Bøger udgivet af NY Research Press

Particle physics studies the fundamental constituents of matter and radiation and their interactions. Fundamental particles exhibit wave-particle duality and are represented using quantum state vectors in Hilbert space. All elementary particles and their interactions are understood using a quantum field theory, which is called the Standard Model. This model accounts for 61 particles, among which are 24 fermions, 8 gluons, the photon and W-, W+ and Z bosons. The Standard Model further describes the fundamental interactions of these particles, such as electromagnetic, strong and weak interactions. Particle physics has enriched human lives with the production of medical isotopes for use in external beam radiotherapy and PET imaging, development of touchscreen technology and the World Wide Web. This book is a valuable compilation of topics, ranging from the basic to the most complex theories and principles in the field of particle physics. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This textbook is appropriate for particle physicists, high-energy physicists, phenomenologists, field theorists, students and other experts associated with this field.

Shame is defined as an unpleasant emotion, which is linked with the negative evaluation of one's own self. It is often linked with the feeling of pain, demotivation, exposure, powerlessness, worthlessness, and distrust. It is a social or moral emotion, which makes people deny and hide their wrongdoings. Shame may hinder a person's personal development and it also affects the involvement of people in society. People experience shame as a result of deviating from the commonly accepted and practiced values and norms. From a psychological perspective, shame can be categorized into narcissistic, situational, existential, and class. It can also lead to mental conditions such as narcissistic personality disorder and depression. This book provides comprehensive insights on the psychology of shame. The readers would gain knowledge that would provide them with interdisciplinary perspectives on the concept of shame. The book is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts.

Arabic is a type of Semitic language that is primarily spoken in the Arab nations. It is considered to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula. The Islamic conquests that took place in the 7th century C.E. resulted in the rapid development of the Arabic language. This language is divided into three categories including classical, current standard and colloquial Arabic. It is the official language of many countries including Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Iraq, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Mauritania, Oman, Libya and Sudan. There are numerous dialects or varieties of the Arabic language including gulf Arabic, Levantine Arabic, modern standard Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic. The topics included in this book on the history and development of the Arabic language are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Adult education refers to an education system wherein adults are involved in sustained and systematic self-educating activities for obtaining new forms of values, knowledge, attitudes and skills. It can encompass any kind of learning taken up by adults after the conventional schooling, which comprises fundamental literacy to ensure personal fulfillment of an individual. Adult education is taken voluntarily and the participants are self-motivated to complete the learning. Continuing education is a form of adult education, which consists of post-secondary learning programs and activities. These include college remediation, non-degree career training, degree credit courses taken up by non-traditional students, formal workforce training, and personal enrichment courses. This book provides comprehensive insights on the foundations of adult and continuing education. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Arabic is a type of Semitic language that is primarily spoken in the Arab nations. It is considered to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula. The Islamic conquests that took place in the 7th century C.E. resulted in the rapid development of the Arabic language. This language is divided into three categories including classical, current standard and colloquial Arabic. It is the official language of many countries including Kuwait, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Iraq, Tunisia, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Mauritania, Oman, Libya and Sudan. There are numerous dialects or varieties of the Arabic language including gulf Arabic, Levantine Arabic, modern standard Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic. The topics included in this book on the history and development of the Arabic language are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Tourism can have unfavorable effects on the environment such as excessive consumption and overutilization of resources, damage to wildlife, and increased emission of greenhouse gases. Sustainable tourism plays an important role in the long-term viability of the tourism industry in order to ensure that the present generations' requirements do not have any ill effects on the requirements of the future generations. The goal of sustainable tourism is to increase the positive effects of tourism, while decreasing the adverse effects on tourist destinations. This can be done by protecting the environment and the biodiversity that exists in it by effective management of tourism activities. Sustainable tourism it can produce economic benefits for the local communities and create employment for individuals working in this sector. This book provides comprehensive insights on ensuring sustainability in the tourism industry. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Researchers and students in this field will be assisted by this book.

