Bøger udgivet af Royal Society of Chemistry

The importance of processing and packaging food items so that they are safe for the consumer cannot be underestimated. Sensors have an important role to play in this, and sensing technologies have attracted the attention of the scientific community in view of increasing environmental and societal concerns. This edited volume presents a collection of ten chapters discussing the current trends of bio- and nano-sensing technologies for processing and packaging of food items. Starting with an overview chapter which introduces the field, the book goes on to discuss novel applications related to preservation, authenticity and safety of foods. Intelligent food packaging and nano-based sensing are covered, and the book finishes with a look towards the pros and cons of how this will revolutionise sensing throughout the food sector. It will be of benefit to scientists and practising professionals conducting research in the areas of food processing, contamination and food safety, and academic researchers and graduate students studying food technology or food engineering.

Written chemical formulas, such as C2H6O, can tell us the constituent atoms a molecule contains but they cannot differentiate between the possible geometrical arrangements (isomers) of these models. Yet the chemical properties of different isomers can vary hugely. Therefore, to understand the world of chemistry we need to ask what kind of isomers can be produced from a given atomic composition, how are isomers converted into each other, how do they decompose into smaller pieces, and how can they be made from smaller pieces? The answers to these questions will help us to discover new chemistry and new molecules. A potential energy surface (PES) describes a system, such as a molecule, based on geometrical parameters. The mathematical properties of the PES can be used to calculate probable isomer structures as well as how they are formed and how they might behave.Exploration on Quantum Chemical Potential Energy Surfaces focuses on the PES search based on quantum chemical calculations. It describes how to explore the chemical world on PES, discusses fundamental methods and specific techniques developed for efficient exploration on PES, and demonstrates several examples of the PES search for chemical structures and reaction routes.

Microalgae are a diverse set of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms with great potential for being used to produce various high-value molecules. Using synthetic biology to manipulate and control the metabolic processes of microalgae, scientists hope to find economical and sustainable alternatives for commercial production of high value biochemicals and other metabolites for diverse applications. Highlighting the immense potential of microalgae as a renewable and sustainable source of commercially important, high-value biomolecules, this book covers the recent advances in the resources, tools, and techniques used for genetic engineering of microalgae. Also discussed are the legislative challenges associated with genetically engineered microalgae, their derived products and their uses, as well as socio-economic and environmental acceptance. Written to be accessible to a wide audience, this book will be a useful reference to students and researchers from both academia and industry, as well as policy makers, for understanding the current status, trends and future possibilities of using microalgae for biotechnological applications.

Corrosion affects every industry in which metal is involved, from manufacturing machinery to transport pipelines, and it is estimated to cost the global economy trillions of dollars per year. Many of the traditional methods for inhibiting corrosion are highly toxic (such as hexavalent chromium) or do not degrade readily in the environment (such as Benzotriazole) meaning they pose a risk to human and environmental health. Much recent work in the area has gone into searching for greener alternatives that will be both safe and effective.Beginning with a look at the fundamentals of corrosion inhibition and an explanation of the concepts of green chemistry, this book discusses various types of chemical that have been tested for their potential as greener corrosion inhibitors with reference to industrial applications. Green Corrosion Inhibition is a valuable reference for chemists and chemical engineers working in both research and design and academia who want to learn more about green corrosion inhibitors, their synthesis, design, and industrial scale applications.

