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The generative AI is especially powerful in several areas, such as text generation (product description, article writing), image and video generation (AI-generated pictures and videos for marketing industry), and voice and sound generation (for film industry). This book edition covers different topics of generative AI models, including: image generation techniques, video generation techniques, speech / voice generation techniques, and societal and ethical issues of these models.

This book provide highlights on the various terms that are used in mathematics. Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance, and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians engage in pure mathematics (mathematics for its own sake) without having any application in mind, but practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered later.

Over the last 20 or so years, the number, range, and complexity of medical devices available on the market has increased drastically and as a result, so has the complexity of the regulations involved. With new and emerging technologies as well as various well-known incidents within the medical device industry, the current regulatory framework has since been challenged. In fact, many gaps and scarcity of skills and expertise have been identified. For this reason, there was an increasing need to update the current Medical Device Directive (MDD 93/42/EEC) in the European Union, which in turn led to the development and release of the Medical Device Regulation (EU MDR 2017/745). This volume aims to provide an easy-to-understand guide for beginners to the medical device regulations in Europe with specific focus on classification methods. It looks specifically at how to class a medical device based on the risk associated with it as well the details around the European Classification Systems provided in the MEDDEV 2.4/1. This volume also delves into the detail around defining borderline medical devices and how they are classified according to the Manual on Borderline and Classification in the Community Regulatory Framework for Medical Devices as published by the European Commission.

The medical device sector is growing fast. Every day new technology which is both complex and smart are being added to the industry. Ensuring safe and effective use of medical devices for patients and users of the device itself is a crucial responsibility for manufacturers. When designing and manufacturing medical devices, safety, and efficacy should be of utmost importance. A manufacturer should never compromise on the clinical safety requirements of its users, patients or any other persons involved. Generally, the design of a medical device is regulated by the essential principles (EP) of safety and performance. What this means is that if a device is designed to relieve pain, the manufacturer must be able to clinically prove that the device can in fact relieve pain. Often this poses a great deal of challenges to manufacturers; however, building in appropriate safety and risk management functions across a devices lifecycle is imperative if they wish to reduce the risk of post-market problems. This volume aims to provide an overview of the harmonized essential principles that must be achieved in the design and development of medical devices. It provides an in-depth explanation of the relevant medical device regulations in Europe with a specific focus on the safety and performance requirements for medical devices.

It is estimated that there are over 10 000 different medical devices available on the market today. These devices have become an integral part of health care and a vital component of the various activities carried out by health-care providers to treat people with varying medical conditions all around the world. Regulatory requirements for such devices differ from country to country all around the world which in turn make it difficult for manufacturers to obtain all round market approval for their products. While market approval from regulatory authorities can easily be obtained if a manufacturer can prove the device meets national regulatory guidelines; differences in regulatory requirements between different countries means that a manufacturers registration process becomes more complex and ultimately may require additional resources or information.This volume aims to provide a basic roadmap to beginners into the medical device industry. It provides a simplistic overview of the vast history behind much of the regulations and medical technology governing the field today as well as the need and importance of associated medical device regulations and essential principles governing safe and effective manufacture and use of these devices.

This book explains various key concepts and terms that are important in the context of physics. Physics is the branch of science that deals with the structure of matter and how the fundamental constituents of the universe interact. It studies objects ranging from the very small using quantum mechanics to the entire universe using general relativity.

This book emphasizes on various key terms that play a significant role in the field of chemistry. Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds composed of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances.

This book explains numerous key terms that are related to Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition and machine vision.

The book provides an overview of the virtual reality, along with various virtual reality systems. This book also explains the basic concepts of visual, acoustic, and haptic modality in virtual reality. It oulines the differences between Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, with their benefits and applications. In addition to this, this book also highlights the importance of virutal reality in the coming future.

The production of electricity using the power of hydro and thermal energies presents a sustainable and renewable energy production technology. Hydropower is a mature technology, used in over 160 countries globally, where the kinetic energy of falling water is converted to electricity in hydropower plants. This book, divided into eight chapters, provides the reader with information on fundamental concepts and terminologies of the hydropower technologies. Each chapter can be read as stand-alone comprehensive content to gain knowledge on a particular area of relevance or interest. Readers are presented with a concise compilation of the best current knowledge on the types, mechanics and sustainability in the planning, management, and operations of hydropower technologies.

