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This open access publication is released under the "CC BY NC" license. Download paper for free For institutions and libraries which require a printed version of this work, we offer a high quality printed and bound paper edition, which may be ordered online above. This option (OA plus a printed edition) is available to all authors of Bibliotheca Lichenologica from now on. Publications on the lichens of Alaska go back 182 years, but a modern, comprehensive review of literature on the diversity of Alaskan lichens has been lacking. The authors present a compendium of 2126 accepted taxa fully referenced with published reports from Alaska and their exact localities. Of these 2126 taxa, 1827 are lichen fungi, 277 are lichen-associated fungi and 22 are putatively saprotrophic fungi usually treated in lichenological studies. Nearly half of all species have been first reported since 1997. A total of 1594 names are treated as synonyms or misapplications, and 140 further taxa are excluded as erroneous or doubtful.

This volume 154 is the first comprehensive treatment of the genus Syntrichia in the Holarctic. Syntrichia (Pottiaceae, Bryophyta) is a genus with a large number of species existing on all continents. Some of the taxa are difficult to distinguish. Many names had to be reclassified taxonomically. The main focus of this work is on the species present in North America as those are often not well understood. Because the Holarctic part of Eurasia is connected to North America, the species of the entire extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere are studied. About 110 taxa are examined. The studies resulted in 34 species with 59 taxa of Syntrichia and three species which had to be assigned to other genera. Sixteen of the 59 taxa are new to science (five new species, four of them restricted to the Americas, one also existing in Eurasia; four other new taxa are restricted to North America, five to Eurasia, and two are present both in North America and in Eurasia). Three names previously treated as synonyms of other species are recognized as good species (one restricted to North America, two also in Eurasia). Twenty-four other names were designated as new synonyms for other taxa. In addition to the descriptions of taxa and an identification key, several characteristics (some of them new) are given that may be relevant to a division within the genus Syntrichia. This work is an important resource for bryologists specifically dealing with species of North America, but also of Europe and Asia. It is a great help for the identification of all taxa of Syntrichia in the Holarctic. It also serves as a basis for molecular-genetic studies on the genus Syntrichia and related genera.

This volume summarizes the results of a ten-year survey of small-sized marine Achnanthales (Bacillariophyceae) in Central Polynesia (South Pacific), focusing on their valve ultrastructures using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The degree of colonization of benthic marine substrates, species richness and emergence of new diatom taxa appear to vary according to the geologic past, presence of coral reefs and degree of insularity of each Central Polynesia island. Several recently published taxa from French Polynesia, such as Cocconeis santandrea and Xenococconeis opunohusiensis, are presented herein, together with some unpublished observations and new illustrations on all of the 13 described taxa. A Venn diagram permits the first comparison with assemblages studied with the same methodologies from Central Polynesia, New Caledonia and Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Potential endemism is briefly discussed. The taxonomy used in this volume is based on valve ultrastructure as seen in the SEM, which allows an easier comparison of the small marine tropical Achnanthales taxa, which can be difficult to distinguish by light microscopy. It questions the presence of forms or 'morphs' in several species complexes. The concept of endemism in marine eukaryotes, currently still controversial, opens up other perspectives on the biogeography of these organisms. Marine benthic and small-sized diatoms are poorly studied in contrast to freshwater diatoms, which are often used to develop diatom indices for determining water quality. This volume can help researchers working on the taxonomy of the order Achnanthales, but will also aid students beginning detailed studies of marine benthic diatoms.

Soils are progressively recognized as the critical environmental compartment they are. More and more practitioners and scientists address soil issues and work with soils in the context of their specific field of interest and profession. The rising interest in soils drives a mounting demand for soil information. This information must frequently be generated by field measurements (e.g. of soil water content, solute concentration in soil water, redox potential, pH ...) in order to describe e.g. water and solute transport processes, detect soil degeneration or optimize crop production. Users of soil measurement techniques need guidelines on how to decide which sensor/technique is most appropriate for their soil measurement needs. The authors of this book are renowned specialists in their fields of research and present answers to questions such as: * Which parameters need to be measured? * What techniques do exist and how do they differ? * Which precision is required and achievable at what price? * Which is the best technical equipment for the study? * Which preconditions must be met to get meaningful results? * How many replicates are required? * How is the equipment installed and used optimally? * Which pitfalls lurk when using a certain method? * How to check data quality and how to interpret the data? The book is not only useful for soil-science "beginners” looking for an introductory review of available techniques, but also for more experienced colleagues by providing "best practice” guidelines for consistent, reproducible installation and operation of field instruments to collect reliable and meaningful data which can be gainfully interpreted.

