Bøger udgivet af Birkhauser

Many philosophers, physicists, and mathematicians have wondered about the remarkable relationship between mathematics with its abstract, pure, independent structures on one side, and the wilderness of natural phenomena on the other. Famously, Wigner found the "effectiveness" of mathematics in defining and supporting physical theories to be unreasonable, for how incredibly well it worked. Why, in fact, should these mathematical structures be so well-fitting, and even heuristic in the scientific exploration and discovery of nature? This book argues that the effectiveness of mathematics in physics is reasonable. The author builds on useful analogies of prime numbers and elementary particles, elementary structure kinship and the structure of systems of particles, spectra and symmetries, and for example, mathematical limits and physical situations. The two-dimensional Ising model of a permanent magnet and the proofs of the stability of everyday matter exemplify such effectiveness, and the power of rigorous mathematical physics. Newton is our original model, with Galileo earlier suggesting that mathematics is the language of Nature.

This volume presents modern developments in analysis, PDEs and geometric analysis by some of the leading worldwide experts, prominent junior and senior researchers who were invited to be part of the Ghent Analysis & PDE Center Methusalem Seminars from 2021 to 2022. The contributions are from the speakers of the Methusalem Colloquium, Methusalem Junior Seminar and Geometric Analysis Seminar. The volume has two main topics: 1. Analysis and PDEs. The volume presents recent results in fundamental problems for solving partial integro-differential equations in different settings such as Euclidean spaces, manifolds, Banach spaces, and many others. Discussions about the global and local solvability using micro-local and harmonic analysis methods, studies of new techniques and approaches arising from a physical perspective or the mathematical point of view have also been included. Several connected branches arising in this regard are shown. 2. Geometric analysis. The volume presents studies of modern techniques for elliptic and subelliptic PDEs that in recent times have been used to establish new results in differential geometry and differential topology. These topics involve the intrinsic research in microlocal analysis, geometric analysis, and harmonic analysis abroad. Different problems having relevant geometric information for different applications in mathematical physics and other problems of classification have been considered.

This volume explores state-of-the-art developments in theoretical and applied fluid mechanics with a focus on stabilization and control. Chapters are based on lectures given at the summer school "Fluids under Control", held in Prague from August 23-27, 2021. With its accessible and flexible presentation, readers will be motivated to deepen their understanding of how mathematics and physics are connected. Specific topics covered include: Stabilization of the 3D Navier-Stokes systemFlutter stabilization of flow-state systemsTurbulence controlDesign through analysis Fluids Under Control will appeal to graduate students and researchers in both mathematics and physics. Because of the applications presented, it will also be of interest to engineers working on environmental and industrial issues.

John Corcoran was a very well-known logician who worked on several areas of logic. He produced decisive works giving a better understanding of two major figures in the history of logic, Aristotle and Boole. Corcoran had a close association with Alfred Tarski, a prominent 20th-century logician. This collaboration manifested in Corcoran's substantial introduction to Tarski's seminal book, Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics (1956). Additionally, Corcoran's posthumous editorial involvement in 'What are logical notions?' (1986) breathed new life into this seminal paper authored by Tarski. His scholarly pursuits extended to the intricate explication of fundamental concepts in modern logic, including variables, propositions, truth, consequences, and categoricity. Corcoran's academic curiosity extended further to the intersection of ethics and logic, reflecting his contemplation of their interrelation. Beyond these theoretical contributions, Corcoran was deeply engaged in the pedagogical dimensions of logic instruction. This volume serves as a compilation of articles contributed by Corcoran's students, colleagues, and international peers. By encompassing a diverse range of subjects, this collection aptly mirrors Corcoran's wide-ranging interests, offering insights that not only deepen our understanding of his work but also advance the theoretical frameworks he explored.

