Bøger udgivet af Routledge

This book examines how people's self-awareness is affected by both internal and external factors amid war and poverty. It explores how agency has influenced the inward human development of rural women who face triple disadvantages related to gender, ethnicity, and access to economic power.It presents a multidisciplinary perspective on the intersection of war and poverty through narratives of surviving women. It advances understandings of how rural people, peasants and Indigenous Peoples of Peru, particularly women, have experienced poverty and war as a combination of oppression, repression and aggression. It explores their disempowered agency is affected and evolves post-conflict, in the search for justice. It does this by taking a capabilities approach combined with insights from perspectives on raising consciousness and inner transformation in human development, in which awareness of rural people's experience enables them to be free and can move them from survival to conscious agents. This book offers new narratives to evaluate the hazards of poverty and war and the potential human security for rural people agency and empowerment in building peace. It will be of interest to scholars and practitioner of development studies, peace and security, political studies, and political geography.

Human enhancement (HE) is considered one of the most profoundly impactful effects of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This book presents the definition, theory, scope, and main challenges of HE from a health policy and healthcare systems perspective. It offers a comprehensive view of the consequences of human enhancement disrupting the status quo in health service delivery and social coherence.The book examines the latest achievements of HE, focusing on four forms of enhancement: cognitive, physical, mood and moral. These forms are supported by the list of specific technologies and techniques used for HE. The book identifies the current trends in HE's development and analyzes the challenges that HE poses to health policy and healthcare systems. It discusses the legal and financial aspects of HE, including regulation and shows that the financing of HE goes far beyond the scope of universal health coverage, thus opening the door for private, voluntary insurance and/or out-of-pocket payments. This in turn leads towards growing inequalities, which may threaten social cohesion. Readers will receive a structured picture of the latest advances in HE and trends in the field, as well as a list of the challenges and problems that HE generates.The book offers a concise picture of HE for students and researchers across the political sciences, public health, public sector management and sociology. It will also find an audience among healthcare managers, policymakers, and those who are interested in social change.

This book aims to analyse the legal tools that the legislatures of France, Germany and Italy adopted in order to regulate medical malpractice.In the mid-1970s, a reform movement started in the United States, where there was considerable concern about then ongoing medical malpractice crises. Since the beginning of the current century, France, Germany and Italy have passed statutes that aim to reform medical liability rules. Thus, it is first interesting to assess whether any medical malpractice crises have been identified in these systems and, second, how these have been faced through the passing of new statutes on the Continent. Accordingly, the first chapter explores the idea of medical malpractice crisis and its relationship with the insurance market, also considering the reflections of American scholars. It then reconstructs the French, German and Italian legal frameworks, as well as their insurance and litigation contexts, reviewing and commenting on the quantitative evidence that was collected before the reforms. The second chapter briefly summarises the debate on Medical Malpractice reforms in France, Germany and Italy. It then analyses the statutes that have been passed, distinguishing between reforms that consolidate case law and reforms that introduce innovative solutions, sometimes repealing court-developed doctrines. In particular, the chapter examines in a comparative perspective the different options adopted in these Civil Law countries with regard to the rules on liability, burden of proof, statute of limitations, and damages. Moreover, the chapter examines the reforms of insurance, procedural, and evidence law, to the extent they affect medical malpractice cases. The third chapter reviews and analyses the current available data related to medical malpractice litigation and insurance after the reforms adopted in France, Germany and Italy, in order to find out evidence of their effectiveness and efficiency. It also highlights some aspects of medical malpractice law that still belong to the domain of the judiciary. It finally points out which problems may be addressed by the legislatures and what further data should be collected in the future.This work may interest legal scholars, healthcare providers, insurers and policymakers.

