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Pietism was repeatedly confronted with the accusation that it was hostile to art. In the late 17th century, for example, ornate church music met with criticism from many Pietists. At the same time, they appreciated music as an important component of public worship, which should deepen the piety of the converted and appeal to the hearts of the unconverted. However, this was preceded by the conviction that the criterion for appreciating music was to be found in the faith convictions of the composer and performer themselves. This tension underlies the musical thinking of Halle's theologians in the 18th century. The study by Joyce L. Irwin refrains from dealing with polemical literature in the environment of Pietism, but rather draws on texts that treat passages of the Bible dealing with music.In addition to the biblical commentaries of August Hermann Francke, Joachim Lange, Johann Jakob Rambach, Siegmund Jakob Baumgarten, and Johann Salomo Semler, poetic texts also come into view, such as the hymnals of Freylinghausen, the poems of Rambach, and the poetry and drama of August Hermann Niemeyer. In the process, it becomes apparent that music in Pietism is essential for the service to God, but that the spiritual conviction of the individual remains crucial.

Die Geschichtswissenschaft diskutiert seit Jahren intensiv über die Genese, Formen und Folgen weltweiter Verflechtungen und Austauschprozesse. Die Forschungen und Debatten auf dem Feld der Globalgeschichte knüpfen an etablierte Traditionen der außereuropäischen Geschichte, der Geschichte der europäischen Expansion sowie der Geschichte einzelner Weltregionen an, führen jedoch konzeptionell und methodisch über diese hinaus. Dem Wandel des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses trägt die vormalige "Gesellschaft für Überseegeschichte" durch ihre Umbenennung in "Gesellschaft für Globalgeschichte" Rechnung. Im Zuge der konzeptionellen und methodischen Neuausrichtung der Gesellschaft wurde das Periodikum "Globalgeschichte / Global History" konzipiert, das in der Nachfolge des "Jahrbuchs für Europäische Überseegeschichte" (2001-2022) steht. "Globalgeschichte / Global History" bietet ein Forum für wissenschaftliche Aufsätze, Debattenbeiträge sowie Literaturberichte in deutscher und englischer Sprache, die Aspekte dieses ebenso vielfältigen wie dynamischen Forschungsfelds beleuchten.From the contents (altogether 11 contributions):Andreas Flurschütz da CruzDagmar Freist & Lucas Haasis, Die Prize Papers. Produkt und Zeugnis von globalen Konfrontationen, Kolonialismus und Verflechtungen in der Frühen Neuzeit (1652-1815)Corinna Gramatke, Indigene Aneignungen und wirtschaftliche Autonomie. Zur Materialität des religiösen Kulturtransfers in der Jesuitenmission im frühneuzeitlichen ParaguayChristoph Marx, Heinrich Barths ForschungsmethodeSarah Benneh-Oberschewen, Heinrich Barth - Wegbereiter einer antirassistischen Wahrnehmung westafrikanischer StädteStephanie Zehnle, What Makes an African State? Barth's Inter-Cultural Approaches

Since the beginning of his rise to power, Chinggis Khan used matrimonial relations between the members of his family and his allies in order to strengthen his support base and to expand the potential of his army. Whereas research has discussed in detail the history of the Chinggisid women, the role of their male non-Chinggisid counterparts - the imperial sons-in-law (Mon. güregen, Ch. fuma ¿¿), mostly the powerful military commanders - is still an under-researched topic.In his monograph, Ishayahu Landa for the first time provides a comprehensive and detailed discussion of the Chinggisid in-laws, approaching them as a separate political institution with its own status, privileges, and ambitions, which played a crucial role in underpinning the Mongol rule across the continent. The monograph is unique in its combined usage of Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Latin and Old Slavonic primary sources as well as its temporal scope, ranging from the early thirteenth century to the period of the Chinggisid Crisis and beyond. The monograph will be of interest for specialists in Mongol, Chinese, Islamic, Russian, and global histories, as well as in the field of Gender Studies, and nomadic history and ethnography. At the same time, it covers an important aspect of the power structure behind the Chinggisid expansion, its maintenance of power from Korea to the Black Sea, as well as its decline.

