Bøger udgivet af Springer Basel

This monograph collects research and expository articles reflect­ ing the interaction and the cooperation of different groups in several European institut ions concerning current research on mathematical models for the behaviour of materials with phase change. These papers were presented and discussed in a Workshop held at Obidos, Portugal, du ring the first three days of October, 1988, and grew out of a two year period of intensive exploitation of differ­ ent abilities and mathematical experiences of the six participating groups, namely, in the University of Augsburg, wh ich was the co­ ordination center of this project, the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees of Paris, the Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, the University of Florence, the University of Lisbon and the University of Oxford. This project was carried out under the title "Mathemat­ ical Models of Phase Transitions and Numerical Simulation" , in the framework of twinning program for stimulation of cooperation and scientific interchange, sponsored by the European Community. The underlying idea of the project was to create and study the mathematical models arising in applied engineering problems with free boundaries in a broad sense, namely in melting and freezing problems, diffusion-reaction processes, solid-solid phase transition, hysteresis phenomena, "mushy region" descriptions, contact prob­ lems with friction andjor adhesion, elastoplastic deformations, etc. vi This large spectrum of applied problems have in common the main feature of brusque transitions of their qualitative behaviour that correspond, in general, to non-classical discontinuous monotone or non monotone strong nonlinearities in the mathematical equations.

Description of ACh's actions and receptors in various parts of the brain was followed by a detailed analysis of ACh's synthesis, release mechanism, removal from the synaptic cleft, modes of agonist-receptor interactions, properties of regulated conductances and of the pre-and postsynaptic modulation of cholinergic synapses.