This is a book about food, philosophy, and intellectual property rights.Taken separately, these are three well-known subjects; but it is uncommon to consider them together. Delivering a rich field of disputes, the book is comprised of 50 case studies, organized around eight themes: images; genericity and descriptiveness; language traps; procedures; menus, recipes, and creativity; boundaries; biotech; and empowerment. The introductory chapter frames the selection of cases and encourages readers to look beyond them, envisaging new lenses to look at food vis-à-vis intellectual property. The terrain encompassed is wide-ranging and reaches out to fine-grained aspects of food products, recipes, and cooking. Conceived for a wide scope of readers, the volume ultimately interrogates the links between food and cultural identity, bringing to the fore the ethical, political, aesthetic worth of culinary arts and gastronomic experiences. This accessible book will be of value to scholars, students, practitioners and others with interests in the areas of intellectual property, food law and food studies.

This book identifies the converging socio-cultural, economic and technological conditions that have shaped, informed and realised the identity of the contemporary virtual influencer, situating them at the intersection of social media, consumer culture and AI, and digital technologies.Through a critical analysis of virtual influencers and related media practices and discourses in an international context, each chapter investigates different themes relating to digitality and identity: virtual place and nationhood; virtual emotions and intimacy; im/materialities of virtual everyday life; the biopolitics of virtual human-production; the necropolitics of pandemic virtuality; transmedial and mimetic virtualities; and the political economy of virtual influencers. The book argues that the virtual influencer represents the various ways in which contemporary identities have increasingly become naturalised with questions of virtuality, increasingly mediated by digital technologies across multiple realities.From practices relating to AI-driven, invasive data profiling needed for virtual influencer production, to problematic online practices such as buying digital skin colour, the author examines how the virtual influencer's aesthetic, social and economic value obfuscates some of the darker aspects of their role as an extractivist technology of virtuality: one which regulates, oppresses and/or classifies bodies and datafied bodies that serve the visual, (bio)political and digital economies of virtual capitalism. In the process, the book simultaneously offers a critique of the virtual influencer as a representational virtual figure existing across multiple digital platforms, spaces and times, and how they may challenge, complicate and reinforce normative ideologies surrounding gender, race, class, sexuality, age and ableism. As such, the book sheds light to some of the more troubling realities of the virtual influencer's existence, inasmuch as it celebrates their transformational potential, exploring the implications of both within an increasingly AI-driven, digital culture, society and economy.Drawing from a wide range of disciplines, this book will appeal to scholars, researchers and students working in the area(s) of: Popular Culture and Media; Internet, Digital and Social Media Studies; Data justice and Governance; Japanese Media Studies, Celebrity Studies; Fan Studies; Marketing and Consumer Studies; Sociology; Human-Computer Studies; and AI and Technology Studies.

This handbook provides readers with coverage of the various interview and interrogation techniques used across the world with victims, witnesses, and suspected offenders. It includes exclusive coverage on countries rarely, if ever, previously reported upon in the literature to any substantive depth.Bringing together a collection of chapters from over 40 countries, this handbook advises and explains the practices used in crime interviewing and informs the reader of contemporary developments hitherto unreported in any current book on interviewing and interrogation. In doing so, the Routledge International Handbook of Investigative Interviewing and Interrogation showcases global exemplars of evidence-based practice informed by scientific research. Building on recent research, including protocols developed in a variety of countries, this book is particularly timely in the wake of the 'Mendez principles', a set of principles developed by the UN (i) to counter the ill-treatment of suspects during police questioning and (ii) to gather more reliable information.This handbook will be an essential reference text across criminology, criminal justice, policing and investigation studies, and law.

Is it ever possible to separate humanitarian action from politics? Drawing on the expertise of both practitioners and researchers, this book is an essential guide to the thorny interplay between what are too often considered as separate worlds. The humanitarian sector aims to separate its work from politics, arguing that independence and neutrality are essential in order to gain entry into disaster and conflict settings. Yet, humanitarian claims of non-involvement in politics have also been dismissed as misleading, naive, or counter-productive. In practice, humanitarians find themselves working within political settings on a daily basis. This book investigates the theory behind depoliticization, the political background and context behind humanitarian action, and the daily dilemmas faced by practitioners walking that fine line between principles and pragmatism. Finally, the book considers the importance of decolonising mainstream understandings of humanitarianism and politics, and of placing understandings from the Global South at the heart of the discussion.Balancing theoretical insights with empirical grounding, field examples and recommendations for policy and practice, this book is perfect for researchers and students in humanitarian studies, political science, international relations, human rights, development studies, disaster studies and peace and conflict studies, as well as humanitarian practitioners and policy makers.

