Bøger udgivet af Springer

After providing a historical overview, this book highlights the current state of knowledge, gaps in our knowledge, recent findings and future prospects with regard to the biological, chemical, geological, and geographical specificities of the Plitvice lakes in Croatia. The Plitvice lakes are a unique environment and home to tufa - a type of calcium carbonate deposit that provides a substrate for living organisms. Its formation process has resulted in a vastly diverse environment of lakes, streams and riparian habitats. The Plitvice lakes have, therefore, historically been both an inspiration and a challenge for scientists, nature enthusiasts, artists, etc. Today, the lakes continue to offer an in-situ laboratory for new discoveries in all aspects of freshwater science.As in most habitats, global changes have become an important issue. Since the Plitvice lakes have remained largely untouched by direct human impacts and have a long historical tradition in research, they represent an ideal subject for assessing the effects of global changes in a temperate freshwater system. This book provides an ecological overview of the biogeochemical processes at work in a unique and virtually pristine European freshwater tufa-forming environment.

This book sheds new light on the history of exercise physiology and how it essentially grew, thanks to the work of a few major Schools. Analysing and interpreting the evolution of the field, the authors focus on the School of Milano, which was founded by Rodolfo Margaria and is one of the most prominent representatives, having played a central role in promoting and advancing this field of physiology. In turn, the authors trace Margaria's biography; under his influence, the school introduced new concepts with regard to both the energetics of muscular exercise and to human locomotion. These concepts were further developed by Margaria's pupils and by subsequent generations. Indeed, the course that was set in Milano greatly influenced the entire history of modern physiology. Readers with a keen interest in the origins of modern concepts and technologies in exercise physiology will find this book a fascinating and informative read.

This book argues that mathematical challenge can be found at any level and at every age and constitutes an essential characteristic of any mathematics classroom aimed at developing the students' mathematical knowledge and skills. Since each mathematics classroom is heterogeneous with respect to students' mathematical potential, quality mathematical instruction results from matching the level of mathematical challenge to different students' potential. Thus, effective integration of mathematical challenge in the instructional process is strongly connected to the equity principle of mathematics education. In the three sections in this volume readers can find diverse views on mathematical challenges in curriculum and instructional design, kinds and variation of mathematically challenging tasks and collections of mathematical problems. Evidence-based analysis is interwoven with theoretical positions expressed by the authors of the chapters. Cognitive, social and affective characteristicsof challenging mathematical activities are observed and analyzed. The volume opens new avenues of research in mathematics education, and pose multiple questions about mathematical instruction rich in mathematical challenge for all. The authors invite readers to explore and enjoy mathematical challenges at different levels.

This book summarizes the links between the evolution of sedimentary basins of Northern Africa and Peri-Mediterranean in different tectonic settings and the distribution of georesources in those basins. Georesources include fossil energy, geothermal energy, deep aquifers, minerals and deposits. This book also provides key information for energy resources in these important areas. The book is in part a compilation of selected papers from Atlas Georesources International Congress, Hammamet, Tunisia, (AGIC 2017) which were extended after the congress in addition to other contributions from geoscientists based at some universities and companies from the region. It is organized in a set of research studies focusing on the architecture, geodynamic evolution and modeling of sedimentary basins in the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean domain. Future developments in the exploration for water, energy and other georesources are very important in these regions. In this context, thisbook constitutes an important reference for a wide range of geoscientists and companies as it defines the distribution and potentialities of these resources.

This monograph, now in its 2nd edition with 31 new chapters and significant updates, is the first book of its kind written specifically for graduate students and clinicians. The monograph is based on the 4-volume treatise, Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders (Springer, 2013; 2nd edition: 2022), the definitive reference for scientists and neurologists in the field of cerebellar neurobiology and related areas. There have been fundamental advances in the basic science and clinical neurology of the cerebellum and its role in sensorimotor function and cognition. Essentials of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders makes this large and expanding body of knowledge readily accessible to trainees and clinicians alike. It is organized into easy to read and short chapters that are ideal for students and clinicians. The most common cerebellar disorders encountered in the clinic are covered. The editors are world leaders in the field, and the chapters are authored by an international panel of experts drawn from cerebellar laboratories and ataxia clinics throughout North America, Europe and Asia. Essentials provides a solid grounding in the field of cerebellar research and ataxiology from cerebellar cellular biology and circuity to clinical practice, and it serves as a springboard to a deeper appreciation of both the principles and the complexities of cerebellar neurobiology. Clinicians are expected to have a deep appreciation of cerebellar disorders, not only in specialized ataxia clinics but also in adult and pediatric neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry and neuropsychology practices, and in outpatient and inpatient rehabilitation settings. This book is an indispensable resource for students and practitioners navigating the evolving field of cerebellar motor and cognitive neurology. It also links to the more expansive Handbook for those who need to explore the topics in this monograph in greater depth.