Das in Zurich 1996 gegrundete Architekturburo von Mateja Vehovar (*1961, Absolventin der Columbia University New York und der ETH Zurich) und Stefan Jauslin (*1966, Studium an der ETH Zurich) zeichnet sich durch grosse Interdisziplinaritat aus. Neben Architekturaufgaben widmen sie sich der Landschaftsarchitektur, Aussenraumgestaltungen, Ausstellungsdesign und Rauminstallationen. 1999 wurden Vehovar & Jauslin mit dem Eidgenossischen Preis fur freie Kunst ausgezeichnet. Die Publikation dokumentiert 16 ausgewahlte Arbeiten und stellt sie in den aktuellen Kontext experimenteller Raumgestaltungen. Jacqueline Burckhardt ist Prasidentin der Eidg. Kunstkommission und Herausgeberin von "Parkett"; Jakob Hotz studierte an der Architectural Association in London und arbeitet seit 2001 als Architekt in Zurich; Cary Siress studierte in New York, seit 1996 ist er Assistenzprofessor an der Architekturabteilung der ETH Zurich."

One of the fundamental considerations in landscape architecture is whether to create something which appears to be natural, or to design something deliberately artificial. Always moving between nature and artifice the art of landscape architecture expresses itself in a sensitive awareness of time and place. If the design is not to become a mere ornament, then it must be supported by concepts and visions, daring to create something new from the existing surroundings. This collection of essays which have been published over the last decade in Topos European Landscape Magazine, is a valuable contribution to the literature in the specialised field of landscape architecture. The authors include Paolo Burgi who writes on dimensions of memory, Joachim W. Jacobs who investigates the Bauhaus and the theory of space, and Kathinka Schreiber who takes a critical look at landscape in film."

A central principle in the design of large-scale distributed systems is that components should be organized to place those that interact frequently close together. This is essentially a basic clustering problem, but the context creates new challenges. Traditional clustering algorithms are designed to work on relatively simple units of information stored in a centralized database. This work explores the consequences of clustering autonomous entities, each with individual, possibly different, criteria defining similarity and cluster composition requirements. In this setting clustering is transformed from being mainly a catagorization task, into a problem of discovering similarity criteria and classification categories. Original research results define a general model of decentralized clustering of autonomous entities, and present simulations investigating key process, from matchmaking, to catagorization, to learning behaviors needed for adaptive cluster discovery.

Photovoltaik ist im Kontext von Energiekrise und Klimawandel eine der vielversprechendsten Technologien zur globalen Energiegewinnung. Photovoltaikmodule stehen inzwischen in einer solch grossen Bandbreite zur Verfügung, dass nahezu alle üblichen flächigen Bauteile mit photovoltaischer Funktion versehen werden können. Neben der Energiegewinnung bieten die Module zahlreiche Synergieeffekte, indem sie zunehmend wie Verglasungsbauteile eingesetzt werden und weitere Funktionen wie Witterungs-, Sonnen-, und Sichtschutz übernehmen. Für spezielle Anwendungen stehen Sondermodule wie z.B. Solardachziegel und Solarmembranen zur Verfügung. Dieses Buch erklärt die Technologie, zeigt die verfügbaren Produkte und vermittelt anschaulich deren Einsatz am Gebäude mit Schwerpunkt auf großmaßstäblichen Bauten. Es liefert Architekten alles notwendige Know-how, um ein neues oder bestehendes Gebäude mit einer Photovoltaikanlage auszustatten - Planung und Ausführung verbindend. Nicht zuletzt ist es ein wertvolles Arbeitsinstrument, um sich auf die Kommunikation mit den relevanten Herstellern und den Bauherren vorzubereiten.