This book delivers a detailed overview of the essentials of cold and ultracold chemistry for advanced graduate students. Beginning with descriptions of cold and ultracold temperatures in chemistry, the chapters of the book then take the students through the fundamentals of scattering theory, light-matter interaction, reaction dynamics and interactions of cold molecules and atoms. The author focusses on the fruitfulness of the topic while inspiring readers to comprehend the basics of these fascinating reactions and their underlying interactions. This book essentially includes the material which was formerly available in special review articles. This book offers readers, working in the arenas of ultracold gases, physical chemistry and chemical physics, the tools they require to submerge themselves in the world of cold and ultracold chemistry. This book unlocks the exhilarating chemical laws governing chemistry at a low temperature.

The book introduces Natural Products in the most comprehensive and practical manner. Ranging from the historical development to modern preparation, synthesis and application, this book presents a detailed account of the nature of natural products, its classification as well as the major categories of compounds in natural products, and the processes employed to obtain the natural product itself, the active ingredient or the specific bioactive material. These processes included but is not to limited isolation, extraction, fractionation, structure elucidation and determination of pharmacological characteristics and its interaction with other compounds. The chapters are carefully crafted to serve as a quick reference for Natural Products. This book will be beneficial to both students and academicians from diverse scientific fields including chemistry, biology, and allied biomedicine disciplines as well as to those with industrial background such as environmentalists, engineers and manufacturing practitioners in the government and private institutions.

By using chemical information and procedures, biochemists can understand and solve biological problems. It helps us understand the chemical aspects of biological processes such as digestion, hormonal action, and muscle contraction-relaxation. This book has covered a range of syllabus and the student has an easy way to go through this book content. The book Biochemistry has been written to serve as a guide book for undergraduate, postgraduate and research scholars of different universities in the world. The chapters have been so arranged to give a sequential knowledge of the introductory biological chemistry, biophysical chemistry, cell biology and genetics, biostatistics and computers and molecular biology and genetic engineering in this book with practical approaches.

The handbook of dietary phytochemicals explains the significance and types of phytochemicals. This book also outlines the various sources of antioxidants and their role in disease prevention. It highlights the complex chemistry and classifications of dietary phytochemicals, along with the pharmacology of phytochemicals. It explains the concept of antimicrobial and antiviral properties of phytochemicals. This book addresses the role of dietary pohytochemicals in health and nutrition.

This era of information technology has a distinctive features of enormous amount of data being produced and stored by all forms human activities. Computers are used to store a huge portion of this database called computer databases, making the data accessible by the computer technology. However, enormous amount of data creates a problem of extraction of valuable knowledge from the database. This books gives a secure method of data mining techniques taking into account the privacy and security of the data. Even in the disturbed environment, this approach can keep up the validity and authenticity of the data to produce the data after computation.

In this 21st century era, people tend to find another space for improving everything, including technology. This includes the possibility of reaching out more using routers and gadgets. Even businesses and mode of transportation involves a high demand on using a WMN or Wireless Mesh Network. WMN which is commonly known as one of the primary technology nowadays. This also helps in terms of understanding the network connectivity at any time, at a low cost. In Wireless Mesh Network, there are two kinds of a technique used, the Mesh Nodes and Mesh Clients. This two are known to be the backbone, the bridge, the way of reaching out for connectivity. One key challenge in adopting wireless mesh networking is the capacity of effective throughout that can be offered to the clients. Due to the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, signals transmitted from different devices over the same channel will result in a probable connection loss. Despite the probability of problems that may occur, the WMN is starting to grow its volume into a larger scale of communication. This book is a significant platform to discuss its future competencies and proficiencies in the communication of a greater ecosystem using Wireless Mesh Network.