Masonry refers to the construction of structures from distinct units placed and bound together. It can be characterized as the arrangement of various materials in various ways with or without mortar. Modern masonry involves constructing buildings using modern materials such as concrete-block joists, concrete slabs, and walls made of pressed bricks, cement blocks, perlite, tiles, stones, and glass blocks. The most popular masonry materials used in industrialized countries are concrete block and brick, which can be either load bearing or non-load-bearing. Concrete blocks, particularly those with hollow cores, provide compressive strength and are appropriate for constructing buildings with light transverse loading. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of modern masonry. It presents researches on the building techniques, tools and materials which are used within this field. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying masonry as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Quantum mechanics refers to a branch of physics concerned with the behavior of matter and light at the atomic and subatomic levels. It tries to explain the properties of molecules and atoms. It also seeks to describe the properties of the fundamental particles of atoms and molecules, which include neutrons, gluons, protons, quarks and electrons. Statistical mechanics is a branch of physics that uses probability theory to study the thermodynamic behavior of systems composed of several particles. It is helpful in the fundamental study of physical systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Statistical mechanics provides a framework for connecting microscopic properties of individual molecules and atoms to macroscopic bulk properties of materials that can be seen in everyday life. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on key topics related to quantum and statistical mechanics. It consists of contributions made by international experts. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Fluid refers to a state of matter wherein the matter yields to sideways or shearing forces. Gases, plasmas and liquids are considered to be fluids. They can be found in stationary as well as moving forms. The physics of stationary fluids is studied under fluid statics, whereas fluid mechanics is a branch of physics involved in the study of mechanics related with fluids and the forces they generate. It has applications in many fields such as mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, oceanography, biology, geophysics, astrophysics and meteorology. Some of the prominent relationships which are studied under this discipline are kinematic, regulating, stress, constitutive, and conservation relationships. This book explores some important selected concepts related to fluid mechanics. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards advancing technologies and evolution of fluid mechanics are examined in detail. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

Geoheritage refers to a unique set of natural resources characterized by sites of special geological significance, beauty or rarity that are specific to a region and of its geological history, events and processes. These include sites of archaeological, architectonic and historical significance. Geotourism is an emerging form of sustainable tourism concerned with sustaining or enhancing the distinctive geographical features of a place, including its heritage, environment, aesthetics and cultures. It encourages and promotes eco-friendly practices for the conservations of resources. It also fosters the integrity of the place and ensures tourist satisfaction. Furthermore, it focuses on enhancing and protecting the appeal of the geoheritage destinations. This book presents the subject of geoheritage and geotourism in the most comprehensible and easy to understand manner. It strives to provide a fair idea about these fields and help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within them. The book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Fluid dynamics is an area of fluid mechanics that deals with the movement of liquids and gases. It has many applications in engineering as well as non-engineering domains such as identifying the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, modeling detonation of fission weapon, calculating moments and forces on aircraft, and predicting weather patterns. It provides a systematic structure and uses empirical and semi-empirical laws obtained from flow measurement for solving various practical problems. Some of the significant technological uses of fluid dynamics include oil pipelines, rocket engines, air conditioning systems, and wind turbines. Experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques are widely used across various branches of engineering. This book provides comprehensive insights into the recent advances in the field of engineering fluid dynamics. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The general theory of relativity, also called the Einstein's theory of gravity and the general relativity theory, is the geometric theory of gravitation. It provides the description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time. There are several astrophysical applications of the general theory of relativity including gravitational lensing, cosmology, gravitational-wave astronomy, and black holes. The theory of general relativity forms the basis for disciplines of cosmology and relativistic astrophysics. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the origin and evolution of the universe. The contemporary researches in cosmology are based on the field equations of general relativity. Under cosmology, the universe is considered on extremely large scales that are evolving over extremely long times that are comparable to the age of the universe. Some researchers have also proposed cosmological models based on space-times with dimensions, D > 4. Some of the important applications of general relativity in cosmology and astrophysics include gamma-ray bursts, neutron stars, black holes and gravitational waves. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to modern general relativity. Researchers and students studying this theory and its applications will be assisted by this book.