The geology of Oman is spectacular - for the touristic layman and the geologist alike. Exceptionally well exposed rocks offer a fascinating outcrop experience, second to none. The scenery is unique, and often breathtaking. The Samail Ophiolite (former sea floor you can walk on), mountain ranges, of more than 3000 m altitude, and deeply incised canyons with turquoise-coloured perennial streams, contrast with dry but golden sand deserts. Coastal areas with kilometres of white beaches are waiting to be discovered. This geological guidebook has two parts: The first provides a general introduction to the geology of Oman, and enables the reader to put the variety of geological phenomena and observations into a scientific context. The authors emphasise describing the processes that led to the formation of Oman's rocks and landscapes formed over millennia of Earth history. Following the introductory chapters on archaeology, climate, and vegetation, the geomorphological and geological aspects of Oman are presented. The second and largest part of the guide consists of meticulous descriptions of 99 excursion points located across the northeast of the country. The challenge in Oman is to decide where not to stop, rather than the other way round. The authors, therefore, have carefully selected the most interesting and important sites. The excursion points can easily be located by their coordinates, or may also be visited using the detailed roadmaps provided for each single outcrop. A large number of colour illustrations, a geological overview map, an index, and a list of references complete the content of the guide. As the book is written in a textbook style and presents the geology in a comprehensible way, a broad understanding is facilitated. Therefore, this field guide not only addresses geologists but also amateurs, visitors and travellers exploring the beauty and the significance of Oman geology.

This is the English translation (and German facsimile) of Wladimir Köppen and Alfred Wegener (1924): The Climates of the Geological Past (Die Klimate der geologischen Vorzeit), a landmark text of early paleoclimatological research, actually a textbook of paleoclimatology. Wegener is best known for his theory of continental drift (The Origin of the Continents and Oceans, 1915). Less widely known, but equally important, are the studies he conducted on the climates of the past (with his colleague and father-in-law, Wladimir Köppen), which they jointly published (this book). Only one edition of the book was published, but unfortunately, all - save a few private copies - were destroyed during the second World War, rendering the book essentially unavailable. This English translation makes Köppen and Wegener's landmark text accessible to the international climate research community. It also includes the Supplements and Corrections by ­Wladimir Köppen to this book, published in 1940, shortly before his death and a decade after Alfred Wegener's untimely death on Greenland. The translation (and the facsimile) have both been enhanced by subject indices, which the original book was lacking. The discussion of the course and causal relationship of climates and climate change in the geological past are of principal scientific interest. Important elements of the discussions herein stem from the close collaboration with Milutin Milankovitch (who contributed entire sections of text, but is not named as an author). Building on the principles of the Milankovitch frequencies allowed Köppen and Wegener for the first time, early in the last century to establish a precise time scale of Late Cenozoic glacial-inter­glacial cycles. More recently, the orbital parameters originally calculated by Milankovitch were refined using time series data from deep-sea sediments and ice cores. Furthermore, Milankovitch's cycles may be extrapolated into the future to predict climate change. This very book, in which Köppen and Wegener roll out their theory, is therefore an important publication which has early on shaped our understanding of how climate has evolved and continuously evolves in the course of time. This translation affords non-German-speaking scientists and laypersons alike access to the full and compelling arguments of climate change, carefully and readably laid out and argued. It is a must-read for anybody interested in climate change, be it from a historic or present point of view.

Identifying moulds is an introduction to the procedures to be followed for the identification of the most common and important genera of moulds. This first English edition is based on the third German edition of Schimmelpilze und deren Bestimmung by the same authors. It has been revised and updated. Identification keys were expanded to include dermatophytes and some clinically important, opportunistic mould genera. The authors present the fundamentals of mycology and fungal taxonomy necessary to understand and use the methods described. Keys allowing the identification of the most common mould genera are included, with reference to more specialized identification literature, and a glossary of the most relevant mycological terms is also provided. The morphological characters typical of the different fungal groups are outlined and should facilitate the use of the keys. The book focuses on genera that are frequently found in the environment, are common plant pathogens, involved in food spoilage, or may be isolated from human and animal tissues as opportunistic pathogens. No previous knowledge of fungi is expected. Very basic information on mycology, concise descriptions of taxonomic schemes, of the methods to be used for identification of fungi, practical information on culture media as well as some ad vice for handling moulds and elementary safety issues are provided. An outline of the significance of fungi for public health and an extensive bibliography rounds up the volume. This book may be useful to all students, health authorities, built environment biologists and evaluators, and lab technicians. It aims to help finding a way in the complicated taxonomic world of microscopic fungi. This book is also available in German language: Schimmelpilze und deren Bestimmung