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The book primarily looks at the operation of shipping companies in Austria-Hungary while also providing insight into the phenomenon of emigration during the period of mass migration to the USA. In terms of time, the book primarily looks at the last two decades of the long 19th century, incorporating the period up until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. It was during this period that emigration from the Habsburg Monarchy reached its peak, and it was a golden era for shipping. As such, the book focuses its attention on a relatively narrow set of selected shipping companies which were the most used for emigration out of the monarchy at the end of the 19th century. While there were many companies operating in Europe, this study focuses its attention on the most important, which were most relevant for the monarchy's residents. The author has chosen the two largest German shipping lines for his comparison, Hamburg Amerikanische Paketfahrt Aktien-Gesellschaft (HAPAG), operating a route from Hamburg, and Norddeutsche Lloyd. He primarily compares these two companies with Austria's own Vereinigte Österreichische Schiffahrts-Aktien-Gesellschaft, vormals Austro-Americana &Fratelli Cosulich (Austro-Americana) and Britain's Cunard Line, which operated within the Habsburg market essentially as a foreign element, even though it had acquired a privileged position from the Hungarian government. A fundamental part of the book then looks at the course of emigrants' journeys, and also at the northern and southern routes for emigrants, which logically went via the northern German ports or via the port cities in the south of the Habsburg Monarchy. The author focuses in particular on the competition between shipping companies, which took place separately geographically, i.e. in the north and in the south separately. There was an evident overall interconnection of shipping companies in the period prior to the outbreak of the First World War, and agreements directly determined individual factors in the competition between them, these including price of transport, frequency, and destination of routes from Europe to the USA, comfort levels provided to customers, speed of transport and range of services provided. Despite the determined quotas for numbers of carried passengers and agreements on the price of ship tickets, competitive rivalry between the companies was still ongoing by 1914.

The scientific collective monograph Central and Eastern Europe and the World in the 20th Century. Continuities and Discontinuities is based mainly on the contributions of the international conference held in September 2021 at the University of Pécs (Hungary) in cooperation with the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen (Czech Republic) on the phenomenon of continuity and discontinuity in the 20th century. The individual chapters, authored by experts from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Federal Republic of Germany or Slovakia, deal with continuity and discontinuity problems, issues and challenges not only in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, but also focus on non-European areas in this context. Thus, the events of the Great War, the Versailles-Washington System, the era of dictators, the Second World War, the bipolarity of the world and the concurrent Cold War, which ended with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, made the 20th century not only a well-known age of extremes, but also an epoch of continuity and discontinuity not only in the European dimension.Die wissenschaftliche kollektive Monographie Central and Eastern Europe and the World in the 20th Century. Continuities and Discontinuities basiert hauptsächlich auf den Beiträgen der internationalen Konferenz, die im September 2021 an der Universität Pécs (Ungarn) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Westböhmischen Universität in Pilsen (Tschechische Republik) stattfand und sich mit dem Phänomen der Kontinuität und Diskontinuität im 20. Jahrhundert beschäftigte. Die einzelnen Kapitel, verfasst von Experten aus der Tschechischen Republik, Ungarn, Polen, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland oder der Slowakei, befassen sich mit Kontinuitäts- und Diskontinuitätsproblemen, Fragestellungen und Herausforderungen nicht nur in der Geschichte Mittel- und Osteuropas, sondern fokussieren in diesem Zusammenhang auch auf außereuropäische Räume. Die Ereignisse des Ersten Weltkriegs, das Versailles-Washington System, die Ära der Diktatoren, der Zweite Weltkrieg, die Bipolarität der Welt und der gleichzeitige Kalte Krieg, der mit dem Fall der Berliner Mauer und dem Zusammenbruch der Sowjetunion endete, machten das 20. Jahrhundert nicht nur zu einem bekannten Zeitalter der Extreme, sondern auch zu einer Epoche der Kontinuität und Diskontinuität nicht nur in der europäischen Dimension.

Transit facilities and railway stations used for deportation have been rediscovered as central sites of the Shoah in recent years. Public memorials and monuments recall the deportation of the Jewish population to ghettos, annihilation camps, and sites of mass murder. What has long remained a desideratum is a comprehensive, comparative, and analytical overview of deportations from territories under control or influence of Nazi Germany. This volume aims to determine differences and commonalities in the organisation and implementation of deportations in Nazi-dominated Europe. It analyses the relationship between central switching points of the 'Final Solution' and local civilian, military and SS-Police authorities and investigates how Jewish organisations were forced to collaborate in the process of their own destruction. The present research examines the limited agency of Jewish Councils, the deportation of protected groups such as members of 'mixed families', the importance of citizenship, and the despotism of individual perpetrators.Contributions are based on the 2019 workshop Deportiert. Vergleichende Perspektiven auf die Organisation des Wegs in die Vernichtung, co-organised by the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies (VWI) and the Austrian Academy of Sciences