Bøger udgivet af Birkhauser Boston

Goals of the Book Overthelast thirty yearsthere has been arevolutionindiagnostic radiology as a result oftheemergenceofcomputerized tomography (CT), which is the process of obtaining the density distribution within the human body from multiple x-ray projections. Since an enormous variety of possible density values may occur in the body, a large number of projections are necessary to ensure the accurate reconstruction oftheir distribution. There are other situations in which we desire to reconstruct an object from its projections, but in which we know that the object to be recon- structed has only a small number of possible values. For example, a large fraction of objects scanned in industrial CT (for the purpose of nonde- structive testing or reverse engineering) are made of a single material and so the ideal reconstruction should contain only two values: zero for air and the value associated with the material composing the object. Similar as- sumptions may even be made for some specific medical applications; for example, in angiography ofthe heart chambers the value is either zero (in- dicating the absence of dye) or the value associated with the dye in the chamber. Another example arises in the electron microscopy of biological macromolecules, where we may assume that the object to be reconstructed is composed of ice, protein, and RNA. One can also apply electron mi- croscopy to determine the presenceor absence ofatoms in crystallinestruc- tures, which is again a two-valued situation.

¿The authors have backgrounds which are ideally suited for writing this book. ...They have produced a compact, moderately general book which encompasses many fluid models of current interest¿The book is written very clearly and contains a large number of exercises and their solutions. The level of mathematics is that commonly taught to undergraduates in mathematics departments. This is an excellent book which is highly recommended to students and researchers in fluid mechanics.¿ (Mathematical Reviews)¿The writing style is quintessential Truesdellania: purely mathematical, breathtaking, irrepressible, irreverent, uncompromising, taking no prisoners...The book is filled with historical nuggets¿Its pure, exact mathematics will baptize, enlighten and exhilarate.¿ (Applied Mechanics Review)¿The most positive aspect of this book is its brevity; a large number of topics are covered within the space of a little more than 250 pages.¿ (Current Science)¿This advanced monograph presents one of the best new views on the subject for those who like relative simplicity and certain abstractness combined with mathematical rigor and elegance¿The book should be useful for graduates and researchers not only in applied mathematics and mechanical engineering but also in advanced materials science and technology¿Each public scientific library as well as hydrodynamics hand libraries should own this timeless book¿Everyone who decides to buy this book can be sure to have bought a classic of science and the heritage of an outstanding scientist.¿ (Silikáty)¿All applied mathematicians, mechanical engineers, aerospace engineers, and engineering mechanics graduates and researchers will find the book an essential reading resource for fluids.¿ (Simulation News Europe)

This edition develops the basic theory of Fourier transform. Stroock's approach is the one taken originally by Norbert Wiener and the Parseval's formula, as well as the Fourier inversion formula via Hermite functions. New exercises and solutions have been added for this edition.

There are two main fields of application of pulse-modulated sys- tems, communications and control. Communication is not a subject of our concern in this book. Controlling by a pulse-modulated feed- attracted our efforts. The peculiarity of this book is that all back the sampled-data systems are considered in continuous time, so no discrete time schemes are presented. And finally, we pay a little at- tention to pulse-amplitude modulation which was treated in a vast number of publications. The primary fields of our interest are pulse- width, pulse-frequency, and pulse-phase modulated control systems. The study of such systems meets with substantial difficulties. An engineer, who embarks on theoretical investigations of a pulse-mo- dulated control, is often embarrassed by the sophisticated mathe- matical tools he needs to know. When a mathematician, who looks for practical applications of his mathematical machinery, meets with these systems, he faces a lot of of complicated technical schemes and terms. Probably this is the reason why publications on pulse modu- lation are seldom in scientific journals. As for books on this subject (save on amplitude modulation), the significant part of them is in Russian and hardly available for a non-Russian reader.

This body of work represents the first volume of a book series covering the field of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering, which refers to a category of therapeutic or diagnostic products and processes which are based upon a combination of living cells and biomaterials, was defined as a field only a few years ago (1988). Tissue engineering is an inherently interdisciplinary field, combining bioengineering, life sciences and clinical sciences. The definition of this area of work as the field of tissue engineering brought together scientists from multiple backgrounds who already were working toward the achievement of similar goals. Why a book series exclusively devoted to tissue engineering? The field of tissue engineering is heterogeneous. The cells involved in tissue engineering can be autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic. The biomaterials utilized can be either naturally occurring, synthetic or a combination of both. The appli- cation of the technology can be either for acute or permanent purposes. An attempt to cover the field of tissue engineering in a single volume, with the degree of detail necessary for individuals with different scientific back- grounds and disciplines, would be a difficult task to accomplish, particularly when this field is just emerging and changing rapidly. Therefore, addressing different technologies within the field of tissue engineering, in a comprehen- sive manner, is the main mission of this series of volumes. A stellar group of scientists has been brought together to form the editorial board of the series.

The hypermedia authoring process has been vividly described in a special issue of the Economist as a combination of writing a book, a play, a film, and a radio or television show: A hypermedia document combines all these elements and adds some of its own. The author' s first job is to structure and explain all of the infor- mation. The author then must distill the information into brief, descriptive nodes. Each node has to contain a Iist of the ingredients, and instructions on how the ingredients are mixed together to the greatest advantage. The structure of the material provided is translated into an architectural metaphor of some kind; much of the designer' s work is the creation of this imaginary space. Then, the designers must chart the details of what to animate, what to film, who to inter- view, and how to arrange the information in the space tobe built [Eco95a]. This book presents guidelines, tools, and techniques for prospective authors such that they can design better hypermedia documents and applications. lt surveys the different techniques used to organize, search, and structure infor- mation in a large information system. It then describes the algorithms used to locate, reorganize, and link data to enable navigation and retrieval. It Iooks in detail at the creation and presentation of certain types of visual information, namely algorithm animations. It introduces new mechanisms for editing audio and video data streams.

To construct a compiler for a modern higher-level programming languagel one needs to structure the translation to a machine-like intermediate language in a way that reflects the semantics of the language. little is said about such struc- turing in compiler texts that are intended to cover a wide variety of program- ming languages. More is said in the Iiterature on semantics-directed compiler construction [1] but here too the viewpoint is very general (though limited to 1 languages with a finite number of syntactic types). On the other handl there is a considerable body of work using the continuation-passing transformation to structure compilers for the specific case of call-by-value languages such as SCHEME and ML [21 3]. ln this paperl we will describe a method of structuring the translation of ALGOL-like languages that is based on the functor-category semantics devel- oped by Reynolds [4] and Oles [51 6]. An alternative approach using category theory to structure compilers is the early work of F. L. Morris [7]1 which anticipates our treatment of boolean expressionsl but does not deal with procedures. 2 Types and Syntax An ALGOL-like language is a typed lambda calculus with an unusual repertoire of primitive types. Throughout most of this paper we assume that the primi- tive types are comm(and) int(eger)exp(ression) int(eger)acc(eptor) int(eger)var(iable) I and that the set 8 of types is the least set containing these primitive types and closed under the binary operation -.