic acid amplification method. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of virology. It presents researches that have transformed this discipline and aided its advancement. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists, which will provide innovative insights into this field.

The nervous system consists of all of the nerve cells in the human body. It is responsible for signal transmission between the brain and other organs of the body. It receives information from the senses, interprets it and sets off reactions, such as muscle contraction or feeling pain. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) are the two major components of the nervous system. The CNS is made up of the spinal cord and the brain, while PNS is primarily made up of nerves which are bundles of axons or fibers that link the CNS to every other organ and tissue in the body. The nervous system also comprises glia, which are non-neuron cells and perform significant functions to make the nervous system function properly. This book outlines the molecular mechanisms in the nervous system in detail. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.