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In 1553 Michael Servetus, author of several notorious heretical works, escaped from the Inquisition in France only to fall into the hands of the Protestant authorities in Geneva. There he was tried, found guilty of heresy, and burned at the stake.Four hundred years later, in 1953, a mysterious manuscript entitled "Declarationis Jesu Christi Filii Dei Authore Michaele Serveto" (A Revelation of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, by Michael Servetus) was discovered in an archive in Stuttgart, Germany. Could this be a lost work by Servetus?In this book, Peter Hughes and Peter Zerner explain how, in the course of translating Declaratio, they discovered that it is the work of Matteo Gribaldi, a well-known Italian law professor, antitrinitarian, and admirer of Servetus.The book contains complete Latin and English texts of Declaratio and five shorter works by Gribaldi, including Apologia, his powerful and moving protest against the execution of Servetus.

Michael Servetus, a Spaniard executed for heresy in John Calvin's Geneva, is remembered as an important Reformation-era theologian and as a physician credited with the discovery of the circulation of the blood through the lungs. His first book, On the Errors of the Trinity, so shocked both Catholics and Protestants that he was compelled to live under an assumed name. All but a few copies of his magnum opus, Christianity Restored, were destroyed shortly after publication. However, the case of Servetus, which has been taken up by Voltaire, Gibbon, and many others, marks the beginning of the idea of religious toleration.

Michael Servetus (c.1506-1553), denounced by many of his contemporaries as an arch-heretic and celebrated by others as a martyr for the cause of religious freedom, escaped from imprisonment by the Inquisition, but was convicted of blasphemy by the Swiss Protestants and executed by being burned at the stake. The sequence of events leading to Servetus's death began with his publication of a theological work he had long been composing in secret, The Restoration of Christianity. This work contained, among other things, a critique of Trinitarian orthodoxy and advocacy of adult baptism.This book, the first volume of a projected series, contains translations of books 1 and 2 of Restoration, focusing on his critique of the Trinity and his interpretation of key passages from the Bible. Included, for purposes of comparison, are a portion of his early theological treatise On the Errors of the Trinity (1531), a sample of the marginal notes and chapter headings that he provided for the second edition of Santes Pagnini's translation of the Bible (1542), and an early draft of the opening pages of Restoration. An introductory essay orients the reader to this complex work with discussions of what is known (and not known) of Servetus's life; the structure of Errors and Restoration; Servetus's approach to the study of the Bible; his interest in Islam; his theology, and its relationship to several well-known Christian heresies; the identity of the people whose ideas he wished to correct; and what his ideas may offer to today's readers. In addition, more than 200 annotations guide the reader through difficult passages and provide additional background information.

Norman Murray Bell (1887-1962) may be regarded as a prophet: a person who speaks in a visionary way about a cause. His cause was peace. His life provides a window into the peace movement in New Zealand, particularly during the period between the two world wars. Bell was educated at New Zealand's oldest and most prestigious Church of England school, Christ's College in Christchurch. There he was confirmed into the Anglican Church and, in keeping with the school's military ethos with the ideals of honour and duty, trained in the army cadets. He graduated from the University of New Zealand with a BA and MA in classics and chemistry in 1909. His academic career in New Zealand culminated in an award that would take him to Trinity College, Cambridge University.At Trinity College from 1909 to 1912, he completed his BA with first-class honours and won the College Classics prize. He was a visiting researcher in the Chemistry Department at the University of Liverpool between 1913 and 1914. He spent one academic year at St Andrews University as a research student in Education, then spent a year studying Philosophy of Science at Bern University in Switzerland, 1915-1916. During this time, Bell was also studying theology at London University. It is most likely at this time that he developed his ideas about pacifism, which he saw as intricately linked to his Christian belief. Upon his return to New Zealand in 1917, Bell, now twenty-nine years old, obtained a teaching position at Christchurch Boys High School. His tenure as a teacher would be short-lived, however. As a pacifist, he ran up against the requirements of the Military Service Act 1916, which required the registration of all non-Maori men between the ages of 20 to 46 years. Publicly known to be a religious objector, Bell was arrested for breach of the Act. Eventually he was convicted at a district court-martial of disobeying lawful commands given by a superior officer and sentenced to two years' imprisonment with hard labour. Following his release from prison, his political ambitions were thwarted by legal restrictions which deprived conscientious objectors of their civil rights. Prohibited from any government-related work, such as a university college teacher, he supported himself as a private instructor for secondary students and a part-time Tutor in sociology for the Workers' Educational Association. Throughout the 1920s and 30s Bell campaigned on the political front: by 1934 he was national president of the No More War campaign, which functioned in tandem with the Free Religious Movement. In 1930 he experienced a unique psychological event which transformed his life. In a period of altered consciousness, he saw the web of life that connected all living things. After this revelation, while continuing his work with the National Peace Council, No More War Movement and the Movement Against War and Fascism, he embraced the creed of vegetarianism and expounded it with unsurpassed zeal. During World War II Bell struggled to publish his pacifist journal Cosmos, printing it by hand and delivering copies on foot. His home was often raided by the police, at the instigation of the security authorities searching for evidence of any seditious activities. After the war he could be found with a chair and small table sitting in Cathedral Square, the heart of Christchurch, with his petition calling for people to sign up opposing all war, especially nuclear war, and seeking support for animal welfare. But his journey did not quite end with his death in 1962. Having provided in his will that his estate be spent on 30 years of newspaper advertisements calling for peace between humans and domesticated animals, he ensured that he would speak beyond his age and time.