This book 'Essays on Contemporary Psychometrics' provides an overview of contemporary psychometrics, the science devoted to the advancement of quantitative measurement practices in psychology, education and the social sciences. The volume consists of four parts, each having several chapters on cutting-edge work in the field. Part I, General Perspectives on Psychometrics, includes expert views on topics such as psychological models vs. measurement models, using tests in decision making, artificial intelligence, and psychometric network models. Part II, Factor Analysis and Classical Test Theory, the type of psychometrics that is still used most often in the social and behavioral sciences, includes state-of-the-art contributions on test-score reliability, change-score reliability, handling missing data in principal component analysis, test equating, and conditional standard errors of measurement. Part III, Item Response Theory, the leading form ofpsychometrics in modern educational measurement, includes discussions of sampling from many conditional distributions, transparent score reporting, nonparametric item response theory, and targeted testing. Part IV, New Psychometrics, discusses recently developed ideas beyond classical test theory and item response theory, including topics related to computer adaptive testing, response-time modelling, validity indices, diagnostic classification models, and the sparse latent class model for ordinal measurements.Together, these four parts provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art in psychometrics in educational measurement. They are a valuable source of information for graduate students who (intend to) study psychometrics and need an overview of the field, and for researchers interested in the current developments in the field. Chapters [3], [5], [8], [16] and [19] are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This textbook provides an authoritative reference on one of the most problematic entities in the pathology of the knee. Throughout the text, esteemed international experts highlight their clinical insights for ensuring optimal non-surgical and surgical outcomes when treating anterior knee pain and patellar instability. The chapters are revised with the latest updates and new chapters are featured focusing upon robotic-assisted patellofemoral replacement, predictive diagnostic models in anterior knee pain patients based on artificial intelligence, brain network functional connectivity in anterior knee pain patients, and many other hot topics in the field. Anterior Knee Pain and Patellar Instability, 3rd Edition is an essential, multi-disciplinary textbook for all levels of orthopedic surgeons, physiotherapists, radiologists, biologists, pathologists, and bioengineers, who wish to learn more about this complex pathology that affects both young and olderpatients.

This textbook is written to thoroughly cover the topic of introductory chemistry in detail--with specific references to examples of topics in common or everyday life. It provides a major overview of topics typically found in first-year chemistry courses in the USA. The textbook is written in a conversational question-based format with a well-defined problem solving strategy and presented in a way to encourage readers to "think like a chemist" and to "think outside of the box." Numerous examples are presented in every chapter to aid students and provide helpful self-learning tools. The topics are arranged throughout the textbook in a "traditional approach" to the subject with the primary audience being undergraduate students and advanced high school students of chemistry.

How does artificial intelligence (AI) work and are there parallels to the human brain? What do natural and artificial intelligence have in common, and what are the differences? Is the brain nothing more than a biological computer? What are neural networks and how can the term deep learning be explained simply?Since the cognitive revolution in the middle of the last century, AI and brain research have been closely intertwined. There have been several spectacular breakthroughs in the field of AI in recent years, from alphaGo to DALL-E 2 and ChatGPT, which were completely unthinkable until recently. However, researchers are already working on the innovations of tomorrow, such as hybrid machine learning or neuro-symbolic AI. But what does this actually mean?Based on current research findings and exciting practical examples, this non-fiction book provides an understandable introduction to the basics and challenges of these fascinating disciplines. You will learn what neuroscience and psychology know about how the brain works and how artificial intelligence works. You will also learn how AI has revolutionized our understanding of the brain and how findings from brain research are used in computer science to further develop AI algorithms. Discover the fascinating world of these two disciplines. Find out why artificial intelligence and brain research are two sides of the same coin and how they will shape our future.