Women, Travel, and Writing in the Interwar Era engages feminist, temporal, and narrative theories to offer fresh examinations of interwar era accounts by women about travel and movement, and considers the use and limitations of time as a subversive force in their texts. This book makes a significant contribution to the under-examined study of women's travel writing between the wars, and synthesizes and applies a variety of feminist, narrative and postcolonial theories to excavate new understandings of the intersection between women, travel, and time in writing. The book studies the emergence of the aviatrix after the Great War and moves through to the representations of war in women's travel on the brink of World War Two. Each chapter offers a unique theoretical framework and examines how experiences of time impact perceptions of women's bodies and identities, their engagement with history and discourse, and the problematic influence on colonialism.Women, Travel, and Writing in the Interwar Era is essential reading to any student or researcher in the field of women's travel writing, as well as scholars of gender studies, war and interwar history, and cultural heritage.

Long and Imamura examine language contact phenomena in the Asia Pacific region in the context of early 20th century colonial history, focussing on the effects the Japanese language continues to have over island societies in the Pacific.Beginning in the early 20th century when these islands were taken over by the Japanese Empire and continuing into the 21st century, the book examines 5,150 Japanese-origin loanwords used in 14 different languages. It delves into semantic, phonological and grammatical changes in these loanwords which form a fundamental part of the lexicons of these Pacific Island languages even now in the twenty-first century. The authors examine the usage of Japanese kana for writing some of the local language, and the Pidginoid phenomena of Angaur Island. Readers will gain a unique understanding of the Japanese language's usage in the region from colonial times through the post-war period and well into the current century.Researchers, students and practitioners in the fields of sociolinguistics, language policy and Japanese studies will find this book particularly useful for the empirical evidence it provides regarding language contact situations and the various Japanese language influences in the Asia Pacific region. The authors also offer accompanying e-resources which help to further illustrate the examples found in the book.

Inequalities of opportunity affect a person's life expectancy, access to basic services and human rights, through discrimination, abuse and lack of access to justice. High levels of inequality of opportunity discourage skill accumulation, choke economic and social mobility and, consequently, depress economic growth. Inequality also entrenches uncertainty, vulnerability and insecurity, undermines trust in institutions and government, increases social discord and tensions and trigger violence and conflicts. This book presents wide-ranging perspectives on economic inequality, as measured by differences in incomes and wealth. The contributors to this book explore how the economy is shaped in such a way as to generate differences in economic and social welfare between individuals, regions and nations. But the book is not limited to economic perspectives: inequality is a many-faceted phenomenon that manifests itself in a number of ways.Thus, the book begins with a section which highlights some of the 'standard' features of inequality: class, gender and age. The second section explores the manifestation of inequality in terms of differences in income and wealth. The third section looks at some of the causes of inequality, exploring the effects of discrimination and plunder (by those in power). The final section serves to drive home the point that geographic and institutional factors have an important place as well when it comes to shedding light on what equality is, how it manifests itself and what its consequences are.This book will be essential reading for anyone interested in the causes and consequences of economic inequality including those in economics, sociology, politics, and geography.

This study explores the formation, establishment, expansion, and disintegration of stage design as a modern profession and a recognized artform in Finnish theatres.Drawing on oral or written recollections and thoughts of stage designers from different decades, the author asks, how their artistic agencies, occupational identities, and theoretical self-understanding have been constituted. She analyses Finnish theatre history from new perspectives by shifting the focus from finished performances to largely unknown practices behind the scenes. This book examines the cultural institutions that have constituted the stage designers' role and position, like the professional city theatre system, the craft union, and education. This research shows how modern and postmodern scenographic innovations have been assimilated to local contexts, and how material and cultural circumstances have reshaped the artistic practices. Without bypassing canonical trendsetters or hegemonic cultural mindsets, the focus is directed on the everyday grassroot level of stage design practices. Personal interviews with over 20 designers make visible an ample repertoire of unwritten knowledge stored in habitual ways of working and dealing creatively with the complex system of theatre making.This book will be of great interest to students and scholars in theatre and performance studies with a focus on scenography.