New and emerging technologies as well as various well-known incidents within the medical device industry have challenged the current framework, highlighted gaps and pointed to a certain scarcity of skills and expertise. For this reason, there was increasing need to update the European Medical Device Directives. This has since led to the development and release of the Medical Device Regulation (MDR 2017/745) which has now put stricter regulatory controls on the entire product life cycle. Both the EU Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) and In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation (IVDR) contain a complete section on economic operators for medical devices. Although the manufacturer is ultimately responsible for ensuring their medical device is compliant with the relevant legislation, the various defined economic operators within the Regulation, now have a part to play in ensuring the safety and performance of the device throughout the supply chain. This new policy of sharing compliance is an important component of the MDR2017/745 with each economic operator serving as a control on the other, causing each device to receive a number of checks throughout the process before it is brought to market. In addition to this, it also allows for any compliance issues emerging from any one of the economic operators to have a direct legal implication on the other. Changes brought about by the MDR2017/745 in Europe require not only manufacturers but all defined economic operators to take a proactive, multilevel and multidisciplinary approach when it comes to ensuring safe and effective devices are placed on the market. This volume looks at each Economic Operator in greater details with their relevant responsibilities.

This book offers a convenient approach for readers to comprehend the key separation processes (e.g., distillation, solvent extraction, absorption, membrane processes, etc.) using a reader-friendly writing style. Various separation technologies have emerged as promising candidates to fight the water crisis and poor sanitation. Although there are many books that discuss different separation technologies but this book contains latest and comprehensive overview of the contemporary separation techniques. Different chapters of the book provide a unique information that focusses on the rising importance of the separation techniques. The conventional separation processes include distillation, adsorption, absorption, filtration, chromatography, etc. These separation technologies have been in practice for decades and their pertinent methodologies are being upgraded regularly. On the contrary, novel separation technologies such as membrane processes, super critical fluid extraction and membrane bioreactors are getting reputation in modern plants. This book is predominantly designed to highlight these innovative separation technologies. Students, researchers, industrialist, and professors from the fields of chemical engineering, membrane engineering, and environmental engineering can benefit from the book. This book is also equally beneficial for people from multi-disciplinary backgrounds who want to equip themselves with fundamentals of separation processes.

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in science, make decisions based on data, and make predictions. This book has been prepared for students that they have acquired or gain fair knowledge of statistics and easy presentation of simple language has written for proper understand each and every topic. The chapters have been so arranged to give a sequential knowledge of the introduction of statistics, etc., in this book with practical approaches. This book would serve not only for undergraduate but post-graduate students of biotechnology, MSc, BSc in Environment, Bioinformatics, and Agriculture, all life science students, BCom, MCom, B.A, M.A, MPhil, and also research scholar of various universities.

This is a novel handbook on pollution control in oil and gas industry that encompasses hundreds of multidisciplinary topics. However, the book is profoundly slanted towards management and pollution control in oil and gas industries. Multi-media contamination technologies are also covered in this book which contain detailed explanation of three different kinds of pollution, e.g., air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution. This book is divided into eight chapters. Initial four chapters introduce the audience with fundamental concepts of oil and gas pollution and its impacts. While last four chapters deal with pollution control mechanism. This book essentially covers the necessary requirements for soil, water and air pollution controls in oil and gas industries, petrochemical plants, oil terminals, chemical plants, and interrelated facilities. This book has been organized to help environmental scientists and oil and gas engineers as a hands-on reference for dealing with practices and technologies of pollution control. The details pertaining to all three kinds of environmental pollutions and their control strategies are exquisitely illustrated in this manuscript.

This book is mainly intended for undergraduate students of materials engineering and electrical engineering. However, the book is also beneficial for graduate students from various multidisciplinary areas including chemistry, physics, materials engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biology and, and bioengineering. Researchers and scientists in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnology can also use the book for constructing the background essential to comprehend the fundamentals of nanomaterials. The world is rapidly moving towards technological evolution since the start of 21st century. Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the world due to its unique and extraordinary applications in almost every area of human activity. The advent of nanotechnology has resulted in the shrinkage of chips and electrical circuits from giant structures to the size of our finger nails. We can store data up to 1 tera-byte in a storage device. The smart watches are performing the tasks as a mini-computer. On the other hand, the development of smart-phone technology has completely revolutionized the world. The applications of nanotechnology in medicine and medical devices have resulted in efficient disease detection and higher cure rates. The use of nanomaterials in electronic sensors and solar cells is also getting great attention now-a-days. There are numerous other applications of nanomaterials in various sectors of materials development which are paving a way towards a nano-age. This introductory book on nanomaterials particularly addresses the necessities of engineers and scientists who require the basic knowledge about nanoscience and nanotechnology, without indulging into the minor scientific details.