This book provides a compact introduction to the theory of measure-valued branching processes, immigration processes and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type processes.Measure-valued branching processes arise as high density limits of branching particle systems. The first part of the book gives an analytic construction of a special class of such processes, the Dawson-Watanabe superprocesses, which includes the finite-dimensional continuous-state branching process as an example. Under natural assumptions, it is shown that the superprocesses have Borel right realizations. Transformations are then used to derive the existence and regularity of several different forms of the superprocesses. This technique simplifies the constructions and gives useful new perspectives. Martingale problems of superprocesses are discussed under Feller type assumptions. The second part investigates immigration structures associated with the measure-valued branching processes. The structures are formulated by skewconvolution semigroups, which are characterized in terms of infinitely divisible probability entrance laws. A theory of stochastic equations for one-dimensional continuous-state branching processes with or without immigration is developed, which plays a key role in the construction of measure flows of those processes. The third part of the book studies a class of Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type processes in Hilbert spaces defined by generalized Mehler semigroups, which arise naturally in fluctuation limit theorems of the immigration superprocesses.This volume is aimed at researchers in measure-valued processes, branching processes, stochastic analysis, biological and genetic models, and graduate students in probability theory and stochastic processes.

The textbook builds a bridge between the "neurosciences" (theoretical and experimental neurobiology, neurology) and the "psychosciences" (psychology, psychiatry, psychotherapy) and aims to help provide the other disciplines with the most important and scientifically validated knowledge in an understandable form. The question of how mental experience and brain processes relate to each other has long been considered mysterious. In this book you will learn, based on the latest scientific findings, that the two areas form an indissoluble unity, even if we experience and study them differently. We present this unity in concrete terms in psychological-neurobiological theory and psychiatric-psychotherapeutic practice. We treat the principles of neurobiological excitation and information processing, the structure and function of the limbic system, the development of the personality and the interaction of genetic-epigenetic factors and prenatal and postnatal environmental influences, which may be favourable or unfavourable. On this basis, the exemplary presentation of important mental disorders such as addictive disorders, schizophrenic disorders, affective disorders and anxiety disorders takes place. Finally, following in the footsteps of the eminent psychotherapist Klaus Grawe, the concept of "neuropsychotherapy" is introduced and it is shown why psychotherapy and neurobiology belong together and can enrich each other. Our psychoneuroscientific approach paints a picture of man that is not based on opposites, but on an integration of psyche, brain, behavior and experience.

The expert knowledge on numerous established and innovative minimally invasive interventions on the spine is systematically and in detail summarized in this book. All chapters are consistently structured with special education, implementation of the intervention, complications, literature, reimbursement and a final conclusion with assessment of clinical relevance. The focus is on the practice: step-by-step the procedure is presented under the heading "carrying out the intervention".The book is ideal for practitioners who want to benefit from the know-how of experienced colleagues or who are interested in new innovative procedures and for referring physicians who want to get an overview.

This book introduces computing and programming with undergraduate engineering students in mind. It uses Python (Version 3) as the programming language, chosen for its simplicity, readability, wide applicability and large collection of libraries. After introducing engineering-related Python libraries, such as NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Sci-kit, Programming with Python for Engineers shows how Python can be used to implement methods common in a wide spectrum of engineering-related problems drawn from (for example): design, control, decision-making, scheduling and planning. Important features of the book include the following: The book contains interactive content for illustration of important concepts, where the user can provide input and by clicking buttons, trace through the steps. Each chapter is also accessible as a Jupyter Notebook page and every code piece is executable. This allows the readers to run code examples in chapters immediately, to make changes and gain a better grasp of the concepts presented. The coverage of topics is complemented by illustrative examples and exercises. For instructors adopting the textbook, a solutions manual is provided.

This monograph explores the participation of women in alchemy, chemical crafts, and the early stages of modern chemistry. By contextualizing their achievements within the broader social, cultural, and scientific landscapes of their time, this book enables readers to seize the challenges these women confronted and the obstacles they triumphed over. Alongside narrating how they shaped the development of chemistry, including their contributions to the body of chemical literature, it also emphasizes pivotal moments and milestones in the history of women's emancipation. The book's comprehensive and integrative approach, complemented by engaging storytelling, renders it an indispensable resource for students, researchers, and general readers alike.