Supporting readers to perform effectively in urgent or emergency situations that can occur in a hospital, at a birth centre or at home, this fully updated fourth edition presents the necessary knowledge and skills for student and practising midwives.With contributions from highly experienced midwives, this practical guidebook incorporates new chapter on legal issues for safe practice, as well as additional content on professional issues. It also includes an essential new chapter on cardiac problems, recognising that midwives are often the lead professional caring for women with cardiac anomalies, as many are undiagnosed until the emergency. The book continues to provide key, up-to-date information on high-risk medical and obstetric situations, from serious infection to uterine complications to resuscitation.Emergencies Around Childbirth is essential reading for practising and student midwives, and those who teach them.

Routledge Introductions to Applied Linguistics is a series of introductory level textbooks covering the core topics in Applied Linguistics, primarily designed for those beginning postgraduate studies, or taking an introductory MA course as well as advanced undergraduates. Titles in the series are also ideal for language professionals returning to academic study.The books take an innovative 'practice-to-theory' approach, with a 'back-to-front' structure. This leads the reader from real-world problems and issues, through a discussion of intervention and how to engage with these concerns, before finally relating these practical issues to theoretical foundations. Additional features include tasks with commentaries, a glossary of key terms, and an annotated further reading section.Exploring Professional Communication provides an accessible overview of the vast field of communication in professional contexts from an applied linguistics perspective. It explores the nature of professional communication by discussing various fundamental topics relevant for an understanding of this area.The book is divided into eight chapters, each dealing with a specific area of professional communication, such as genres of professional communication, identities in the workplace, and key issues of gender, leadership and culture. Although the book's main approach to professional communication is an applied linguistics one, it also draws on insights from a range of other disciplines.This second edition has been substantially revised and updated and includes coverage of the most recent developments in the area. New topics include: - Remote and virtual communication, as well as technology-assisted communication- The impact of the pandemic on professional communication- Gender in professional communication post-#metoo- Intersectional issues- A new chapter on researching professional communicationThroughout, Stephanie Schnurr takes an interactive approach that is reflected in the numerous examples of authentic discourse data, from a variety of written, spoken and multimodal contexts.Exploring Professional Communication is critical reading for postgraduate and upper undergraduate students of applied linguistics and communication studies.

Globally Competent Governance explores promising policies and practices developed by local governments and other community leaders across the United States and beyond in their efforts to build welcoming and inclusive communities and globally competent governments.Cities of the future, be they large, regional metropolitan centers of commerce and political power, regional hubs that service central metropolitan regions, or smaller suburban or rural centers that cater to agriculture or regional commerce, will continue to evolve. Globalization and global mobility have greatly increased the cultural, ethnic, linguistic, and religious diversity in cities and communities around the globe and demand local governments build welcoming and inclusive communities for all residents, particularly newcomers. Leaders, both in and out of government, must be prepared to respond to changing needs and manage any potential challenges this may create. To better understand what local officials are facing and what they are doing to manage change, the author presents data collected through surveys and individual interviews of local officials and other community influencers. Based on these findings, the book analyzes the current state of cities and makes policy recommendations for moving forward.This book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and academics in the fields of public policy, governance, immigration, community engagement, social welfare, and political science, as well as professionals in government and non-governmental organizations. It will also interest professionals working with immigrants and in immigration policy.