A function containing several variables that remains unchanged for any permutation of the variables is called a symmetric function. Polynomials are a type of function. A symmetric polynomial refers to a type of polynomial P in n variables such that if any of the variables are swapped with each other, it remains the same polynomial. There are various types of symmetric polynomials including power-sum symmetric polynomials, elementary symmetric polynomials, complete homogeneous symmetric polynomials, monomial symmetric polynomials, and Schur polynomials. Symmetric polynomials have numerous applications in various areas of combinatorics, representation theory, mathematical physics, and mathematics. They are frequently found in Newton's identities and Vieta's formula. This book includes some of the vital pieces of works being conducted across the world, on various topics related to symmetric functions and polynomials, and their applications. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

Information geometry refers to an interdisciplinary field that studies statistics and probability theory by applying the techniques of differential geometry. It investigates statistical manifolds, which are Riemannian manifolds, where each point is a probability distribution. Information geometry offers a differential-geometric structure on manifolds that help in designing and studying statistical decision rules. It has been utilized in a variety of applications such as machine learning, quantum systems, mathematical finance, statistical inference, and neural networks. The amount of information integration within various terminals of a causal dynamical system is measured using information geometry. The amount of information lost can be measured using integrated information when a system is divided into parts and information transmission between the parts is stopped. This book provides comprehensive insights into information geometry and its applications. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. The book aims to equip students and experts with the advanced topics and upcoming concepts in this area of study.

Sustainable business models are the business models that can be implemented by businesses in conducting business activities in a manner that does not have any negative influence on the environment. In sustainable business models, the notion of environmental and social values is combined with the conventional business dimension. Sustainability in business is translated into the triple bottom line, which requires the businesses to manage the financial, environmental, and social implications of their actions. Social entrepreneurs employ sustainable business models for creating social value and maximizing social profit. Sustainable business models lead to development of innovations that can be used for a social purpose. This book elucidates the principles and practices with respect to sustainable business models. From theories to research to practical applications, studies related to all contemporary topics of relevance to this topic have been included herein. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of study on this topic.

Power electronics is an interdisciplinary field within electrical engineering that is concerned with the design, control and conversion of power in its electric form. A power electronic system is a system that transforms electric energy to an electric load by using a control circuit. Applications of power electronics include generation, transmission, distribution, and control of power. In daily life, power electronics is used in induction cookers, fan regulators, air conditioners, battery chargers, vacuum cleaners, and computers. Furthermore, it also has various applications in automation industry, such as trolleys, hybrid electric vehicles, and subways. It is also used for generating renewable energy, such as wind energy and solar energy. This book traces the progress in the field of power electronics and highlights some of its key concepts and applications. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the theory, design, and applications of power elctronics. This book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike, and contribute to the growth of the discipline.

An electric vehicle (EV) refers to a type of vehicle that utilizes one or more electric motors for propulsion. It can use a battery to run on its own or a collector system providing it with electricity from extravehicular sources. Electric vehicles are classified into different types such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV). The need for an energy storage system is one of the pressing issues related to the current EV technology. Some of the major types of batteries which are used within electric vehicles are lithium-ion batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries and lead-acid batteries. This book contains some path-breaking studies related to battery management for electric vehicles. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. As the research on electric vehicles is emerging at a rapid pace, the contents of this book will help the readers understand the modern concepts and applications of this area of study.

Entrepreneurship refers to an act of creating a business and extracting economic value from it. It involves taking risks in an expectation of gaining profit from it. Innovation is a significant requirement in entrepreneurship for creating a sustainable business and gaining a competitive advantage. It plays a vital role in entrepreneurship whether in an existing business, a new venture or a government institution. Innovation can bring new concepts, strategies and approaches to a business. Internationalization refers to the efforts made by an organization for achieving the objectives to increase its international presence. Internationalization involves designing a product in such a way that it is able to meet the needs of people from various countries. Innovation and internationalization are two closely related strategies that are helpful for developing a new or existing business. This book explores all the important aspects of innovation, internationalization and entrepreneurship in the present day scenario. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Financial mathematics refers to the application of mathematical methods and models to financial concerns. It uses techniques from statistics, economic theory, probability, and stochastic processes. The application of mathematics to the financial sector is based on several financial or economic hypotheses. It employs abstract mathematical methods in order to build mathematical models of the functioning of financial mechanisms. Mathematics is also used in economics for building economic models that utilize mathematical methods and principles for analyzing economic problems. In economics, mathematics is used to conduct quantitative experiments and develop models for forecasting future economic growth. Mathematical economics is based on modern data methods, computing models, and other advanced mathematical applications. This book unravels the recent studies in the field of mathematical finance and mathematical economics. Most of the topics introduced herein cover new methods and modeling techniques used in mathematical finance and mathematical economics. The book will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and postgraduate students.