There has been an exponential growth in the number of research papers published in recent decades in the field of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, making it difficult to identify the key papers that have truly changed practice in plastic surgery. This book provides readers with a concise reference source for the key papers that underpin contemporary surgical practice and covers all aspects of the specialty, with the content being helpful for both trainees and specialists to understand the scientific developments and pioneering surgeries that allow expert surgeons to practice as they currently do. By exploring the ground-breaking papers in Plastic Surgery, readers can gain insights into the evolution of the field and learn valuable lessons on how to innovate. For trainees preparing for board or exit exams, such as the FRCS (Plast), this book serves as an invaluable reference source and revision guide, providing access to key landmark studies. It presents over 50 key research studieson plastic surgery along with full analysis and additional commentaries from experts and world-renowned authority figures in Plastic Surgery. It provides a valuable perspective on why the study is important, constituting essential reading for busy professionals as well as trainees, residents and fellows, and surgeons studying for professional examinations while distilling all the literature into a compact guide on the must-know scientific articles.

This book presents children's literature as a platform for learning and helping young readers develop the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to thrive in an interconnected and diverse global society. It draws from various theoretical frameworks and research findings to implement critical literacy and culturally responsive teaching in the meaning-making process.The book focuses on global competencies and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as intertwined concepts that work together to foster a more sustainable, inclusive, and equitable world. Developing global competencies empowers children and communities to actively participate in achieving the SDGs and addressing the pressing challenges of our time. The authors set high expectations on children as actors in transforming society. To facilitate this, the book offers an overview of child development theories as a foundation for designing developmentally appropriate practices to extend children's books toward deep thinking and understanding. The book includes sample lessons that use cutting-edge research-based pedagogies and tools such as visible thinking routines and other approaches. Those lessons also help readers identify the Habits of Mind (HOM) children can develop by listening to and discussing stories. The HOM are attributes of good problem-finders and problem-solvers needed when confronting complex issues. The book provides resources and sample lessons that implement different thinking strategies to engage children in questioning and analyzing what they read, making them more critical. This is how children deeply understand the world and their role in creating positive change. The book aims to cultivate change-makers and global citizens through stories. It offers innovative approaches, including online learning options in accessible and engaging ways to help children think globally and act locally'Through the power of children's literature, this book serves a larger agenda: To build a more thoughtful world for future generations. By caring for and learning from one another through suggested activities in this book, they will share the riches and resources from across the world. As children learn about the promise of actions toward the UN Sustainable Goals, they can imagine living in an interdependent learning community where all people continually searching for ways to trust each other, learn together, and grow toward greater intelligence.' Arthur Costa and Bena Kallick, Co-Founders and Directors of The Institute for Habits of Mind

This comprehensive book portrays the long-overdue recognition of women's work in chemistry, which only materialized with their late access to universities. Besides describing their scientific triumphs, it unveils the human side of the characters involved, providing an intimate perspective, often supported by extracts from their correspondence. By delving into their personal stories, struggles, and successes, this book brings these women to life. Written with simplicity and rigor, it aims to inspire and educate readers of all backgrounds about the extraordinary scientific achievements of these trailblazing women.

This book is a solutions manual and study guide to the 3rd edition of Economic Growth and Development. It includes solutions to all end-of-chapter questions and model-based problems within the text. In addition, each chapter contains a reader's guide for students working through the main text, including objectives, discussion of sticking points, and main takeaways. These should prove useful to students and instructors using this book.

This book provides a comprehensive study of the work of M. David Merrill, a major pioneer in the field of instructional design. This book centers on his research on his second generation instructional design (ID2) theory, Instructional Transaction Theory, and First Principles of Instruction, which has had a substantial impact on the instructional design field. It's appealing to the instructional design research and practitioner-based communities who can draw on specific sections of this book to enhance their own work. It is also intended for those seeking to learn more about the relationship between the instructional design field, learning theory, curriculum studies, and lifelong learning/adult education studies. Through this critical, yet empathetic study of Merrill's 50+ year research agenda, this book provides an illuminating field of entry into a broad range of topics, both those that are central to Merrill's own research agenda, and into areas that extend well beyond his essentially cognitivist epistemological assumptions.