Orestes Augustus Brownson - religious and philosophical explorer, political theorist, pioneer of personal journalism, Transcendentalist, and champion of American Catholicism - lived a colorful and varied life. His contemporaries likened him to a weathervane, changing direction with every puff of wind. He preferred to think of himself as a seeker after truth, never contented with yesterday's answers. The roots of his varied career were sent down in his youth. He grew up, largely self-educated, in rural Vermont, encountered social inequality first-hand in the fashionable resort town of Ballston Spa, New York, and came of age as an apprentice journalist in the midst of controversy over the role of money and influence in politics. After a brief stint as a schoolteacher on the outskirts of Detroit - then a frontier settlement populated largely by French-speaking Catholics - he settled in New York as a Universalist minister and editor, only to be driven from his pulpit by fellow Universalists who considered him an "infidel." Becoming Brownson is not only the story of Brownson's formative years, but an essential key to the problem of reconciling the many dimensions of his mature and fruitful life.

Adin Ballou was a man of peace - the leader of the pacifist Hopedale Community, and a major theorist of nonviolent resistance to evil. Yet he was not of a naturally peaceful disposition. As a young minister he engaged in theological controversy so heated that his own party urged him to moderate his language. Though he never engaged in physical violence, Ballou knew what it was like to become caught up in an exchange of hostilities, to identify with one side and demonize the other, to feel injured and to wish to injure others in return. In his autobiography, Ballou tells the story of his transformation from a proud and touchy man, zealous for his own honor and the honor of the causes he espoused, to a champion of peace, loved and respected in his own Hopedale Community and around the world. This edition includes: Over 100 pages of annotations - more than 800 notes to illuminate the people, places, relationships, literary allusions, religious movements, and popular culture that made up Ballou's worldA complete bibliography of Ballou's writings, including a guide to online editionsTwo articles by Ballou, written 40 years apart, describing his role in the formation of the Restorationist denominationThe full text of the correspondence between Ballou and Leo Tolstoy, newly compiled from the two published sources

This little book is devoted to remembering the "good old days" of living in the utopian community of Hopedale, Massachusetts during the 1840s and 1850s. The pleasures and hardships of life in a village devoted to re-creating civilization in a non-violent, cooperative and equitable way are examined, often humorously, through the eyes of its children. To the original Hopedale Reminiscences published in 1910 is added an excerpt from William F. Draper''s 1909 memoir, Recollections of a Varied Career, and materials prepared for from the Hopedale Home School reunion in 1867.

Practical Christian Socialism (1854) was Adin Ballou''s most comprehensive exposition of his fundamental principles and their application to personal and community life, ranging from theology and political theory to marriage, child-rearing, and a surprisingly frank discussion of sexuality.In Practical Christianity, Ballou''s 655-page treatise has been edited to eliminate the cumbersome dialogue form in which it was originally written. All of the language is Ballou''s own, and nothing is omitted except a final section in which he compared Practical Christian Socialism to competing varieties of utopian socialism popular at the time.