"Entrepreneurship refers to the ability and willingness to create, organize, and run a business enterprise and take responsibility for dealing with all the uncertainties in order to gain a profit. There are various types of entrepreneurship including scalable startup entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship, small business entrepreneurship, and large company entrepreneurship. It promotes economic growth and development by introducing innovative products and services that helps create jobs, increases the standard of living of people, and lead to the overall improvement of an economy."--

Amides are functional groups in which a carbonyl carbon atom is linked by a single bond to a nitrogen atom, and either a hydrogen or a carbon atom. The general formula of amide is RC (=O)NR, R", where R, R', and R" represent organic groups or hydrogen atoms. Some common examples of amides are benazamide, acetamide, nylon, paracetamol and dimethylformamide. The amide bond is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic compounds. There are several areas of chemistry such as biochemistry, organic synthesis, polymers and drug discovery, wherein the amide groups are used as the fundamental functional group. Amide groups can participate in a wide variety of transformations synthetically and are particularly versatile when exposed to electrochemical conditions. This book aims to shed light on the synthetic chemistry of amides. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. A number of latest researches have been included to keep the readers up-to-date with the global concepts in this area of study.

Chemical analysis refers to the study of the chemical composition and structure of different types of substances. The different techniques of chemical analysis are used to determine the exact chemical information of a substance. Chemical analysis is a part of analytical chemistry, which is a branch of chemistry involved in the study of instruments and methods for the separation, identification and quantification of matter. Some of the major chemical analysis procedures include isotopic analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), field flow fractionation (FFF), mass spectrometry (MS), calorimetry, and surface plasma resonance (SPR). NMR is an analytical procedure which studies the structure of molecules and the interaction of different molecules. Advancements in the field of analytical chemistry find applications in biomedicine, quality control of industrial manufacturing, environmental monitoring, and forensic science. The book aims to shed light on chemical analysis procedures and its applications. It consists of contributions made by international experts. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike.

Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the procedures involved in the synthesis and behavior of inorganic compounds such as metals, minerals and organometallic compounds. In practice, there may be more than one way to synthesize an inorganic compound. However, there is no strict criterion for determining the suitability of a synthesis procedure. The only way to determine that a synthesis is suitable is to estimate whether a new or modified experimental procedure is applicable to a variety of related compounds, and ensuring that at least one of those compounds is critically important for industrial use or for research. Research in this field aims at developing innovative synthesis procedures for compounds that are not readily available on a commercial basis at reasonable prices. This book will provide a detailed account of the techniques that are used in inorganic chemistry for synthesizing inorganic compounds. It is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide an in-depth knowledge about inorganic compound synthesis techniques. The book aims to serve as a resource guide for students and experts alike and contribute to the growth of research in inorganic chemistry.

The housing market refers to the property market where properties are bought and sold to buyers either directly or through real estate agents. It is a series of interconnected and location-specific submarkets, which exist on three different levels, namely, international, regional and urban. All countries have their unique set of housing problems and each country has its own different set of policies, practices, and institutions to deal with those issues. Demographic factors are the primary determinants of demand in the housing markets. Although, other elements like consumer preferences, income and credit availability are also crucial. Some of the most valuable real estate markets in the world include China, USA, Japan, UK, India, Germany, France, Brazil, Italy, and Russia. During the last decade, the world has witnessed a trend of global housing shortage along with increased demand due to Covid-19 pandemic. However, certain policies that can be adopted by countries in order to deal with the global housing shortages include upzoning, relaxing immigration laws, providing financial incentives, and providing mortgages to homebuyers. This book provides comprehensive insights on the policies and practices related to international housing markets. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by it.