I: Genetics and conservation biology.- Introductory remarks: Genetics and conservation biology.- Global issues of genetic diversity.- II: Genetic variation and fitness.- Introductory remarks.- Genetic variation and fitness: Conservation lessons from pines.- Genetic diversity and fitness in small populations.- Mutation load depending on variance in reproductive success and mating system.- Extinction risk by mutational meltdown: Synergistic effects between population regulation and genetic drift.- III: Inbreeding, population and social structure.- Introductory remarks.- Inbreeding: One word, several meanings, much confusion.- The genetic structure of metapopulations and conservation biology.- Effects of inbreeding in small plant populations: Expectations and implications for conservation.- The interaction of inbreeding depression and environmental stochasticity in the risk of extinction of small populations.- Genetic structure of a population with social structure and migration.- Guidelines in conservation genetics and the use of the population cage experiments with butterflies to investigate the effects of genetic drift and inbreeding.- IV: Molecular approaches to conservation.- Introductory remarks.- Rare alleles, MHC and captive breeding.- Andean tapaculos of the genus Scytalopus (Aves, Rhinocryptidae): A study of speciation using DNA sequence data.- Genetic distances and the setting of conservation priorities.- Multi-species risk analysis, species evaluation and biodiversity conservation.- V: Case studies.- Introductory remarks.- On genetic erosion and population extinction in plants: A case study in Scabiosa columbaria and Salvia pratensis.- Effects of releasing hatchery-reared brown trout to wild trout populations.- Genetics and demography of rare plants and patchily distributed colonizing species.- Response to environmental change: Genetic variation and fitness in Drosophila buzzatii following temperature stress.- Alternative life histories and genetic conservation.- The principles of population monitoring for conservation genetics.- VI: Genetic resource conservation.- Introductory remarks.- Optimal sampling strategies for core collections of plant genetic resources.- Conservation genetics and the role of botanical gardens.- Animal breeding and conservation genetics.- Scenarios.- Introductory remarks.- A: The genetic monitoring of primate populations for their conservation.- B: Heavy metal tolerance, plant evolution and restoration ecology.- C: Genetic conservation and plant agriculture.- D: Fragmented plant populations and their lost interactions.- E: Host-pathogen coevolution under in situ conservation.- Concluding remarks.

For the first time, this book documents the extensive work of Emmy Zweybruck and her school. Zweybruck was an applied artist who made innovative contributions in graphic design, book design and in toy production in Austria and the USA, and who started her own workshop early on in her career. Outstandingly illustrated and with a rich documentation, this publication provides the basis for all further research."

Parallel Completion Techniques.- The Computation of Gröbner Bases Using an Alternative Algorithm.- Symmetrization Based Completion.- On the Reduction of G-invariant Polynomials for an Arbitrary Permutation Groups G.- The Non-Commutaive Gröbner Freaks.- Alternatives in Implementing Noncommutative Gröbner Basis Systems.- String Rewriting and Gröbner Bases - A General Approach to Monoid and Group Rings.- Gröbner Fans and Projective Schemes.- Normalized Rewriting: A Unified View of Knuth-Bendix Completion and Gröbner Bases Computation.- New Directions for Syntactic Termination Orderings.- Two-sided Gröbner Bases in Iterated Ore Extensions.- Computing the Torsion Group of Elliptic Curves by the Method of Gröbner Bases.- Finding a Finite Group presentation Using Rewriting.- Deciding Degree-Four-Identities for Alternative Rings by Rewriting.

Structural optimization - a survey.- Mathematical optimization: an introduction.- Design optimization with the finite element program ANSYSR.- B&B: a FE-program for cost minimization in concrete design.- The CAOS system.- Shape optimization with program CARAT.- DYNOPT: a program system for structural optimization weight minimum design with respect to various constraints.- MBB-Lagrange: a computer aided structural design system.- The OASIS-ALADDIN structural optimization system.- The structural optimization system OPTSYS.- SAPOP: an optimization procedure for multicriteria structural design.- SHAPE: a structural shape optimization program.- STARS: mathematical foundations.