Preface.- The Maillard reaction by Ted Labuza.- Chemistry.- Chemical Pathways of the Maillard Reaction.- Roast Aroma Formation. The Role of Amino Acids During the Maillard Reaction.- Detection of Maillard Reaction Intermediates by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography.- Oxidative Degradation of Protein-Bound Amadori Products : Formation of Nc-Carboxymethyllysine and N-Carboxymethyl Amino Acids as Indicators of the Extent of Non-Enzymatic Glysosylation.- Glucose-Lysozyme Reactions in a Restricted Water Environment.- Model Experiments on the Formation of N-?-Carboxymethyllysine (CML) in Foods.- Maillard Reaction in Sugar-Protein Systems.- The Role of 3-Deoxyglucosone in the Maillard Reaction.- Characterization of the Major Browning Derivates of Lysine with 2-Amino-2-Deoxy-D-Glucose.- Intramolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Tryptophan and Lysine Amadori Rearrangement Products.- Related Ring Enlargement Reactions of Proline, Azetidinic Acid, Arginine and Lysine with Reducing Sugars.- Effect of Lipid in the Maillard Reaction.- Heterocycle Formation from Malondialdehyde and Amino Sugars.- Key Mechanistic Problems Posed by the Maillard Reaction.- Food Science.- The Influence of Maillard Reactions on the Sensory Properties of Foods.- Development of the Maillard Reaction During Food Processing.- Studies on Bakers Yeast as a Source of Maillard-Type Bread Flavor Compounds.- Flavor Problems Associated with the Microwave Cooking of Food Products.- Volatile Components of Okra (Hibiscus Esculentus L.) Formed as a Result of the Maillard Reaction.- The Mode of Action of Antibacterial Maillard Reaction Products.- Inhibitory Effects of Tea Extracts on the Formation of Advanced Glycosylation Products.- The Antibacterial Effect of Maillard Reaction Products and Sorbic Acid at Different pH Levels and Temperatures..- Safety of Amino Acids Heated with Sodium Ascorbate.- The Chemistry of Coloured Compounds Formed During Sugar Manufacture.- Nutrition.- Influence of the Maillard Reaction on the Nutritional Value of Foods.- Metabolism and Physiological Effects of Maillard Reaction Products (MRP).- Balance Studies with Glycosylated Proteins on Human Volunteers.- Separation and Characterization of Metal Chelating Compounds in Coffee.- Antioxidative Effect of Maillard Reaction Products in Vivo.- Effect of Melanoidin on Cholesterol in Plasma, Liver and Feces in Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet.- Immunodominancy and Antigenic Structure of Lactose-Protein Maillard Adduct.- Antibody-Binding to a Maillard-Reacted Protein.- Physiological Activity and Metabolism of 3-Deoxyglucosone.- Allergenicity of Malondialdehyde-Protein Complex in Soybean-sensitive Individuals.- Toxicology.- Mutagens and Carcinogens Formed by Cooking Meat and Fish : Heterocyclic Amines.- Anticarcinogenic Effect of Browning Reaction Products.- Maillard Reactions and the Formation of Genotoxic Amino-imidazoazaarenes (AIA) Present in Fried Meat and Fish.- Micromethod for the Determination of Heterocyclic Amines.- Scavenging of Active Oxygens by Melanoidin.- Inhibition of in Vivo Mutagenicity by Maillard Reaction Products and Coffee.- Mutagen Formation in Wheat Gluten, Carbohydrates, and Amino Acid and Gluten Carbohydrate Blends.- 2-0xoaldehyde-Metabolizing Enzymes in Animal and Plant Tissues.- Inhibition of Formation of Mutagens/Carcinogens During Cooking of Meat.- In Vivo Reaction.- The Maillard Reaction as a Basis for a Theory of Aging.- Nonenzymatic Reaction of Reducing Sugars with DNA.- Accumulation of Maillard Reaction Products in Tissue Proteins.- In Vitro and In Vivo Glycation of Human IgG.- Formation of Early and Advanced Glycation Products of Lens Crystal1ins with Erythrose, Ribose and Glucose.- Increased Glycation of Human Erythrocyte Cu, Zn-Superoxide Dismutase in Diabetic Patients with Cataracts and Retinopathy.- Autoxidation and DNA Cleavage Reaction of Glycated Proteins.- Biological Recognition of Advanced End Product of the Maillard Reaction.- Prevention of the Maillard Reaction and Reversible Destruction of Advanced Glycation End Products (Age) by Novel Organic Germanium Compounds and Aminoguanidine.- Parent Ion Spectroscopy Use in the Identification of Advanced Glycation Products.- Autoxidation of Amadori Compounds in the Presence of Copper Ion and its Effects on the Oxidative Damage to Protein.- Acceleration of Fructose-Mediated Collagen Glycation.- Decreased Actin Activated Myosin ATPase Activity by Non-Enzymatic Glycation.- Generation of Superoxide During and Autoxidation of Glycated Protein : Participation in Phospholipids Peroxidation.- Secondary Glycation of Nonenzymatically Glycated Protein by Fructose : a Possible Source of Fluorescence Generation.- Involvement of Monosaccharide Autoxidation in DNA Glycation under Physiological Conditions.

Research of discrete event systems is strongly motivated by applications in flex ible manufacturing, in traffic control and in concurrent and real-time software verification and design, just to mention a few important areas.

The explosive increase in the number of publications dealing with DNA methylation attests to its importance and makes it impossible to write a comprehensive coverage of the literature within the scope of a general review. Since the publication of the 3 most recent books dealing with the subject (DNA methylation by Razin A.

Free radical-mediated reactions have been well known in chemistry and physical chemistry for many years.

Table of contents: Plenary Lectures ¿ V.I. Arnold: The Vassiliev Theory of Discriminants and Knots ¿ L. Babai: Transparent Proofs and Limits to Approximation ¿ C. De Concini: Poisson Algebraic Groups and Representations of Quantum Groups at Roots of 1 ¿ S.K. Donaldson: Gauge Theory and Four-Manifold Topology ¿ W. Müller: Spectral Theory and Geometry ¿ D. Mumford: Pattern Theory: A Unifying Perspective ¿ A.-S. Sznitman: Brownian Motion and Obstacles ¿ M. Vergne: Geometric Quantization and Equivariant Cohomology ¿ Parallel Lectures ¿ Z. Adamowicz: The Power of Exponentiation in Arithmetic ¿ A. Björner: Subspace Arrangements ¿ B. Bojanov: Optimal Recovery of Functions and Integrals ¿ J.-M. Bony: Existence globale et diffusion pour les modèles discrets ¿ R.E. Borcherds: Sporadic Groups and String Theory ¿ J. Bourgain: A Harmonic Analysis Approach to Problems in Nonlinear Partial Differatial Equations ¿ F. Catanese: (Some) Old and New Results on Algebraic Surfaces ¿ Ch. Deninger: Evidence for a Cohomological Approach to Analytic Number Theory ¿ S. Dostoglou and D.A. Salamon: Cauchy-Riemann Operators, Self-Duality, and the Spectral Flow