Delve into the intricate landscape of the informal economy with the Routledge Handbook of the Informal Economy, a groundbreaking volume that transcends conventional economic analysis by contextualizing it within a broader regulatory and social framework. This comprehensive handbook offers cutting-edge categorical, thematic, and regional analyses of the informal, or shadow, economy. An esteemed international ensemble of contributors draws on diverse economic perspectives, exploring a spectrum of definitions and measures, including household, firm-level, and employment-based metrics, alongside perceptional and model-based estimates. Employing a variety of econometric and methodological approaches, the volume provides both regional and global estimates of the informal economy's extent. Beyond conventional boundaries, it unveils various facets of informality, from child labor, tax evasion, and self-employment to precarious and undeclared work. In-depth examinations of the determinants and consequences of informality enhance the volume's robust analysis. As a forward-looking compendium, the handbook also offers insights into the future trajectory of the informal economy as we journey further into the 21st century. This definitive and up-to-date reference work is indispensable for readers in labor economics, development economics, political economy, policy studies, and sociology, offering a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted dimensions and dynamics of the informal economy.

The Bible and Sustainability addresses the ecological crisis the world is facing, and what the Bible can teach us about sustainable living. Drawing on the interest in the ecological crisis generated by Laudato Si, this book attempts to push the discussion beyond intellectual perspectives and help students and researchers apply biblical wisdom to the UN sustainable development goals.It begins with a discussion of what sustainability is, and how people, planet, and profit are affected by unsustainable practices, before exploring four specific biblical practices and their relationship with sustainability: covenants, the sabbatical year, monastic communities, and the fruit of the spirit. It also discusses the creation account and personalistic nature texts, considering the social relationship that humans have with nature. Finally, it examines an Augustinian perspective to sustainability which encourages sharing, common ownership of property, and living simply. The book concludes by inviting governments, civil society organizations, and academia to bring these biblical practices and passages into the ecological debate.It is an outstanding resource for researchers of the Bible and environment, and Religion and environment more generally.

This volume convenes eight noted scholars with varied positions at the interface of formal and historical literary criticism. The editors' introduction--a far-reaching account of how both methods have intersected in studies of early modern English texts since the 1990s--is the first such survey in more than 15 years, making it invaluable to scholars entering this area. Three essays address foundational questions about genre, fictionality, and formlessness; five feature close readings of texts or passages ranging from the more canonical (Shakespeare, Herbert, Milton) to the less so (an official record of the 1604 Hampton Court Conference). For scholars and students alike, the book thus models a variety of ways both to conceptualize and to analyze the value of literature at the formal-historical interface. Encompassing drama, lyric, satirical and polemical prose, and metrical as well as rhetorical and logical forms, the collection closes with an afterword by theorist Caroline Levine.

Critical Approaches to the Australian Blue Humanities is an edited interdisciplinary collection that explores and analyses the field of the blue humanities through an Australian lens. The blue humanities is a way of understanding humanity's relationship with water and manifestations of what is referred to as the 'blue' - reefs, oceans, rivers, creeks, basins, and inland bodies of water. Australia's blue stretches from the world's largest ecosystem, the Great Barrier Reef, to the urban landscapes of metropolitan Australia. In its scope, this collection emphasises both the importance of the local and the interconnectedness of Australia with global environmental concerns. It considers ways in which the 'blue' manifests in Australian place and space and critiques how we conceptualise watery spaces and shades of blue in a country where water is often marked by its absence, its ephemerality, its politicisation and its dangers. Contributors from history, political science, English literature, creative arts, Indigenous knowledge, education and anthropology will tackle various entanglements between the human, the more-than-human and watery Australian spaces in modern culture. It is the first volume to offer a specific, dedicated focus on the intersections between Australian blue space and the blue humanities. The collection offers a pathway for those wishing to explore, critique and advance ideas around the blue humanities in both research and teaching. Directly addressing a growing interdisciplinary field, the critical essays will appeal to scholars, educators and students working across the humanities with an interest in the environmental humanities, ecopolitics, ecocriticism, the blue humanities, cultural geography, environmental history and the role of place.