Graphene is considered to be the pioneer two-dimensional material with an immense potential of research and industrial growth. It constitutes the foundation for novel electronic applications of nanomaterials. Successful segregation of single-layered graphene has instigated a lot of curiosity in unraveling the prospects of its use in synthesis of various electronic and electrical devices, predominantly because of its remarkable electronic characteristics. This book primarily focuses on practical uses of graphene determined by its unique characteristics. The mechanisms of thermal and electric transport in graphene, quantum dots, interface phenomena, non-equilibrium states, dissipation, and scattering are thoroughly discussed in the book. Detailed evaluations and comparisons between theoretical and experimental aspects of graphene based materials are illustrated with a range of practical examples. This book also emphases on carbon based nanomaterials (graphene) as novel materials for applications in modern electrical and electronic devices. The growth and applications of novel graphene technology are also discussed in the book. As new materials and new devices, nano-graphene materials are estimated to be pioneer materials that would surpass the conventional materials in terms of performance as well as cost. This book familiarizes the audience with latest accomplishments of graphene devices, and technological growth. The book is mainly focused at a broad range of audiences ranging from undergraduate students and doctoral fellows to industrial engineers and researchers. However, this book can be used specifically by materials scientists, chemists and physicists to expand their knowledge about synthesis, characterization and applications of graphene based materials.

Deep-learning and machine-learning have gained a significant importance in the last few years. New inventions and discoveries are taking place every day to exploit the concepts of machine-learning technique. The aim of this book is to present the fundamentals of machine-learning with an emphasis on deep-learning, neural networks and physical aspects of machine learning.Design of materials and molecules with desired features is an essential prerequisite for progressing technology in our contemporary societies. This necessitates both the capability to compute precise microscopic characteristics, such as forces, energies and efficient selection of potential energy faces, to attain corresponding macroscopic features. Tools required to achieve the above mentioned goals can be extracted from quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and classical physics, respectively. To overcome the challenge of technology integration, significant efforts are being made to speed up quantum physical simulations with the help of machine learning. This evolving interdisciplinary community consists of material scientists, chemists, physicists, computer scientists and mathematicians, coming together to contribute to the exciting field of machine learning and artificial intelligence.This book can be used as a reference material for acquiring fundamentals of machine learning from a physicists perspective. Moreover, people from all backgrounds can benefit from this introductory book on Machine Learning.

The book addresses fundamental conceptions in quantum mechanics. Its point of view goes from the classical to the quantum and back, taking the reader into a constant reviewing of the formulations, interpretations, and common misinterpretations in quantum physics. It has a good emphasis in the experimental grounds of the origins of quantum physics. The ontological and epistemological discussion related to quantum mechanics interpretations follow some of the recent approaches, giving a fresh review of the current state in the field.

This book covers some introductory steps in biostatistics using R programming language. Biostatistics is the branch of statistics that applies statistical methods to medical and biological problems. Biostatistics has become more important recently for studying the great amount of data that is produced from census data, genome sequencing, gene expression data, medical bioinformatics, and medical imaging data. With the help of R programming, statistical analysis, data cleaning, data visualization, and machine learning has become a relatively easy tasks for these huge datasets. R is now considered the centerpiece language for doing all these data science skills because it has many useful packages that not only can perform all these tasks, but also, has additional packages that were specifically designed for several statistical tasks related to biology and medical data. In addition, many scientific journals require the data analysis R scripts to ensure reproducibility of the submitted results. The first chapter of this book introduces many statistical concepts used in scientific research like study designs, sample, and population, and data types. Chapters 2, 4, and 5 cover the three main data types which are continuous data, categorical data, and time to event data. Chapter 3 discusses the popular continuous distribution that is the normal distribution along with its application to sample data. Chapter 6 is about the sampling distribution of different sample estimates along with a discussion of the famous central limit theorem (CLT). Chapters 7 and 8 are involved in confidence interval (CI) calculations, and Chapters 911 discuss several types of statistical tests like t-test, ANOVA, Chi-square, log-rank, etc. Finally, Chapters 1214 deal with different regression types; linear regression for continuous outcomes, logistic regression for binary outcomes, and Cox regression for time to event outcomes. In all these chapters, many examples from many scientific journal articles or built in data sets along with different codes and outputs are given to help your understanding of these numerous statistical concepts. I hope this book will be a great addition to your future biostatistical projects.