In Krisenzeiten: Quo vadis, Architektur? Angetrieben vom Wunsch, angesichts von Krisen bessere Welten zu erschaffen, versuchen Architekt: innen, Gesellschaft, Städte und Wohnformen neu zu denken, die Architektur und ihre Materialität zu erneuern - und prägen damit eine neue Ästhetik. Denn Krisen eröffnen als "Kippmomente" neue Perspektiven: Anhand historischer wie zeitgenössischer Projekte untersucht Susanne Stacher unterschiedliche Strategien in der Architektur. Ansätze aus Wissenschaft und Philosophie (u. a. Pierre-Henri Castel, Hartmut Rosa) ermöglichen es, Vorstellungen von Fortschritt, Wachstum, Natur, Gesellschaft zu hinterfragen, die in den vorgestellten Architekturprojekten sichtbar werden. Das Buch spannt einen weiten historischen Bogen und ist ein Plädoyer, über die Rolle von Architektur und Städtebau in Zeiten ökologischer Krisen nachzudenken. Eine historische und philosophische Betrachtung von Architektur in Krisenzeiten Vom Archaismus über das Streben nach Entschleunigung, Erschaffung durch Zerstörung bis zur Wiederverzauberung der Welt Projekte/Konzepte von Hans Hollein, Ebenezer Howard, Bjarke Ingels, Le Corbusier, Adolf Loos, Paul Otlet, Bernard Rudofsky u. a.

Although he was one of the most important figures of the Modern Movement in emigration Karol Schayer is little known outside Lebanon. Using a wealth of previously unpublished original documents and illustrations this monograph reconstructs Schayer s early career in Poland (1927 39), his years as an emigre in Turkey and Palestine (1939 46), and then his very successful and important creative period in architecture and furniture design in Lebanon (1946 70) with his successive partners Fritz Gotthelf, Bahij Makdisi and Wassek Adib. Thus the lifework of this modernist architect becomes understandable for the first time, and is shown to be clearly on a par with analogous achievements of the period around the world. This comprehensive and richly illustrated monograph is the result of many years of tireless research by George Arbid, Associate Professor at the American University of Beirut.

Diese Textsammlung vereint Schlusseltexte zu den wesentlichen designtheoretischen Positionen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Sie fuhrt in asthetische Fragestellungen zu Aspekten der materiellen Erscheinungsweise von Gegenstanden ein. Die Beitrage u.a. von Adolf Loos, Le Corbusier, Theodor W. Adorno und Frank Lloyd Wright beschaftigen sich mit dem Verhaltnis von Handwerk und Industrie, den Debatten um Ornament und Stil sowie mit dem Funktionalismus und seinen Kritikern."

1 The Beginning: Family, Gymnasium, Universities.- 2 Back to Petrograd.- 3 In Germany.- 4 The Years 1926-1930.- 5 In America.- 6 Prewar Years.- 7 Years of War.- 8 Years 1945-1952.- 9 A Mosaic of Reminiscences.- Frenkel's Books.