When people are prevented from meeting their needs, the impact is disabling, whether in the immigration system or in the wider population. Drawing on many years of research and activism, this book argues that insights from the disabled people's movement, particularly the original Social Model of Disability, can be usefully extended to focus resistance on the disabling restrictions imposed on people subject to asylum and immigration controls.While acknowledging the pain and discomfort of many impairments and of forced displacement, the book focuses on injustices that can be changed. It does not catalogue the hostility of the 'hostile environment'. Nor does it promote inclusive asylum restrictions. An unjust system is not transformed by including disabled people. Policies designed to deprive people of essential needs and to stoke hatred among the wider population are core elements of the rise of fascism. In this context, bringing together movements for disability and migrant justice could help build urgently needed solidarity and resistance with which to develop a society based on equity and common humanity. Quotations and images are used to convey the messages and priorities of disabled people seeking asylum, ensuring that the book is both engaging and grounded in the insights of lived experience. This book will interest people seeking to improve social justice, including scholars of disability, migration, sociology, and politics.

This book takes a deep dive into writing for today's audiences, against the backdrop of a constantly evolving TV ecosystem.The aim of this 2nd edition is to go beyond an analysis of what makes exceptionally compelling episodic TV series work. It is a master course in the creation of entertainment that does more than meet the standards of modern audiences--it challenges their expectations.The book will help readers to discover how to satisfy the satiated viewer, by analyzing the new hybrid genres, trends and how to make smart initial decisions for a strong, sustainable story. It will also cover the development of iconic characters that foster empathy and entice viewers to bond with characters and generate the sensation that their problems are mutual.Finally, the book will also take a deep dive into creating a lasting, meaningful career in the TV marketplace, by overcoming trips, traps and tropes, the pros and cons of I.P., the use of pitch documents, pitch decks, and show "bibles" as proof-of-concept in the marketplace.This will be an essential resource for student and professional writers and is supplemented with a companion website offering additional content including script excerpts, pitch document/deck/show bible samples, scene analysis and templates, plus useful writing exercises to break new ground and to mine new territory.

Religion and Conspiracy Theories: An Introduction is the first accessible volume to systematically examine the relationship between religion and conspiracy theories in the contemporary world in critical and historical perspective.It lays out the historical development of these important categories, considers different theoretical approaches and looks at case studies of conspiracy theories in religion, about religion and as religion. It maintains a critical perspective throughout on the relationship between truth and power, and in the process provides a fresh perspective on belief and worldviews in our modern world.Designed for use in the classroom, the book features helpful diagrams and resources for teachers. It is an essential read for all students of religion and conspiracy theories, as well as scholars of politics, religious studies, sociology, anthropology and cultural studies.

Originally published in 1949 but here reissuing the 5th edition of 1975 this is a vivid history of South Africa up to the mid 1970s. Tracing the development of Afrikaner nationalism and the conflict of black and white races in relation to economic, political and geographical factors, the author makes a clear and often critical analysis of the crisis in the first half of the 20th Century in the light of historical perspective.

Originally published in 1973, this book begins with the arrival of the Europeans in South Africa. It examines the part played by the Dutch, British and Afrikaners, as well the diverse ethnic groups including the Xhosa and Zulus. The complicated period of the Difiqane or 'Forced Migrations' is clearly discussed as is the genesis and evolution of Apartheid. Other major events which are discussed include the advent of the 1820 Settlers, the Great Trek, the discovery of diamonds, the Jameson Raid, the occupation of land which became Zimbabwe, the Anglo-Boer Wars and the two World Wars. Accounts are given of Sharpeville and the subsequent introduction of legislation formalising separate development.

Originally published in 1994, Homelands, Harlem & Hollywood examines the anti-colonialist struggle against apartheid, and the ways in which American and South African culture have been fascinated with and influenced by one another. Rob Nixon's wide-ranging analysis looks at Hollywood representations of the struggle for liberation, the impact of the Harlem Renaissance on the Sophiatown writers, the banning and censorship of television under apartheid, Mandela and messianic politics, the sports and cultural boycotts, ethnic nationalism, and the culture of violence. Nixon concludes with an investigation of how the collapse of communism and anti-communism and the rise of ethnic cleansing in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union had powerful implications for the shape of post-apartheid South Africa.