The Late Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period were the heyday for scarab seals with names in Ancient Egypt. During this time, names of kings and non-royal individuals occur on hundreds of scarabs and their impressions making scarabs one of the primary groups of written sources for the period. This book explores research paths opened by confronting the textual evidence provided by scarabs with the stylistic and typological traits observable on them in an effort to recontextualize these miniature decorative objects, most of which stem from mass-scale undocumented plundering in the late 19th and early 20th century.The book takes a new perspective on scarab production in Egypt showing that different types of scarabs were produced concurrently, and the production of scarabs was not limited to a single centre at a given period. It amends the methodology of studying Middle Bronze Age scarabs in Egypt to acknowledge that artisans purposefully reproduced certain scarab styles. The study contributes to the ongoing discussions on the chronology of the Second Intermediate Period, Egypt's interconnections with the Levant and the role of foreigners in Egypt in the Middle Kingdom.

Das Wörterbuch enthält ca. 10.000 Lexeme und umfasst den gebräuchlichsten Wortschatz des Tigrinischen, der Nationalsprache Eritreas und einer der Arbeitssprachen Äthiopiens. Es beinhaltet Beispiele aus Originalquellen mit deutscher und englischer Übersetzung, darunter Wortverbindungen, Redewendungen, Sprichwörter und Rätsel. Ca. 400 der aufgeführten Wörter kommen in keinem der bisher erschienenen Wörterbücher dieser semitischen Sprache vor. Am Ende sind geografische Namen und gängige Abkürzungen verzeichnet.Es ist ein Häufigkeitswörterbuch, welches neben dem allgemeinen Wortschatz verschiedene Gebiete des modernen Sprachgebrauchs umfasst, darunter Fachbegriffe, Dialekt- und Tabuwörter. Ebenfalls enthalten sind zahlreiche wort- und formbildende Sprachsilben sowie grammatische Konstruktionen mit anschaulichen Erklärungen. Dank der komplexen Struktur der Einträge unterscheidet sich das Wörterbuch vorteilhaft von den bisher bekannten Gegenstücken. Es richtet sich an Sprecherinnen und Sprecher aller drei Sprachen und eignet sich zum Lesen und Übersetzen von Texten bis zu einem mittleren Schwierigkeitsgrad. Es wird für diejenigen von Nutzen sein, die die jeweilige Sprache lernen oder lehren, sich mit Tigrinistik, Semitistik, Typologie, Übersetzungs- und vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaften beschäftigen oder tigrinische Literatur im Original lesen.

The book offers a new perspective on the emergence and spread of Indo-Aryan in North India. Based on the analysis of more than 200 Indo-Aryan languages and dialects, it proves that there was more than just one immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers to North India. This left clear marks on the modern Indo-Aryan languages. When the Vedic-speaking Indo-Aryans arrived in northern India, there were already speakers of other Indo-Aryan dialects that were slightly more archaic than Vedic. Traces of these somewhat more archaic dialects are mainly found in peripheral Indo-Aryan languages between the Himalayas and the Hindu Kush. They are therefore called outer languages, while the descendants of Vedic and Classical Sanskrit (e.g. Pali and Hindi) are called inner languages. Outer and inner languages differ not only in terms of archaicity, but they have also developed differently, especially in phonology. The book also addresses the question of the linguistic situation in North India before the arrival of the first Indo-Aryans. Again, it is these peripheral languages, albeit along with many small Tibeto-Burmese Himalayan languages, that have preserved the richest linguistic data showing that prehistoric North India was dominated by Austro-Asiatic languages before the arrival of the Indo-Aryans.

This dictionary aims to cover the whole lexicon of Tocharian A, one of the two Tocharian languages, which form a distinct branch in the Indo-European language family. These languages are documented in manuscripts found mostly in Buddhist monasteries located in the oases of the Tarim Basin, in Xinjiang, China, and dated in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. The dictionary contains a thesaurus based on all the identified texts in Tocharian A, published as well as unpublished, which are kept in various collections. It covers much more data than the dictionary published by Pavel Poucha in 1955, which was based on the Tocharian A manuscripts from the so-called Turfan collection (Berlin), edited by Emil Sieg and Wilhelm Siegling in 1921. The book includes a thorough revision of the Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Volume 1 (2009), which covered only the beginning of the lexicon (letters A to J). All forms of words, including variants, occurring in the texts are listed separately with reference to the occurrences and a sample of passages in transcription and translation. The meaning of a number of words has been better defined and corrected against previous glossaries. When possible, the lemmas include the corresponding items attested in Tocharian B. The references given for each lemma aim to retrieve the previous secondary literature. Many lemmas contain philological contributions pertaining to the interpretation of critical passages. Much focus has been laid on phraseology and literary parallels with other Buddhist texts from Central Asia. The sources of loanwords, from Tocharian B, Old and Middle Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Old Turkic, and Chinese, are given as much as they can be traced.