Volatile biomarkers play a significant signalling role in communication between biological cells living as individual entities or as mini-societies that sense, respond and adapt to changes in their environment. In this process, volatile biomarkers can leak into the blood, from which they can be secreted into most body fluids (blood, breath, skin, urine, saliva, feces, etc.), from which sensing devices can capture and interpret their chemical fingerprint to reflect any association with health disorders in a fast, easy, and minimally non-invasive manner.This book introduces the concept of biomarkers within the body in terms of basic and translational sciences. It starts with a comprehensive review of the expression and mechanistic pathways involving volatile biomarkers at single cell and (micro)organism levels, cell-to-cell and cell-to-organism communications, and their secretion into body fluids. It discusses several ways for discovering and detecting the secreted biomarkers using mass spectrometry and other spectroscopic techniques. This is followed by an appraisal and translation of the accumulating knowledge from the laboratory to the Point-of-Care phase, using selective sensors as well as desktop and wearable artificial sensing devices, e.g., electronic noses and electronic skins, in conjugation with AI-assisted data processing and healthcare decision-making in diagnostics. The book offers an outlook into the challenges in the continuing development of volatile biomarkers and their wider availability to healthcare, which can be substantially improved. It should appeal to research groups in universities, start-up and large-scale industries associated in all aspects of biomedicine.

Nanopollutants are nanoparticles that have escaped into the environment and can include engineered nanoparticles as well as nanoparticles that are products of degradation (e.g. nanoplastics) or other processes. As many of these particles are only recently developed or described there is still a lot to learn about where they come from, where they end up and what risks they pose to health and the environment.Offering a wide overview of the most recent research on these emerging contaminants, from the investigation of their sources and fate to the analytical developments for their detection and analysis, this book gives the reader a full picture of the global research on engineered and natural nanoparticles in the environment. Taking a forward-looking perspective with chapters on new nanopollutants, regulatory direction and occurrence in different environmental compartments, this book is a great resource for anyone working in environmental chemistry, nanoscience or environmental regulation.

Trace element analysis plays a prominent role in various fields, from mineralogy and geology to semiconductor manufacture and foods. In geochemical exploration, the analysis of trace elements assumes high significance due to the multifaceted role played by them. The analyte is at the detection limit of many instrumental techniques. This makes their determination difficultThis book covers a wide spectrum of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques and recent developments in them used all over the world, including developing countries, for quantitation of trace elements. With revolutionary progress in the last three to four decades in analytical techniques, several ICP-based techniques like ICP-OES and ICP-MS and other nuclear analytical techniques have enabled determination of trace elements at the ppb level. However, these methods require expensive instrumentation and cannot be made available everywhere. The quality of analytical data is dependent on valid reference standards. The book contains detailed sample preparation in varying matrices and an important chapter on statistical treatment of analytical data for the purpose of quality control and quality assurance. Pulling together, the book, containing the work carried out by the author's group in India, will be useful to analysts involved in geochemical explorations.

Cosmetics manufacture is a dynamic and vibrant industry with companies varying from the very small scale, working in their own home, to much larger enterprises. With such variable companies there is the risk of equally variable quality in manufacturing. The International Organization for Standards (ISO) provides guidelines on good manufacturing processes for the cosmetics industry. However, not everyone working in cosmetics has a scientific or engineering backgrounds and understanding and meeting the ISO requirements can be daunting. Whether you are a small business just starting out or an established company looking to expand, Making Quality Cosmetics will guide you through the requirements of the ISO standard. Calling on more than 35 years of experience in the cosmetics sector the author covers every aspect of the manufacturing set up and process, as well as discussing other regulations that may need to be considered, especially in larger facilities. With technical advice ranging from choosing equipment and raw materials, to assessing and auditing contractors this book will help you make sure your products are of the highest quality.

Asymmetric autocatalysis is a reaction in which chiral compound acts as a chiral catalyst for its own production. The process is a catalytic automultiplication of the chiral compound leading to an end product with a high enantiomeric excess. It has advantages over non-autocatalytic reactions because the amount of catalyst increases and no loss or deterioration of the catalyst is observed. Additionally, because the catalyst and product have the same structure, the separation of product from the catalyst is not necessary.Asymmetric Autocatalysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the topic of autocatalysis and an in-depth review of the current state of the research. Edited by a team including Professor Kenso Soai, who first described these types of reaction, and written by experts from around the world this book is a great resource for anyone with an interest in organic synthesis, catalysis and chirality.

