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Although most often thought of as a movement, this study will examine Zionism as an insurgency-a form of irregular, revolutionary warfare.This case study presents a detailed account of revolutionary and insurgent activities in Palestine from 1890 through 2010. This first volume examines the conflict with a focus on the Zionist movement and insurgency through the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and the Zionists' transition to governance through 1950. Our intent is to provide a foundation for special operations personnel to understand the circumstances, environment, and catalysts for revolution; the organization of resistance or insurgent organizations and their development, modes of operation, external support, and successes and failures; the counterinsurgents' organization, modes of operation, and external support, as well as their effects on the resistance; and the outcomes and long-term ramifications of the revolutionary/insurgent activities. This foundation will allow readers to distill vast amounts of material from a wide array of campaigns and extract relevant lessons, thereby enabling the development of future doctrine, professional education, and training.

Palestine is an area, a country, with a recorded history that stretches back millennia. Many nations of people have lived, farmed, built, warred, and died in the area the world has known as Palestine. Seen as a Holy Land by the Jewish, Islamic and Christian Faiths, the borders of this territory have also shifted over history both ancient and more recent, sometimes stretching north into modern day Lebanon, south into the Sinai Peninsula, and east across the Jordan River deep into the contemporary Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Today, Palestine refers to a group of people, a nation, that has long resisted first the formation and later the continued existence of Israel, with undergrounds, guerrillas, terrorists, and governing bodies that have waged a generations-long military and political insurgency against the modern Jewish state which they see as a force militarily occupying Palestinian land.Yet this insurgency, one of the most intractable and notable of both the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, continues to fail to reach either its military or political goals. Why is that? Is it a lack of sufficient external support? Or extremely effective counterinsurgency practices on the part of Israel? Or is it the absence of a strong common identity and narrative for the nascent nation of Palestine?This second volume of the ARIS Project's Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare - Palestine Series seeks to answer these questions through a deep exploration of the Palestinian insurgencies which have operated in the area over many generations, fighting not only the modern state of Israel, but the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire and mass Jewish migration to Palestine before and immediately following the Second World War.

Resistance movements have leveraged the cyber domain since information technology began to intertwine the globe with unprecedented scope, speed, and accessibility. Several important characteristics distinguish today's resistance movement. One of these characteristics is the use of online social media platforms to frame the messaging of the resistance. Additionally, the new technology diminishes the role of formal organizations. While some argue that new media is simply a faster and more resource efficient means of communicating and organizing, others maintain that new media changes how resistance movements mobilize participants, as well as the role of formal organizations, and the resulting political outcomes. This new form of resistance relies heavily upon new media to mobilize and organize, while diminishing the role of formal organizations in favor of leaderless, networked structures which organize and recruit online.Ultimately, the cyber domain has forever changed the resistance landscape in how they emerge, diffuse, and operate, yielding new advantages and creating new vulnerabilities.

This case study examines the Patriot insurgency that developed among the English colonies in North America in the mid-eighteenth century and that eventually declared, fought for, and achieved independence from the mother country. There is a wealth of historical studies of the American Revolution, but this case study offers a unique perspective. Instead of simply repeating the well-documented history of the Revolution, we scrutinize the Patriots through the lens of modern insurgency and counter-insurgency doctrine and concepts.The Patriot insurgency offers powerful lessons in how to integrate the components of successful irregular warfare: ideology, political networking, communications, financial organization, logistics, military training, and a host of others. The student of modern warfare can learn much from understanding the worries and triumphs of George Washington, Nathanael Greene, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and others.

Understanding States of Resistance explores the dynamics of resistance movements and their progression through various stages. It delves into the historical, legal, economic, political science, and social movement theory literature to synthesize a comprehensive framework for analyzing resistance movements.The study draws from early works like Lyford P. Edwards' The Natural History of Revolution and Crane Brinton's The Anatomy of Revolution, which outline stages of revolution from preliminary symptoms to recovery. These works provide a foundational understanding of how resistance movements develop and evolve over time.The study also discusses the legal continuum of resistance, from legal protests to belligerency, as defined by international law. It highlights the importance of intensity, duration, and organization in determining the legal status of a resistance movement and the applicable legal protections.The study examines the economic aspects of resistance movements, particularly focusing on how they finance their activities. It references the various stages of financing, which include predatory, parasitic, and symbiotic fund-raising, reflecting the evolution of a movement's economic strategies.The study delves into the contributions of political science and social movement theory to understanding resistance movements. It discusses the work of scholars like Paul Meadows, Rex D. Hopper, Frederick D. Miller, Sidney G. Tarrow, and the CIA's Guide to the Analysis of Insurgency (also published by Conflict Research Group). These provide insights into the mechanisms, processes, and stages of resistance movements, from preinsurgency to resolution.The study highlights various mechanisms and processes that drive the evolution of resistance movements, such as interpretation, mobilization, diffusion, and demobilization. It also discusses the factors that contribute to the decline of movements, including repression, co-optation, success, and failure.The document proposes a synthesized framework for analyzing resistance movements, incorporating elements from the reviewed literature. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive tool for studying the development and dynamics of resistance movements across different contexts.Understanding States of Resistance offers a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the complex nature of resistance movements, providing a key resource for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners interested in the study of insurgency and revolution.