Table of Contents: D. Duffie: Martingales, Arbitrage, and Portfolio Choice ¿ J. Fröhlich: Mathematical Aspects of the Quantum Hall Effect ¿ M. Giaquinta: Analytic and Geometric Aspects of Variational Problems for Vector Valued Mappings ¿ U. Hamenstädt: Harmonic Measures for Leafwise Elliptic Operators Along Foliations ¿ M. Kontsevich: Feynman Diagrams and Low-Dimensional Topology ¿ S.B. Kuksin: KAM-Theory for Partial Differential Equations ¿ M. Laczkovich: Paradoxical Decompositions: A Survey of Recent Results ¿ J.-F. Le Gall: A Path-Valued Markov Process and its Connections with Partial Differential Equations ¿ I. Madsen: The Cyclotomic Trace in Algebraic K-Theory ¿ A.S. Merkurjev: Algebraic K-Theory and Galois Cohomology ¿ J. Nekovár: Values of L-Functions and p-Adic Cohomology ¿ Y.A. Neretin: Mantles, Trains and Representations of Infinite Dimensional Groups ¿ M.A. Nowak: The Evolutionary Dynamics of HIV Infections ¿ R. Piene: On the Enumeration of Algebraic Curves - from Circles to Instantons ¿ A. Quarteroni: Mathematical Aspects of Domain Decomposition Methods ¿ A. Schrijver: Paths in Graphs and Curves on Surfaces ¿ B. Silverman: Function Estimation and Functional Data Analysis ¿ V. Strassen: Algebra and Complexity ¿ P. Tukia: Generalizations of Fuchsian and Kleinian Groups ¿ C. Viterbo: Properties of Embedded Lagrange Manifolds ¿ D. Voiculescu: Alternative Entropies in Operator Algebras ¿ M. Wodzicki : Algebraic K-Theory and Functional Analysis ¿ D. Zagier: Values of Zeta Functions and Their Applications

It contains a selection of original research papers which cover a broad spectrum of topics about operators and semigroups of operators on Banach lattices, analysis in function spaces and integration theory.

Volume I provides an in-depth discussion of the most recent developments of crucical biosensor components. It concentrates on the interface between the analyte phase and the detector, namely, the implementation of novel recognition elements, including nucleic acids, and of leading-edge technology in the construction of responsive thin layers.

Volume 47 of "Progress in Drug Research" contains eight reviews and the various indexes which facilitate its use and establish the connection with the previous volumes.

Myocardial ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium represent complex phenomena encompassing numerous physiological processes.

Bioenergetics, the topic of volume 5 of this Series, is concerned with the energetics, the kinetics, and the mechanisms of energy conversion in biological systems. The enzymes in volved in energy transduction can be considered as molecular ma chines which transform energy from one form into another, or transfer energy from one process to another.

Rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cell growth and oncogenesis during the past decade.

Using examples from bryozoans, rotifers, cladocerans, molluscs, teleosts and others, the authors cover current conceptual issues of evolutionary ecology in considerable depth.The book can serve as a source of critically evaluated ideas, detailed case studies, and open problems in the field of evolutionary ecology.

This book contains the refereed papers which were presented at the interna tional conference on "Multivariate Approximation and Splines" held in Mannheim, Germany, on September 7-10,1996.

Recently performed analysis of fat intake from paleolithic times has indicated that our hunter-gatherer ancestors consumed as much cholesterol as modern Western man, but strikingly less saturated fatty acid and more polyunsatu rates, including n-3 fatty acids.