Polysaccharides are natural, renewable materials that are biodegradable and biocompatible, making them ideal subjects for biomedical applications. This book focusses on the main polysaccharides, including but not limited to chitosan, cellulose, alginate, dextran, guar gum, gellan gum, pullulan, locust bean gum, pectin, xanthan gum, starch, hyaluronan and carrageenan, and their applications in drug delivery, imaging and tissue engineering. With contributions from around the world, the editors have pulled together a tightly curated set of chapters which showcase how polysaccharide-based materials are employed in a range of biomedical systems. The end result is a book in which the reader can gain a sound overview of this important class of material for biomedical applications, without scouring journal articles. Those working in materials science, biomedical and chemical engineering, and pharmaceutical technologies will find this a must-have reference.

Ayurvedic Medicine, or Ayurveda, is a traditional Indian health care system. Research into the medicinal plants utilised in Ayurveda is becoming a global endeavour, and large pharmaceutical companies are investing in novel drug discovery from Ayurvedic sources as a number of clinical studies have demonstrated efficacy of natural products from Ayurvedic plant extracts against common ailments such as arthritis and diabetes. Ayurvedic medicine and its components have been well described in the past, but this book represents a comprehensive source on the biochemistry and mechanisms of the pharmacological effects of natural products from Ayurvedic sources. This book is a valuable resource for researchers in natural products and alternative sources of bioactive compounds in drug discovery, as well as pharmaceutical experts and those in industry.

Smart materials stimulated by chemical or by logical signals hold promise for many applications, including new sensors and actuators for medicine, environmental and process control. In contrast to other books on responsive materials which are restricted to sensing, this volume not only highlights fundamental chemical and physical principles but also focuses on the use of smart materials for applications such as drug delivery, wound healing, cell adhesion, tuneable vesicles, surface control, smart paints and glasses, separations, oil recovery and artificial muscles. In this completely updated and expanded edition, readers are introduced to the area with chapters reflecting the enormous expansion of the field in recent years. Different responsive material systems will be covered including hydrogels, membranes, thin layers, polymer brushes, chemomechanical and imprinted polymers, nanomaterials and silica particles. With contributions from internationally recognised experts, the book will appeal to graduate students and researchers in academia, healthcare and industry interested in functional materials and their applications.

The tumour microenvironment is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to cancer progression and treatment. However, most cancer studies continue to be performed in 2D tissue culture dishes that do not capture the characteristics of the tumour niche. This book provides an introduction to the rich chemical, topographical, and mechanical cues in the tumour microenvironment and then introduces readers to bioengineering strategies, including scaffold design and synthesis, chemical signalling and delivery, and co-culture, microfluidics, and organ-on-a-chip tools that can be used to mimic tumour microenvironment features. This book also includes discussion of emerging imaging methods compatible with tumour microenvironment mimicking biomaterials and discusses applications of such models in immuno-oncology, metastasis, and drug screening.Edited by two leaders in the field, this book will appeal to graduate students and researchers working in biomaterials science, chemical and biomedical engineering departments.

Ozone has been actively and widely employed in water and wastewater treatment, but the utilization of ozone alone is insufficient for purifying and disinfecting water to the emission standard of real-world situations because of its selective oxidation behaviour. With the assistance of catalysts (especially heterogeneous catalysts) and coupling with other effective technologies such as the Fenton process, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, ultrasound, microwave, and ceramic membranes, ozone can be effectively activated into more powerful reactive oxygen species (especially hydroxyl radicals). These combined technologies lead to an enhanced efficiency and complete mineralization capability that open up the method for more practical applications.Advanced Ozonation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment introduces the state-of-the-art catalysts used in catalytic ozonation and various combined processes with ozone. The reaction mechanisms, process kinetics, structure-property-activity relationships of catalysts, effects of operation parameters in these processes and the present state of practical applications and future trends are also discussed, making this a useful reference both for water treatment professionals and for those researching ozonation processes.