Christian Non-Resistance (1846) is the major philosophical statement by the nineteenth-century theorist of nonviolence, Adin Ballou.Ballou argued that the Biblical injunction "resist not evil" should be understood as "resist not personal injury with personal injury." While prohibiting the injury of any person under any provocation whatsoever, Ballou taught that Christians have a duty to resist, oppose, or prevent evil by all uninjurious means, including the use of "uninjurious benevolent force." He believed that this would allow a community to adopt non-resistant principles while still maintaining public safety and order.Once dismissed as a relic of the naïve and sentimental optimism of pre-Civil War America, Christian Non-Resistance is now recognized as an important contribution to the theory of nonviolent resistance. Ballou''s combination of the utmost moral resistance to evil with the uninjurious physical restraint of evildoers provides a conceptually simple, flexible approach to the problem of resisting evil without becoming evil oneself.This edition contains the essay "Christian Non-Resistance in Extreme Cases" (1860), in which Ballou takes up a type of challenge often put to pacifists: "Suppose a robber attacks you in some lonely place on the highway? Suppose you and your family are attacked by a gang who design to commit rape, robbery and murder? How can the downtrodden peoples of the earth ever gain their liberty without fighting to the death against their tyrants?"

The Hopedale Community was one of the most important and successful of the many utopian communities started in the mid-nineteenth century United States. It outlasted its famous contemporary, Brook Farm, by nearly a decade. Though it did not succeed in ushering in "a new civilization radically higher than the old," Hopedale did provide its members with security, companionship, meaningful work, and the chance to make a difference in the world around them.In History of the Hopedale Community, Hopedale's principal founder and theoretician, Adin Ballou, provides a detailed record of the successes, failures, hopes, and disappointments of a small group of people attempting to live together harmoniously, balancing fairness and compassion, and giving practical expression to "their ideal of what human life and human society upon the earth ought to be."This new edition features: a newly restored map of Hopedale over 300 many explanatory notes a table of members, drawn from the membership records of the community

In the depths of the Polish countryside lies the little town of Raków (Racovia). Raków today shows few signs of its illustrious history as the chief center for progressive religious thinking in Europe. Founded as a utopian community in 1569, by the early seventeenth century it had become "the Unitarian capital of Europe." Its academy attracted scholars and students from all over the Continent. Hundreds of books poured from its presses, including the famous Racovian Catechism, published four centuries ago and still in print to this day. Though the Racovian experiment eventually fell victim to the forces of religious repression, the ripples arising from this little community have spread in ever-widening circles during the ensuing centuries, and their effects can still be seen today.

A Vision Splendid is the biography of William Jellie (1865-1963), a pioneering Unitarian minister and educator and a key figure in the history of Unitarianism in New Zealand.In a world where religion is increasingly associated with hatred, bigotry, fanaticism, violence and misogyny, Jellie's story provides an alternative - a vision splendid - where values rooted in the liberal religious tradition are the very ones required to promote social justice, protect the powerless and reduce social and economic inequality. It is a story we can turn to for inspiration as we continue to work for fairness in society, equality of opportunity, and the enrichment of the human spirit.Jellie who was born in Ireland and educated at London University and Manchester College, Oxford began his career as minister to a Unitarian chapel and associated mission in an impoverished part of London. After a brief ministry in a quiet provincial town, he was ready for another challenge. Attracted by New Zealand's reputation for progressive social and economic reform, in 1900 he took on the leadership of a fledgling Unitarian movement in Auckland. Apart from a war time ministry in England he remained in New Zealand for the rest of his life, serving congregations in Auckland, Wellington, and Timaru.At nearly sixty years of age, at a time when many people start to think about retirement, Jellie began a new career in adult education. For the next fourteen years he was a tutor for the Workers Educational Association, an organization providing higher education to working-class people and trade union members unable to attend university.Throughout his long life Jellie lived out the Unitarian values of freedom of thought, tolerance, commitment to social justice and the use of reason in religion. This is a fascinating account of how those values were articulated in his own life and the lives of those he came into contact with in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

This short history of Unitarianism concisely explores the origins and progress of a worldwide liberal religious tradition committed to principles of freedom, reason, and tolerance. Unitarians have exercised an influence out of proportion to their minority status. Through their agency, Poland and Transylvania enjoyed periods of religious toleration. In Great Britain, as pioneers of early modern higher education in Dissenting Academies, they applied Enlightenment reasoning to the study of religion, science, and the humanities. In the United States, they led the Transcendentalist movement, the first major flowering of American intellectual culture. This book traces the history of the separate but related Unitarian (and Unitarian Universalist) denominations in Europe, Great Britain, and the United States, and touches on the new groups that have arisen, or are in the process of emerging, elsewhere in the world.