Symbolic rewriting techniques are methods for deriving consequences from systems of equations, and are of great use when investigating the structure of the solutions. Such techniques appear in many important areas of research within computer algebra: ¿ the Knuth-Bendix completion for groups, monoids and general term-rewriting systems, ¿ the Buchberger algorithm for Gröbner bases, ¿ the Ritt-Wu characteristic set method for ordinary differential equations, and ¿ the Riquier-Janet method for partial differential equations. This volume contains invited and contributed papers to the Symbolic Rewriting Techniques workshop, which was held at the Centro Stefano Franscini in Ascona, Switzerland, from April 30 to May 4, 1995. That workshop brought together 40 researchers from various areas of rewriting techniques, the main goal being the investigation of common threads and methods. Following the workshops, each contribution was formally refereed and 14 papers were selected for publication.

Since the introduction of the functional classes HW (lI) and WT HW (lI) and their peri­ odic analogs Hw (1I') and ~ (1I'), defined by a concave majorant w of functions and their rth derivatives, many researchers have contributed to the area of ex­ tremal problems and approximation of these classes by algebraic or trigonometric polynomials, splines and other finite dimensional subspaces. In many extremal problems in the Sobolev class W~ (lI) and its periodic ana­ log W~ (1I') an exceptional role belongs to the polynomial perfect splines of degree r, i.e. the functions whose rth derivative takes on the values -1 and 1 on the neighbor­ ing intervals. For example, these functions turn out to be extremal in such problems of approximation theory as the best approximation of classes W~ (lI) and W~ (1I') by finite-dimensional subspaces and the problem of sharp Kolmogorov inequalities for intermediate derivatives of functions from W~. Therefore, no advance in the T exact and complete solution of problems in the nonperiodic classes W HW could be expected without finding analogs of polynomial perfect splines in WT HW .

The human immune system, despite having its own sophisticated defence mecha nisms, is inferior to bacteria and viruses with respect to adaptability.

The book will provide an overview of the roles of vascular adhesion molecules in health and disease, with chapters on their cell biology, followed by chapters reviewing their importance in specific disease processes.

A joint research project of algebraists from the universities of Antwerp, Biele­ feld, Essen, Leeds, Paris VI and Trondheim on "Invariants and Representations of Algebras" has been supported from 1991 to 1997 by the European Union programmes "Science" and "Human Capital and Mobility", it was coordinated by Mme M. -P. Malliavin (Paris VI). Later, algebraists from the universities of Edinburgh, Ioannina, Murcia and Torun joined the collaboration. This network is now coordinated by C. M. Ringel (Bielefeld). It has received funds from the European Commission in order to organize four conferences as part of the pro­ gramme "Training and Mobility of Researchers", to be held during the period 1997-1999 at Essen, Murcia, Bielefeld and Ioannina. The first Euroconference of this series took place at the University of Essen, April 1-4, 1997. It was devoted to "Computational Methods for Representations of Groups and Algebras" . The organizers were P. Draxler (Bielefeld) and G. Michler (Essen). This volume collects most of the material presented at the conference. There had been an additional introductory lecture by H. Gollan; it is not included here, since its contents is available in the lecture notes: P. Fleischmann, G. O. Michler, P. Roelse, J. Rosenboom, R. Staszewski, C. Wagner, M. Weller, "Linear algebra over small finite fields on parallel machines", Vorlesungen Fachbereich Math. Univ. Essen, 23 (1995). Together with these notes, this volume will provide a survey on the present state of art.

The Berne Symposium invited leading scientists of risk assessment research with transgenic crops on an international level in order to enhance the discussion regulators and members of the biotech industry.

This volume contains a collection of papers dealing with applications of orthogonal polynomials and methods for their computation, of interest to a wide audience of numerical analysts, engineers, and scientists. The applications address problems in applied mathematics as well as problems in engineering and the sciences.

A collection of papers by international contributors describing new developments in the fields of univariate and multivariate approximation theory. This research has applications in areas such as computer-aided geometric design, as applied in engineering and medical technology (e.g. computerized tomography).

This book is an introduction to the theory of linear one-dimensional singular integral equations. Singular integral equations have attracted more and more attention, because, on one hand, this class of equations appears in many applications and, on the other, it is one of a few classes of equations which can be solved in explicit form.

This book is based on a one year course of lectures on structural sta bility of differential equations which the author has given for the past several years at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics at the University of Leningrad.