Research and development (R&D) refers to the process undertaken by businesses in order to learn more about their industry. The new technological or scientific knowledge gained through R&D is then applied to produce new or improved products and services that can be used or sold by the business. It is often classified into three categories, including development research, basic research and applied research. It encompasses tasks such as advanced development, process development, technological development, prototyping, technology transfer, fundamental research, concept development and new product development. R&D and innovation is the act of creating and commercializing novel concepts, introducing novel procedures, or altering the way a business generates revenue. It can also be seen as the necessary activity to keep a company viable and competitive in the long run. This book contains a detailed explanation of the management practices and innovation associated with R&D. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

A fluid refers to a type of liquid, gas or other substance that constantly flows due to an external force or shear stress. Fluid dynamics is a branch of fluid mechanics that studies the flow of fluids such as liquids and gases. There are two main subdisciplines of fluid dynamics, namely, hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. Fluid dynamics can be used to study phenomena such as ocean currents, plate tectonics, evolution of stars, weather patterns and blood circulation. Wind turbines, air conditioning systems, rocket engines and oil pipelines are some of the significant technological applications of fluid dynamics. A fluid dynamics problem is normally solved by calculating different properties of the fluids such as flow density, velocity, temperature and pressure as functions of space and time. This book outlines the processes and applications of fluid dynamics in detail. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area as well as for experts.

Corporate responsibility (CR) refers to the effect of an organization on the economy, society, and the environment. Sustainable development is referred to as the development that satisfies the requirements of the current generation without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to satiate their needs. CR and sustainable development are related concepts, which directly impact corporate governance. Both of these emphasize on making efforts to protect, recycle and regenerate the environment. CR helps businesses in gaining loyalty and trust of their stakeholders by promising to generate profits in a sustainable manner. It aims to integrate environmental, economic and social obligations into business operations. It also aims to establish sustainable business growth and demonstrate a good influence on the consumers, environment, communities, employees, and shareholders. This book presents an integrative perspective on corporate responsibility and sustainable development. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area of study.

Mental representation is an unobservable internal code for a physical item with semantic properties such as content, reference, truth-conditions and truth-value. It allows the depiction of both non-existent entities along with entities and events, which have not been experienced before. Cognitive semantics encompasses a broad range of descriptive models that cognitive linguistics have developed for the analysis of linguistic meaning. These models include concepts such as frame semantics, radial networks, conceptual metonymy, prototypicality, conceptual metaphor and construal mechanisms in grammar. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the role of mental representation and cognitive analysis in the study of semantics. It is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area of study.

Anisotropy refers to the property of a material that allows it to alter its properties or take on distinct properties in different directions. The property of anisotropy is observed in single crystals of solid materials such as solid compounds and elements. Anisotropy is utilized to describe circumstances in which properties change systematically depending on the direction. Anisotropic materials can have varying thermal conductivity and light polarization depending on the bonding. Anisotropy information can be visualized, processed and modeled using sophisticated applied mathematical constructs such as tensors and other higher-order descriptors. These mathematical constructs can also be applied to address problems in areas such as medical imaging, physical sciences and engineering. This book brings forth some of the current researches in anisotropy within the field of applied mathematics. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make it an invaluable source of knowledge.

Mathematical analysis is a mathematical discipline that deals with continuous functions, limits, and related theories such as differentiation, integration, infinite sequences, series and analytic functions. The field of mathematical analysis has multiple branches, which include real analysis, complex analysis, functional analysis, harmonics analysis and differential equations. Real analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis that involves the study of real numbers and real-valued functions of a real variable. Complex analysis examines the functions of complex numbers, and has several applications in physics and mathematics which include hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, quantum theory, number theory, applied mathematics and algebraic geometry. Harmonic analysis is concerned with the representation of functions and signals as the superposition of basic waves and it finds applications in multiple areas including music theory, representation theory and tidal analysis. This book outlines the significance and applications of mathematical analysis in detail. Students, researchers, and experts associated with this field will benefit from it.