The primary focus of the Resistance Operating Concept (ROC) is developing a nationally authorized, organized resistance capability prior to an invasion and full or partial occupation resulting in a loss of territory and sovereignty. Resistance, as a form of warfare, can be conceived as part of a layered, in-depth national defense. Toward this end, the ROC first seeks to delineate the concept of national resilience in a pre-crisis environment. Second, the ROC seeks to develop resistance requirements, and support planning and operations in the event that an adversary compromises or violates the sovereignty and independence of an allied or partner nation. The ROC attempts to demonstrate both the significance of national resilience and the criticality of maintaining legitimacy during the conduct of resistance operations during the struggle to restore and resume national sovereignty. This publication will serve as a cornerstone of knowledge for strategists, policymakers, researchers, academics, and practitioners involved in furthering resistance capabilities.

This manual is for the US Army Special Operations Forces (ARSOF) soldier. Whether attending his/her first course at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (SWCS) or already deployed, the ARSOF soldier must be a student-practitioner of his/her craft: providing support to or countering a resistance movement.Although intended as a ready reference for SF personnel advising guerrillas and resistance groups in enemy-held territory, the Resistance Manual has much to teach civilian guerrilla leaders. This rare, full-colour edition is packed with historical case studies and provides a deep enough exploration of the topic of Resistance to allow personnel to get started. With the winds of war beginning to blow across Europe, the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific, now is the time to purchase and read this book.Originally published by the ARIS Project in 2019, decent print copies have been unavailable since the USASOC stocks ran out, so the book is no longer available to ARSOF personnel "through channels". This makes this new full-color edition presented by the Conflict Research Group the prime source for this invaluable handbook.

Various authors have noted that violence is often a double-edged sword within combat settings, particularly those involving a resistance movement fighting an asymmetric conflict against the security forces of a stronger incumbent government, with both sides vying for the sympathies of a local population. Atkinson and Kress noted that "on the one hand violence is needed to fight the other side and perhaps deter individuals in the population from supporting the other side, but on the other hand it can turn the population against the source of that violence."

The modern use of the word resistance was first based on the domestic insurgent movements of Europe against Axis occupying powers in World War Two, especially the French Resistance. The conception of resistance as a domestic effort against an encroaching foreign force had a lasting impact on definitions of the term throughout the US military as communist regimes were understood as politically executed occupations.In the original 1963 publication of the seminal Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare (also republished in its entirety by Conflict Research Group in 2024), the Special Operations Research Office (SORO) cited a 1949 text, defining resistance as distinct from revolutions and insurgencies: "operations directed against an enemy, behind his lines, by discontented elements among the enemy or enemy occupied population." This conception of resistance as inherently insurgent in nature remains influential. The 2012 Guide to the Analysis of Insurgency (also republished by Conflict Research Group in 2024) defines resistance as a type of insurgency (distinct from revolutionary, separatist, and other variants) that "seek[s] to compel an occupying power to withdraw from a given territory." The definitions rely on describing resistance as corollary of interstate war and as a product resulting from armed violence.Alternatively, there has also been a broadening strain of thought on the nature of resistance in two regards: first, that resistance does not need to be against a foreign occupier, and second, that it does not need to be carried out through the predominant use of violent tactics. Resistance is a science and The Science of Resistance demystifies that science.

This Casebook provides a summary of twenty-three insurgencies and revolutions and covers the period 1962-2009; the goal of the book is to introduce the reader to modern-style irregular and unconventional warfare, as well as to act as an informational resource on these particular cases. While not trying to provide an in-depth analysis of any case, the intent was to provide enough background material and description of the revolution to allow comparisons and analysis of broader ideas and insights across this broad spectrum of cases. If further study is desired, each case contains a detailed bibliography that points toward what was found to be the most helpful and insightful sources.All cases in this book are presented in a standardized format, a research framework, making it easy to compare various aspects of revolutionary warfare. The Methodology section will define what each section of the framework provides and our justification for its inclusion.All of the sources used in preparation of this Casebook are unclassified and for the most part are secondary rather than primary sources. Where we could, we used primary sources to describe the objectives of the revolution and to give a sense of the perspective of the revolutionary or another participant or observer. This limitation to unclassified sources allows a much wider distribution of these case studies, while hindering the inclusion of revealing or perhaps more accurate information. The ARIS Project endeavored to use sources believed to be reliable and accurate.These studies are also meant to be strictly neutral in terms of bias toward the revolution or those to whom the revolution is directed. The ARIS Project sought to balance any interpretive bias in their sources and in the case presentation so that it may be studied without any indication by the author of moral, ethical, or other judgment.

This groundbreaking work, Undergrounds in Insurgent, Revolutionary, and Resistance Warfare, was written in response to the communist insurgency in South Vietnam. It sought to categorize underground movements encountered during the previous 30 years in fine detail so that the establishment and operations of subsequent underground arms of guerrilla forces railed against Free World Forces could be anticipated, located and disrupted or destroyed. Its secondary aim was to doctinalize tactics, techniques and procedures for the establishment of underground organizations in any given country in support of US Special Forces or Intelligence Community operations. One of the most important, and yet least known aspects of unconventional warfare is the underground. An underground is a clandestine arm of the unconventional warfare organization which sits out of sight of the general public and strives to remain as invisible to enemy security forces for as long as possible.For every guerrilla fighter, this report surmises that there are a minimum of seven underground operatives working to support the guerrilla's mission through providing logistics, communications, recruitment, intelligence, safe havens, medical support or covert operations.Conflict Research Group is proud to bring this book back into print as it should form a keystone of the research library of any practitioner or scholar in the unconventional warfare or security policy fields.