1 Grundlagen.- 1.1 Allgemeine Grundlagen.- 1.1.1 Ziele und Aufgaben.- 1.1.2 Methoden.- 1.1.3 Geschichte und Einordnung.- 1.1.3.1 Geschichte der Bauwerksvermessung.- 1.1.3.2 Geschichte des Vermessungswesens.- 1.1.3.3 Geschichte der Architekturphotogrammetrie.- 1.1.4 Rechtliche Grundlagen und Rahmenbedingungen.- 1.1.4.1 Internationale Vereinbarungen und Organisationen.- 1.1.4.2 Baugesetzbuch, Denkmalpflegegesetze, Vermessungsgesetze.- 1.2 Messgrößen und Maßeinheiten.- 1.2.1 Strecken.- 1.2.2 Winkel.- 1.3 Bezugssysteme und Koordinaten.- 1.3.1 Bezugsflächen.- 1.3.2 Koordinaten.- 1.3.3 Koordinatensysteme.- 1.3.3.1 Polarkoordinaten.- 1.3.3.2 Lokale Koordinatensysteme.- 1.3.3.3 Regionale Koordinatensysteme.- 1.3.3.4 Globale Koordinatensysteme.- 1.3.3.5 Geographische Koordinaten.- 1.3.3.6 Geozentrische Koordinaten.- 1.3.4 Koordinatentransformationen.- 1.3.4.1 Translation (2D).- 1.3.4.2 Maßstabslose Transformation (2D).- 1.3.4.3 Ähnlichkeitstransformation (2D).- 1.3.4.4 Vereinfachte Ähnlichkeitstransformation mit 2 Passpunkten (2D).- 1.3.4.5 Affintransformation (2D).- 1.3.4.6 Weitere ebene Koordinatentransformationen.- 1.3.4.7 Räumliche Koordinatentransformation (3D).- 1.3.5 Festpunktfelder.- 1.3.5.1 Netz trigonometrischer Punkte zur Lagedefinition.- 1.3.5.2 Höhennetz.- 1.3.6 Vermessungsnetze für die Bauwerksvermessung.- 1.3.6.1 Netzdesign.- 1.3.6.2 Vermarkung.- 1.3.6.3 Design und Fertigung von Punktsignalisierungen.- 1.3.6.4 Auswahl natürlicher Passpunkte.- 1.3.6.5 Schnurnetz zur temporären Vermarkung.- 1.3.6.6 Punktübersichten und Einmessskizzen.- 1.4 Fehlerlehre und Statistik.- 1.4.1 Fehlerarten und ihre Wirkung.- 1.4.1.1 Zufällige Fehler.- 1.4.1.2 Systematische Fehler.- 1.4.1.3 Grobe Fehler.- 1.4.2 Fehlerfortpflanzung und Ausgleichsrechnung.- 1.4.3 Rechenschärfe und Rundung.- 1.4.4 Toleranzen im Bauwesen.- 2 Dokumentation von Gebäuden und Ensembles.- 2.1 Amtliche Dokumentation.- 2.1.1 Katasterunterlagen.- 2.1.2 Amtliche Karten.- 2.1.3 Lageplan.- 2.1.4 Geoinformationssysteme (GIS).- 2.2 Pläne.- 2.2.1 Grundriss.- 2.2.2 Schnitt.- 2.2.3 Ansicht.- 2.2.4 Detaildarstellungen.- 2.2.5 Maßstäbe und Detaillierungsgrad.- 2.2.6 Materialien und Aufbewahrung.- 2.3 3D-Beschreibungen.- 2.3.1 CAD-Modell.- 2.3.2 Animation.- 2.3.3 Virtual Reality.- 2.3.4 Augmented Reality.- 2.4 Fotografie.- 2.4.1 Analoge Fotografie.- 2.4.1.1 Fotografisches Material.- 2.4.1.2 Kameras.- 2.4.1.3 Objektive.- 2.4.1.4 Licht.- 2.4.1.5 Belichtung.- 2.4.1.6 Archivierungen von Fotomaterialien.- 2.4.2 Digitale Bilder.- 2.4.2.1 Flächensensoren.- 2.4.2.2 Zeilenkameras.- 2.4.2.3 Spezialkameras.- 2.4.3 Scannen analoger Fotovorlagen.- 2.4.4 Digitale Bildverarbeitung.- 2.5 Textliche und hybride Beschreibungen.- 2.5.1 Raumbuch.- 2.5.2 Hypertext Dokumente.- 2.5.3 Informationssystem.- 2.6 Archivierung digitaler Daten.- 2.6.1 Datenträger.- 2.6.2 Datenformate.- 2.6.2.1 Texte.- 2.6.2.2 Datenbanken.- 2.6.2.3 Vektordaten.- 2.6.2.4 Rasterdaten.- 2.6.2.5 Hypermedia.- 3 Erfassung von Messelementen.- 3.1 Messprinzipien.- 3.1.1 Vom-Großen-ins-Kleine.- 3.1.2 Überbestimmungen.- 3.1.3 Vermeidung von systematischen Fehlern.- 3.2 Geräte und Instrumente.- 3.2.1 Bauteile, Kleingeräte und Zubehör.- 3.2.1.1 Lote und Libellen.- 3.2.1.2 Fernrohr.- 3.2.1.3 Stative.- 3.2.1.4 Fluchtstab.- 3.2.1.5 Nivellierlatten und Kleingerät.- 3.2.1.6 Aufstellen eines Instruments.- 3.2.2 Winkelmessung.- 3.2.2.1 Bestimmung rechter Winkel.- 3.2.2.2 Theodolit.- 3.2.2.3 Satzmessung.- 3.2.2.4 Berechnung von Richtungswinkeln aus Koordinaten.- 3.2.3 Streckenmessung.- 3.2.3.1 Streckenmessung mit dem Messband.- 3.2.3.2 Optische Streckenmessung.- 3.2.3.3 Elektro-optische Entfernungsmessung (EDM).- 3.2.4 Höhenmessung.- 3.2.4.1 Einfache Werkzeuge.- 3.2.4.2 Nivellement.- 3.2.4.3 Rotationslaser.- 3.3 Beschaffung einer Vermessungsausrüstung.- 4 Messverfahren.- 4.1 Schrittskizze.- 4.2 Handaufmaß.- 4.3 Punktbestimmung ohne Theodolit.- 4.3.1 Bogenschlag.- 4.3.2 Einbindeverfahren.- 4.3.3 Orthogonalverfahren.- 4.3.4