By 2030, diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of premature mortality worldwide, according to the World Health Organisation. The application of nanotechnology in medicine holds many possible advantages and over the past few decades, there has been huge progress in its utilisation. Nanotechnology is widely applied for cancer treatment and other diseases but, the use of it for diabetes treatment is now starting to flourish. This book presents the latest developments of nanomedicine for the treatment of different facets of diabetes and related disorders. With a multidisciplinary approach, chapters focus on previously overlooked topics in glucose sensing, insulin delivery and secretion, bioimaging and transplantation of islets. This book is suitable for researchers of nanomedicine, nanotechnology and diabetes looking into the emergence of new approaches for the treatment of this life-threatening disease.

Greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technologies can remove greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Most of the current GGR technologies focus on carbon dioxide removal, these include afforestation and reforestation, bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, direct air capture, enhanced weathering, soil carbon sequestration and biochar, ocean fertilisation and coastal blue carbon. GGR technologies will be essential in limiting global warning to temperatures below 1.5(deg)C (targets by the IPCC and COP21) and will be required to achieve deep reductions in atmospheric CO2 concentration. In the context of recent legally binding legislation requiring the transition to a net zero emissions economy by 2050, GGR technologies are broadly recognised as being indispensable.This book provides the most up-to-date information on GGR technologies that provide removal of atmosphere CO2, giving insight into their role and value in achieving climate change mitigation targets. Chapters discuss the issues associated with commercial development and deployment of GGRs, providing potential approaches to overcome these hurdles through a combination of political, economic and R&D strategies.With contributions from leaders in the field, this title is an indispensable resource for graduate students and researchers in academia and industry, working in chemical engineering, mechanical engineering and energy policy.

For the first time, this book sets out ways to teach the science of nanochemistry at a level suitable for pre-service and in-service teachers in middle and secondary school. The authors draw upon peer-reviewed science education literature for experiments, activities, educational research, and methods of teaching the subject.The book starts with an overview of chemical nanotechnology, including definition of the basic concepts in nanoscience, properties, types of nanostructured materials, synthesis, characterization, and applications. It includes examples of how nanochemistry impacts our daily lives. This theoretical background is an address for teachers even if they do not have enough information about the subject of nanoscale science. Subsequent chapters present best practices for presenting the material to students in a way that improves their attitudes and knowledge toward nanochemistry and STEM subjects in general. The final chapter includes experiments designed for middle and high school students.From basic science through to current and near-future developments for applications of nanomaterials and nanostructures in medicine, electronics, energy, and the environment, users of the book will find a wealth of ideas to convey nanochemistry in an engaging way to students.

Materials have the potential to be the centrepiece for the transition to viable renewable energy technologies if they realise a specific suite of properties and achieve a desired set of performance metrics. The envisioned transition involves the discovery of materials that enable generation, conversion, storage, transmission, and utilization of renewable energy. This book presents, through the eye of materials chemistry, an umbrella view of the myriad of classes of materials that make renewable energy technologies work. They are poised to facilitate the transition of non-renewable and unsustainable energy systems of the past into renewable and sustainable energy systems of the future. It is a story that often begins in chemistry laboratories with the discovery of new energy materials. Yet, to displace materials in existing energy technologies with new ones, depends not only on the ability to design and engineer a superior set of performance metrics for the material and the technology but also the requirement to meet a demanding collection of economic, regulatory, social, policy, environmental and sustainability criteria. Disruption in the traditional way of discovering materials is coming with the emergence of artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotic automation designed to accelerate the well-established discovery process, massive libraries of materials can be evaluated and the possibilities are endless. This book provides a perspective on the application of these new technologies to this field as well as an overview of energy materials discovery in the broader techno-economic and social context. Any budding researcher or more experienced materials scientist will find a guide to a fascinating story of discovery and emerge with a vision of what is next.