This book covers some introductory steps in using R programming language as a data science tool. The data science field has evolved so much recently with incredible quantities of generated data. To extract value from those data, one needs to be trained in the proper data science skills like statistical analysis, data cleaning, data visualization, and machine learning. R is now considered the centerpiece language for doing all these data science skills because it has many useful packages that not only can perform all the previous skills, but also, has additional packages that was developed by different scientists in diverse fields. These fields include, but are not limited to, business, marketing, microbiology, social science, geography, genomics, environmental science, etc. Furthermore, R is free software and can run on all major platforms: Windows, Mac Os, and UNIX/Linux. The first two chapters involve installing and using R and RStudio. RStudio is an IDE (integrated development environment) that makes R easier to use and is more similar to SPSS or Stata. Chapters 38 covers the different R objects and how to manipulate them including the very popular one, dataframes. Chapter 9 is about importing different files into your R working session like text or excel files. Chapters 10 and 11 are dealing with different tidyverse packages that can do interesting summaries of different dataframes including different types of data visualizations. In the last chapter, it introduces how functions are created in R along with some control structures and useful functions. In all these chapters, many examples along with different codes and outputs are given to help your understanding of this powerful programming language. I hope this book will be great addition to your future data analysis projects.

"The book ""Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronics"" provides a thorough analysis of the topic and illustrated examples of organic semiconductors in various applications. Organic semiconductors, which are composed of polymers or -bonded molecules, may conduct when charge carriers are inserted into them. The backbone of the polymeric chain containing the conjugated system of bonds enables charge transfer through the polymer chain.This textbook offers the teachers, researchers, and students an easy and thorough explanation of the principles, guidelines, and, particularly, the complicated instrumentation techniques used in optoelectronics. It discusses some recent advances in the study of the optoelectronic properties of organic semiconductors while also summarizing the fundamental ideas. Examples and applications of electronic and optoelectronic organic materials are also discussed in the book. This handbook thoroughly covers different aspects of organic semiconductors present today. Even a reader with no prior knowledge should be able to grasp the fundamental concepts of organic semiconductors after reading this book.

This book covers different topics from data analysis and information processing, including data analytics methods, big data methods, data mining methods, and information processing methods. Section 1 focuses on data analytics methods, describing data analytics in mental healthcare, a case study on data analytics and machine learning accuracy, a survey from a big data perspective on data modeling and data analytics, big data analytics for business intelligence in accounting and audit, and a knowledge-based approach on big data analytics in immunology. Section 2 focuses on big data methods, describing an integrated real-time big data stream sentiment analysis service, the influence of big data analytics in the industry, big data usage in the marketing information systems, a review of big data for organizations, and an application research of big data technology in audit field. Section 3 focuses on data mining methods, describing a short review of classification algorithms accuracy for data prediction in data mining applications, different data mining approaches based on medical text data, the benefits and challenges of data mining in electronic commerce, and a research study on realization of petrophysical data mining based on big data technology. Section 4 focuses on information processing methods, describing application of spatial digital information fusion technology in information processing of national traditional sports, effects of quality and quantity of information processing on design coordination performance, a neural network optimization method and its application in information processing, and information processing features that can detect behavioral regimes of dynamical systems.

Introduction to Proteomics presents an overview of proteomics, including a discussion of the field's fundamental ideas, how to use various technologies and instruments, and examples of applications in human health and illness. This textbook provides new students and researchers with an easy-to-grasp, comprehensive review and knowledge of the concepts, guidelines, and especially the difficult instrumentation procedures in proteomics.

Introduction to Enzymology provides an overview of enzymes, including a description of the field's essential concepts, how to use various technologies and equipment, and examples of applications in human health and disease. This textbook presents new students and researchers with an easy-to-understand, complete overview and understanding of proteomics ideas, guidelines, and, in particular, complex instrumentation techniques.