Intermediate and deep earthquakes in Spain.- Spanish national strong motion network. Recording of the Huelva earthquake of 20 December, 1989.- Regional focal mechanisms for earthquakes in the Aegean area.- Rates of crustal deformation in the North Aegean trough-North Anatolian fault deduced from seismicity.- Regional stresses along the Eurasia-Africa plate boundary derived from focal mechanisms of large earthquakes.- Focal mechanisms of intraplate earthquakes in Bolivia, South America.- Partial breaking of a mature seismic gap: The 1987 earthquakes in New Britain.- Size of earthquakes in Southern Mexico from indirect methods.- Numerical simulation of the earthquake generation process.- Intermagnitude relationships and asperity statistics.- Complete synthetic seismograms for high-frequency multimode SH-waves.- Body-wave dispersion: Measurement and interpretation.

Opioids are not always the most suitable analgesic therapy, despite being effective in the treatment of a wide variety of painful conditions. Many non-opioid analgesics are frequently preferable for the treatment of mild or moderate pain, because of their lower incidence of side-effects, or beacause they have a more relevant site of action.

Approximate Two Layer (Inviscid/Viscous) Methods to Model Aerothermodynamic Environments.- Second-Order Effects in Hypersonic Boundary Layers.- Unstructured-Grid Algorithms for High-Speed CFD Analysis.- Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Hypersonic Viscous Flows.- Numerical Simulation of Entry Flow over Blunt Swept-Wing Planes.- Viscous Nonequilibrium Flow Calculations.- The Finite Pointset Method for Hypersonic Flows in the Rarefied Gas Regime.- Computation of Flowfields for Hypersonic Flight at High Altitudes.

Turbulence Modeling for Hypersonic Flows.- Advanced Topics in Turbulence Theory.- Different Levels of Air Dissociation Chemistry and Its Coupling with Flow Models.- Modeling of Hypersonic Reacting Flows.- Modeling of Hypersonic Non Equilibrium Flows.- Wall Catalytic Recombination and Boundary Conditions in Nonequilibrium Hypersonic Flows-With Applications.- Physical Aspects of Hypersonic Flow: Fluid Dynamics and Non-Equilibrium Phenomena.- Permissions.