In 1977-78, right after Papua New Guinea had achieved its political independence, Derk van Groningen was living among the Kilenge people on the north-west coast of the island of New Britain. Originally, his ethnographic field research centered on the circular migration pattern in the Kilenge area. Being permitted to take photographs of their daily activities, his focus became much broader.Groningen's work presents a photographic documentation of many aspects of Kilenge life during the transition period from colonial rule to self-determination and governance. His original observations and photographs are published here for the first time.

This volume is a collection of papers that have been given at an international conference in December 2019 in Bregenz, Austria. They focus on Arrian of Nicomedia's Anabasis Alexandrou which is our main source for the life and reign of Alexander the Great. So far, scholarship has paid only little attention to the Anabasis as literary cosmos of its own right. The various contributions critically evaluate the still extant general opinion, that Arrian deserves a distinguished status as the main source on the Macedonian conqueror since he allegedly closely followed his sources. But the first accounts of the participants in Alexander's famous expedition have only survived as fragments and thus their literary production is more or less shrouded in mystery. Hence, the tension between Arrian's literary creativity, propinquity to his sources, his relationship to his role-model Xenophon merits serious examination when assessing the value of his work as a historical source.The volume is the first attempt to contextualize the work of Arrian against various backdrops. This includes the reign of Alexander, the Classical and contemporary literary trends, the Second Sophistic as intellectual framework, the until yet neglected idea of "empire" as well as echoes and stimuli from the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period. The various contributions create a more complex image of Arrian as an author, his literary production and his idea of the Macedonian conqueror that helps us to gain a better understanding of this complex text and Alexander the Great as its protagonist.

The book contains first editions of thirty-three cuneiform tablets from the Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection, dating to the second half of the second millennium and the first millennium BCE, as well as duplicates and parallels from other museums. The majority of the edited tablets stem from the city of Nippur, but the book also includes manuscripts from Assur and Babylon. The tablets comprise literary, magic, and divinatory texts, as well as fifteen Middle and Neo-Babylonian school manuscripts with excerpts from various compositions.The literary texts include a large prayer invoking blessings of Nippur gods upon the king, known in other cities as well; a wisdom monologue, and a manuscript of The Exaltation of IStar. The magic section includes Middle Babylonian versions of anti-witchcraft incantations previously known in the first millennium, as well as exorcistic spells, and formulas to be recited upon the consecration of Nippur priests. Extispicy, hemerologies, and physiognomy are among the divinatory texts edited. The school tablets contain excerpts from several texts previously unknown to have survived into the respective periods, such as a Middle Babylonian version of Tamarisk and Palm and a first-millennium version of the wisdom text Hearken to the Advice.The introduction of the book contains an overview of Nippur history, as well as a discussion of the provenance of the tablets and their social and school contexts. The city of Nippur, whose scholarly production circulated widely in Antiquity, is strangely bereft of scholarly manuscripts, a fact that the book seeks to explain.

Central Asia is a vast region separating and at the same time connecting the civilizations of the Near East, East Asia and the Indian subcontinent with each other and with the neighboring nomadic cultures.This richly illustrated book reflects the contributions of a conference that took place in Bern in 2020 and includes 32 contributions from 56 authors from 18 countries. The conference evaluated the supra-, inter-, and intraregional modes of cultural exchange and knowledge transfer like trade, migration, missionary activities or military encounters. This exchange occurred within Central Asia, from the outside into Central Asia or conversely out of Central Asia to neighboring cultures. The timeframe considered was from the Early Bronze Age to the period of Amir Timur (end of the 14th century CE) and the geographic scope stretched from the eastern Caucasus in the west till Xinjiang in the east and from southern Siberia in the north till Baluchistan in the south. All papers presented were based upon new archaeological investigations, surveys and discoveries. Most of the contributions suggest that in Central Asia, based on its specific geopolitical location, typical "contact cultures" blossomed which were influenced to varying degrees by the neighboring cultures and thus produced many facets of cultural hybridisation.The conclusions of many of the excavations presented here will be published in English for the first time. Each article is accompanied by an extensive bibliography and a Russian abstract.