Originally published in 1982 and based on the 1969 Oxford History of South Africa, this book discusses some of the trends in the historiography of South Africa before the beginning of large-scale mining operations in Kimberley in 1870. A deliberate attempt was made to look at the roots of South African society and to take due account of all its peoples. The book includes a survey of archaeological data, emphasizing the links between South Africa and the rest of the continent, and between the more remote and more recent past in South Africa. The lives of the hunting, herding and cultivating peoples who lived in South Africa before the advent of the Europeans. The foundation of a colonial society is described, and the expansion of that society until the 1770s. The final chapters review the relations between the peoples of the Cape Colony and the Nguni cultivators from their first meetings until about 1870 and the growth of the plural society in the Cape Colony until 1970.

Feminism in the United States: A Concise Introduction presents readers with the key debates and ideas central to contemporary US feminism. With a focus on intersectionality, the book highlights the goals, tactics, and varieties of feminism.This engaging, clear, and accessible text includes current examples, case studies, profiles of key figures in the movement, and opportunities/resources to gather more information. The reader will learn how to employ a feminist lens as an informed conversationalist, social media user, news consumer, and if so desired, activist. Readers will learn about the varieties of contemporary US feminism and how different strands of feminism emerge; the heterogeneity of the movement as it endures over generations in both hospitable and inhospitable climates; and the inequalities addressed and tactics used by feminists to create lasting social change.Feminism in the United States is ideal for undergraduate students, particularly those enrolled in introductory classes in feminist, gender, and sexuality studies and related programs, as well as for the anyone seeking to explore feminism for the first time.

Originally published in 1981, this book took a position which was unpopular within the academic establishment at the time of its publication. It argued that the extraordinary social and economic changes that came over South Africa in the 20th Century gave the country great stability. The authors believed that change would come from within the ruling white oligarchy rather than from Liberation Movements and that the greatest solvent of apartheid was to be found in the working of a free market economy. The book provided novel data for sociological, political and strategic reassessment of South Africa. The approach was unusual in that the book represented neither a conventional defence of apartheid nor one of the customary attacks on South Africa.

Originally published in 1961 this book provides a brief historical and political analysis of the very complex but little changing problems which have confronted British and Commonwealth statesmen in their relations with South Africa from the time of the restoration of self-government to the defeated Boer republics of 1907-7 and the inauguration of the Union on May 31, 1910 to the secession of the Republic of South Africa from the Commonwealth on May 31, 1961. The book re-examines, in the light of documentary evidence which became available prior to publication, the aims of Liberal policy in restoring self-government to the Transvaal, the considerations which determined it and the more important consequences that flowed from it in the broader perspective of history.

Originally published in 1982, this was the first in-depth study of the labour system of the South African gold mining industry during the crucial years 1886 to 1906. It provided an insight into the early period but was relevant for much longer, as many of the policies decided upon in the formative years of the industry persisted. The book traces the growth of deep-level mining and covers the conflicts between miners and mine-owners . It discusses the effects on the gold mining industry of the Anglo-Boer War, and the role of the mine-owners in that conflict. It also examines the role of Chinese labour as a strategy in the defence of the labour structure and finally discusses the origins of the racially discriminatory legislation which characterized the Apartheid system.

Originally published in 1988, this book describes and analyses the factors that were operative in South Africa during the 1980s, at a time when Apartheid was under intense pressure. It focuses not only on the central arenas of political action, but also on the non-institutional arenas which were increasingly the central forums of political action. Organised around the three linked themes of state action, popular opposition and possible alternatives, the work examines the manner in which such key institutions such as government, business and the military responded to Apartheid in its crisis as well as the role of the ANC, the black trade unions, Inkatha and community movements in the townships. The final section deals with the South African left and the Freedom Charter.