Over the last two decades, advances in the design, miniaturization, and analytical capabilities of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) instrumentation have led to its rapid and widespread adoption in a remarkably diverse range of applications in research and industrial fields. The impetus for this volume was that, as pXRF continues to grow into mainstream use, analysts should be increasingly empowered with the right information to safely and effectively employ pXRF as part of their analytical toolkit. This volume provides introductory and advanced-level users alike with readings on topics ranging from basic principles of pXRF and qualitative and quantitative approaches, through to machine learning and artificial intelligence for enhanced applications. It also includes fundamental guidance on calibrations, the mathematics of calculating uncertainties, and an extensive reference index of all elements and their interactions with X-rays. Contributing authors have provided a wealth of information and case studies in industry-specific chapters. These sections delve into detail on current standard practices in industry and research, including examples from agricultural and geo-exploration sectors, research in art and archaeology, and metals industrial and regulatory applications. As pXRF continues to grow in use in industrial and academic settings, it is essential that practitioners continue to learn, share, and implement informed and effective use of this technique. This volume serves as an accessible guidebook and go-to reference manual for new and experienced users in pXRF to achieve this goal.

Vaccine development is a complex and time consuming process that differs from the development of conventional pharmaceuticals. Primarily, vaccines are intended for use in healthy individuals as a preventative measure, requiring a long and rigorous process of research and many years of testing and development prior to clinical trials and regulatory approval. The average time for the development of vaccines to clinical is 12 to 15 years. Vaccine Development: From Concept to Clinic is a detailed overview of the development of new vaccines, covering the entire process and addresses all classes of vaccines from a processing, development and regulatory viewpoint. Utilising successful case studies the book will provide insight to the issues scientists face when producing a vaccine, the steps involved and will serve as an ideal reference tool regarding state-of-the-art vaccine development. This book is an ideal companion for any researchers working in vaccine discovery and development or with an interest in the field.

Providing practical advice for those requiring more detail on conjugated materials synthesis, this book is useful as an outline for advanced organic and materials science courses as well as a good introduction and desk reference for new and experienced researchers in the field.

Covers the scientific principles, developments and recent technological advances of stimuli responsive materials for those new to and active in the field.

So long as you have food in your mouth, you have solved all questions for the time being.So begins Good Enough to Eat?, which challenges Kafka's culinary sentiments and proceeds to unravel our complex and deeply personal relationship with food. Including interviews from both sides of the (farmyard) fence; from biologists to farmers and nutritionists to activists, Good Enough to Eat? charts the history of GM foods from the laboratory to the global dinner plate. Equally informative and entertaining, Godwin chronicles the social, political and philosophical arguments for and against GM crops, and the science and knowledge behind the battle for global food security and sustainability.With a foreword by Sir Gordon Conway, Professor of International Development, Imperial College London; this book will delight, enrage and inform anyone interested in the future of GM food and whether it will indeed be good enough to eat.

The book is essential reading for laboratory, information systems and project managers responsible for the implementation of LIMS.

This book explores the various forms of activated carbon and their environmental, medical, and industrial applications.

The Chemical Biology of Carbon examines chemical biology open to carbon-containing natural metabolites that allow both retrospective and predictive behaviours of both biosynthetic and degradative metabolism in primary and secondary pathways ideal for medicinal chemists, chemical biologists and postgraduate students.

This book will bring together world-leading experts, to describe the current state of play in the field and introduce the cutting-edge research and possible future directions into fluorescent chemosensors design.

Bringing together leading sample preparation academics from around the world, the editor has put together an informative new book, suitable for analytical chemists and practitioners utilising SPME tools in their research.

This volume brings together internationally leading researchers interested in bi- and multimetallic nanoalloys to explore and exchange ideas on recent developments and future possibilities.

Mechanical Behaviour of Metal-Organic Framework Materials, provides a convenient introduction on how chemistry determines structure-mechanical property relationships and functional performance.