This volume contains contributions from three conferences held within the framework of the project "Law between Dialogue and Translation (The Example of Palestine)", funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The conferences were hosted by the project partners from the Department for Arabic and Islamic Studies of the University of Göttingen (Germany) and the Faculty of Law from Al-Quds University (Palestine) in 2019 and 2020, and the School of Graduate Studies of the State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta (Indonesia) in 2021. The project aimed to analyze how international law and human rights norms are implemented or "translated" into national legislation, with a special focus on the role of Islamic law and institutions in these processes.The volume provides a theoretical introduction on the concepts of "translation" of law and of "legal pluralism" and continues to discuss four main areas in which different practical aspects of these concepts can be observed: 1) the dealing of German and Palestinian judicial institutions with the relation between state, religion and rights of the individual, 2) achievements and challenges of women's rights implementation in Indonesia, 3) the entanglement of Sharia, Customary and State law in Palestine, and 4) recent developments in international criminal and humanitarian law in the Palestinian context.

Thorough investigations in recent decades have brought to light a relatively large number of ancient manuscripts of the various books of the Old and New Testaments from different parts of Ethiopia. This has led to a renewed interest in up-to-date critical editions of all the books of the Ethiopic Bible. For the Book of Jeremiah, however, there has never been a critical edition. This collection of seven essays marks the beginning of a new endeavour to fill this gap.Stefan Weninger introduces the reader medias in res, providing a condensed overview of the history of Ethiopic Jeremiah scholarship. Martin Heide's essay is a sample edition of the Book of Jeremiah based on nearly sixty manuscripts. The data that became available through collation allow to classify the manuscripts and provide first insights into the textual history of the Jeremiah Cycle. Michael Knibb invites the reader to review his experience with the critical edition of the Book of Ezekiel. Furthermore, another essay by him deals with the very intriguing manuscript Leiden Or. 14.692, being probably the earliest Ethiopic manuscript of Ezekiel. Steve Delamarter and Garry Jost introduce the reader to the digital methodology of the Textual History of the Ethiopic Old Testament project, which they apply to a sample chapter of Jeremiah, coming to a similar conclusion - from a different perspective - as Martin Heide. Alessandro Bausi addresses important methodological questions, that is, the status of a reconstruction or whether critical editions of Ethiopic texts should be written in normalized orthography. Finally, Siegfried Kreuzer introduces the reader to an up-to-date view of the textual history of the Septuagint. This enables (and challenges) scholars dealing with textual criticism of Ethiopic Old Testament books to carefully consider the question of the Greek Vorlage.

This volume introduces latest research on the necropolis of ancient Asyut and a broad spectrum of different topics. It opens with a deep insight in the long history of the ancient town of Asyut and its different functions throughout history, followed by a contribution highlighting the connections between the city and the oases of Kharga and Dakhla via the Darb el Arba'in, the ancient caravan route through the Western Desert. Research on the temple of Wepwawet, chief deitiy of Asyut, closes the section on the ancient town itself. Turning to the necropolis on Gebel Asyut al-gharbi, an as yet unpublished tomb of a high official of the late 11th/early 12th Dynasty is presented, followed by contributions on material culture including an in-depth analysis of a statue head found during recent fieldwork, an iconographical study on the depiction of wedjat-eyes on Asyuti coffins of the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom; the detailed analysis of a hitherto unpublished coffin and a study on the "Book of the Two Ways" inscribed on another coffin from Asyut. Objects discussed include wooden models and their correlation with wall decoration, latest finds of pottery offering trays and first results of the examination of Asyuti stone offering tables. New Kingdom and Late Period finds are discussed in an article with new information on ushebtis from the collections of Sayed Bey Khashaba and the Museo Gregoriano in Città del Vaticano, and in a typological analysis of faience chalices with a focus on recent finds of The Asyut Project. The volume closes with a hitherto unpublished copy of spell 72 of the Book of the Dead that is inscribed on the early Ptolemaic mummy cartonnage of Padiamun found during fieldwork and an article that details Christian tomb stelae and the special local Asyuti formulae used for inscribing them.