This book introduces empirical methods for machine learning with a special focus on applications in natural language processing (NLP) and data science. The authors present problems of validity, reliability, and significance and provide common solutions based on statistical methodology to solve them. The book focuses on model-based empirical methods where data annotations and model predictions are treated as training data for interpretable probabilistic models from the well-understood families of generalized additive models (GAMs) and linear mixed effects models (LMEMs). Based on the interpretable parameters of the trained GAMs or LMEMs, the book presents model-based statistical tests such as a validity test that allows for the detection of circular features that circumvent learning. Furthermore, the book discusses a reliability coefficient using variance decomposition based on random effect parameters of LMEMs. Lastly, a significance test based on the likelihood ratios of nested LMEMs trained on the performance scores of two machine learning models is shown to naturally allow the inclusion of variations in meta-parameter settings into hypothesis testing, and further facilitates a refined system comparison conditional on properties of input data. The book is self-contained with an appendix on the mathematical background of generalized additive models and linear mixed effects models as well as an accompanying webpage with the related R and Python code to replicate the presented experiments. The second edition also features a new hands-on chapter that illustrates how to use the included tools in practical applications.

This book argues that Descartes' physics was a milestone on the road to modern mathematical physics. After Newton introduced a completely different approach to mathematical description of motion, Descartes' physics became obsolete and even difficult to comprehend. This text follows the language of Descartes and the means of which motion can be described. It argues that Descartes achieved almost everything that later Newton was able to do--to describe the motion of interacting bodies- by different (i.e. algebraic) means. This volume completely refutes the received view according to which Descartes' physics was merely a kind of discursive natural philosophy. To make this interpretation more plausible the book follows Descartes' ideas from his early work in mathematics, through his invention of the analytic method towards his mature physics. It shows that Descartes followed a similar heuristic pattern.The volume appeals to students and researchers; it invites the reader equippedwith minimal understanding of college mathematics to follow Descartes on his intellectual journey through the Scientific Revolution. The reader will gain a deeper understanding of the role of mathematical language in the creation of modern physics and a glimpse into the fascinating world of Descartes' scientific thought. Several of Descartes' philosophical ideas can be traced back to his scientific interests and thus the book elucidates the motivation behind some of Descartes' key positions in the area of epistemology and method. In the penultimate chapter the book presents four arguments in favor of seeing Descartes as a physicist on par with Galileo and Newton.

This book illustrates effective decision-making in complex socio-economic systems utilising system dynamics and agent-based simulation modelling approaches. It provides practical guidance on the application of conceptual and numerical modelling and simulation for analysing economic, strategic, regulatory, sociological and ethical questions from a complex systems perspective. Its theoretical, methodological and practical illustrations will enhance readers' understanding of the application of simulation modelling for effective systems management. By virtually experimenting with alternative management scenarios, it will help them improve decision-making and control mechanisms.The book explores practical examples from the fields of pharmaceuticals, healthcare, finance, sociology, education and culture from a strategic, regulatory and ethics perspective. As such, it offers a valuable resource for managers, both at for-profit corporations and non-profit organisations, public policymakers and regulators alike.

This book guides the reader through the process of graphic communication with a particular focus on representing data and processes. It considers a variety of common graphic communication scenarios among those that arise most frequently in practical applications. The book is organized in two parts: representing data (Part I) and representing processes (Part II). The first part deals with the graphical representation of data. It starts with an introductory chapter on the types of variables, then guides the reader through the most common data visualization scenarios - i.e.: representing magnitudes, proportions, one variable as a function of the other, groups, relations, bivariate, trivariate and geospatial data. The second part covers various tools for the visual representation of processes; these include timelines, flow-charts, Gantt charts and PERT diagrams. In addition, the book also features four appendices which cover cross-chapter topics: mathematics and statistics review, Matplotlib primer, color representation and usage, and representation of geospatial data. Aimed at junior and senior undergraduate students in various technical, scientific, and economic fields, this book is also a valuable aid for researchers and practitioners in data science, marketing, entertainment, media and other fields.