The history of the so-called "New Jewish School" in music began in 1908 in St. Petersburg with the founding of the Society for Jewish Folk Music by students from the St. Petersburg Conservatory. The end of this movement came with the invasion of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938, and the dissolution of the Vienna Society for the Promotion of Jewish Music later that year.The fascinating and dramatic history of the New Jewish School is the subject of this monograph, which summarizes the author's years of intensive international archival research. While many other national schools of music - such as the Russian, Czech or Hungarian - were able to develop freely and establish themselves in a favorable cultural environment, the Jewish school was violently suppressed. The reconstruction of its historical development in Russia and, after 1917, increasingly in other Eastern and Central European countries was first presented in German in 2004 and has since served as the basis for rediscovery of the valuable, highly original repertoire of New Jewish School composers. For this English-language publication, the entire book has been thoroughly revised and richly supplemented with extensive additional texts and materials.

This book is the result of a workshop organized by the editors on April 5, 2018, during the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE) in Munich, Germany.The workshop's goal was to discuss the archaeological traces, or lack thereof, of the so-called transitional periods in the long history of Northern Mesopotamia, from the Bronze Age to the Islamic period. What emerges from the contributions, which differ in terms of chronology, spatial extent, and research subject - from single sites to long term investigation, from material culture to historical approaches -, goes beyond the traditional approach to the Dark Ages, emphasizing phenomena of resilience and evolution, rather than drastic and abrupt changes. From the expansion and contraction of settlement patterns to the spatial redefinition of urban spaces and the persistence of certain ceramic horizons through time, the authors put back the material evidence on the agenda of the archaeological research on the Dark Ages.The book offers a unique view, although from different angles, of some of the in-between periods of Mesopotamian history: The Middle-Late Bronze transition, the so-called post-Assyrian period, the evolution of late antiquity material culture into the Islamic period. Thus, the authors aim at redefining the concept of transition in the light of new or revised data from fundamental projects in Syria, Iraq, and Iraqi Kurdistan.

Achaemenid Studies fall between the academic divisions of Ancient Near Eastern Studies and Archeology, Ancient History, Classical Philology, Egyptology and Semitic Languages. No single scholar can cover the many cultures that were united under the umbrella of this huge empire alone and in-depth. Interdisciplinary approaches are a necessity in order to tackle the challenges that the diverse textual records in Akkadian, Demotic Egyptian, Elamite, Aramaic and Greek present us with. This volume, the proceedings of a conference on taxation and fiscal administration in the Achaemenid Empire held in Amsterdam in 2018, contains contributions on Babylonia, Egypt, the Levant, Asia Minor and Arachosia, written by specialists in the respective languages and cultures. The question that lies at the basis of this volume is how the empire collected revenue from the satrapies, whether and how local institutions were harnessed to make imperial rule successful. The contributions investigate what kind of taxes were imposed in what area and how tax collection was organized and administered. Since we lack imperial state archives, local records are the more important, as they are our only reliable source that allows us to move beyond the famous but unverifiable statement on Achaemenid state finances in Herodotus, Histories 3, 89-97.

This book has been written for beginners studying on their own and assumes no prior knowledge of the subject. It begins with the history of the language and its discovery and decipherment up to the present day. It contains a clearly structured concise grammar which offers much original material on Luwian syntax. Twelve reading exercises introduce the basic grammatical principles and are carefully graded to allow the reader to build up a knowledge of common signs and vocabulary as well as giving a broad introduction to Hieroglyphic Luwian literature. Grammatical analysis, commentary, vocabulary notes and a revision section accompany each text. Additionally, the book includes the most extensive up-to-date vocabulary available and a complete sign list. Both will serve the reader as invaluable tools for any further study of the subject.

Classical Syriac for Hebraists is intended for people who already have a basic knowledge of Biblical Hebrew and want to study Syriac, an important ancient Semitic language, a dialect of Aramaic. Syriac is the official language of the Syriac-speaking churches and has a vast amount of literature representing diverse areas of human knowledge: ancient translations of the Bible and related early documents, biblical commentaries, theological treatises, ecclesiastical histories, legends about saints, scientific texts covering philosophy, natural sciences, grammar, translations from Greek documents and many others. With previous knowledge of Hebrew assumed and related phenomenon in Hebrew frequently mentioned, the student can be expected to acquire reading knowledge of Syriac with reasonable ease and speed.The chrestomathy presents a selection of eleven documents including not only passages of the Bible, but also biblical commentaries and theological discussions, humorous fables and a grammatical treatise, all original Syriac compositions. The texts are fully or partly vocalised, provided with grammatical annotations with constant cross referencing to the appropriate sections of the grammar. A glossary to facilitate studying of these texts is appended.

Conversations in the House of Life offers a new translation of a text first published as The Ancient Egyptian Book of Thoth (2005). The composition is a dialogue between a Master, perhaps the god Thoth himself, and a Disciple, named "The-one-who-loves-knowledge." Originally written in Demotic, the text dates to the Graeco-Roman Period (ca. 300 B.C. to 400 A.D.). The dialogue covers everything from how to hold the writing brush and the symbolic significance of scribal utensils to a long exposition on sacred geography. The work may be an initiation text dealing with sacred knowledge. It is closely associated with the House of Life, the temple scriptorium where the priests wrote their books. The 2005 publication was aimed at specialists, but Conversations in the House of Life is intended for the general reader. The revised translation reflects recent advances in our understanding of the text. The explanatory essays, commentary, and glossary help the reader explore the fascinating universe of the Book of Thoth. As a document of Late Period Egyptian thought it is of importance to all those interested in Graeco-Roman Period intellectual history; students of the Classical Hermetica will find the Book of Thoth especially intriguing. The express goal of Conversations in the House of Life is to make this challenging Ancient Egyptian composition accessible to the widest possible audience.

This Hebrew Grammar is a helpful instrument both for the beginner and the more advanced student. The views adopted in this grammar have been corroborated by briefly referring to papers or paragraphs of grammars. Phonology has been based on the assumption of a general penultimate stress. In morphology, nouns have been arranged according to synchronical, rather than diachronical principles. As for syntax, it was considered best to base the sections dealing with it on the quoted Biblical excerpts rather than to adduce selected syntactical phenomena from the whole Bible.The new edition has brought the grammar up-to-date, including references to scientific literature written in modern Hebrew.

The Kurdish Reader by Khanna Omarkhali comprises an exciting collection of texts in Kurmanji, the northern dialect of the Kurdish language. It is designed to help students with a basic knowledge of the Kurdish language to enhance their fluency by studying a variety of texts ranging from literary and folklore to non-narrative prose works.The first part of the book focuses on the literary works, both prose and verse, from all parts of the Kurmanji speaking countries. Many of the texts were produced in Armenia where the dialect evolved its written tradition. This is the first collection incorporating material from this important literary and cultural heritage. As the first part of the book presents the development of written tradition, part two introduces the reader to a range of variants of Kurmanji from Turkey, Armenia, Russia, Syria, Iraqi Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenia, and Khorasan, each conveying the richness of their forms. This part of the Reader is of interest for Kurdish Oral History Studies too for it consists of various recordings of historical information, based on the personal experience of the speakers. The Reader contains two Kurdish-English glossaries and a grammar section. This constitutes a comprehensive outline of the subjects under study along with a fundamental description of the cornerstones of Kurmanji grammatical categories, and explanations of the main discrepancies between the local Kurmanji variants and the literary language with examples taken from the selections. Additionally, the book offers English translations of selected texts with an English-Kurdish dictionary of linguistic terms.

This work by Bentley Layton is a newly revised, third edition of the standard reference grammar of Coptic in the classical Sahidic dialect. Compared to the previous edition, "A Coptic Grammar" incorporates new additions and corrections, and retains a full index locorum of examples cited in the grammar. Citations are the backbone of any reference grammar, and this index gives readers immediate access to a grammatical discussion of about three thousand citations of classical Coptic. Especially noteworthy is the extensive use of citations from the celebrated Coptic stylist Shenoute of Atripe.