Bøger udgivet af Springer

This book is a compendium of the worldwide ocular stem cell studies registered with clinicaltrials.gov. The study title is provided, along with the country of origin and the clinical trial number in order to make it easier for the reader to locate the study and obtain further information. An analysis of the type of stem cell utilized and study support is also provided. The final section deals with issues encountered by the stem cell researchers. Ocular Stem Cell Studies: A Comprehensive Overview of Global Clinical Trials is a valuable resource for ophthalmologists, optometrists, other physicians, and researchers.

The two volume set LNCS 14641 and 14642 constitutes the proceedings of the 22nd International Symposium on Intelligent Data Analysis, IDA 2024, which was held in Stockholm, Sweden, during April 24-26, 2024. The 40 full and 3 short papers included in the proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 94 submissions. IDA is an international symposium presenting advances in the intelligent analysis of data. Distinguishing characteristics of IDA are its focus on novel, inspiring ideas, its focus on research, and its relatively small scale.

This book presents the economic heartbeat and institutional details that shaped Athenian society during the Classical period (508-323 BCE), employing an innovative and outside-the-box approach to studying history. It answers questions about societal structure, the roles of women, foreigners, and slaves, the transformation of their economy from agrarian to maritime, and commercially-oriented. 28 short fictional stories enliven the narrative, each accompanied by rigorous academic analysis - revealing how banking, insurance, and the Athenian drachma, the internationally accepted currency of the times, shaped their world.Exploring the symbiotic relationship between democracy and economic evolution, the book examines the sophisticated economic institutions of ancient Athens -ranging from property rights protection to market-driven price determination, anti-profiteering measures, measures to protect the Athenian currency¿s trustworthiness from forgery, business and labor mentality and practices, international trade patterns, as well as the existence of a robust public sector related also to the provision of a series of public goods. In a comprehensive analysis, the book scrutinizes daily life, societal structures, and customs, addressing a variety of questions such as marriage, cuisine, attire, values, and entertainment.Employing New Institutional Economics as a methodology, the book puts together historical evidence with institutional analysis, offering an interdisciplinary lens through economics, political science, strategy, and behavioral theory. Richly supported by ancient sources, inscriptions, and a vast modern bibliography, this work not only explains ancient Athens but also proposes its socioeconomic pattern as a guide for modern societal challenges in economic governance and democracy.

This book examines issues of intersectionality and multicultural competency, humility, and sensitivity necessary to work with interracial, intercultural, and interfaith couples. It describes a therapeutic approach that combines a social constructionist framework with ecological systems theory using an intersectional lens. Chapters explore key issues relevant to interracial, intercultural, and interfaith couples across the lifespan, including attraction and dating, cohabitation, marriage and polyamory, children, retirement as well as such potentially challenging topics as sex, politics, and religion. Featured areas of coverage include: How to apply ecological systems theory and social constructionism to guide self of the therapist reflections and clinical interventions that address the nuances of intersectionality among interracial, intercultural, and interfaith couples across the lifespan. Attention to intersectionality between therapists and clients. Strategies for addressing challenging issues within the current political environment in which diversity is debated and may become divisive. Case applications and extended reflections Interracial, Intercultural, and Interfaith Couples and Families Across the Life Cycle: A Clinician's Guide is an essential resource for clinicians, therapists, and practitioners as well as researchers, professors, and graduate students in family studies, clinical psychology, and public health, as well as all interrelated disciplines.

The three-volume set CCIS 2009, 2010 and 2011 constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Computer Vision and Image Processing, CVIP 2023, held in Jammu, India, during November 3-5, 2023. The 140 revised full papers presented in these proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected from 461 submissions. The papers focus on various important and emerging topics in image processing, computer vision applications, deep learning, and machine learning techniques in the domain.

This book covers a wide range of applications and scenarios of intelligent technologies for healthcare business applications. The authors adopt an interdisciplinary approach with both theoretical and practical approaches in order to be relevant to multiple audiences. This book encapsulates fundamental and cutting-edge research paradigms of intelligent healthcare environments and addresses related open-ended research issues. The authors also explore recent advances, disseminate state-of-the-art techniques, and deploy novel technologies in intelligent healthcare services and applications. The book features a broad appeal to electrical, electronic, computer, software and telecommunications engineers in the healthcare space. Covers a range of applications and scenarios of intelligent technologies for healthcare business applications Explores advances, disseminates techniques, and deploys novel technologies in intelligent healthcare services Features paradigms of intelligent healthcare environments and addresses open-ended research issues

​ This book enables readers with varying backgrounds to understand the need for Digital Twin technologies. The authors describe how digital twin amounts to the convergence of the physical and the virtual worlds where each industrial process, asset, service, or product gets a digital replica and dynamic digital blueprint and representation, from the design phase to the deployment phase. Through this book, readers will be enabled to work on Digital Twin techniques and gain from experience. The book will provide a high level of understanding of the emerging technologies and why Digital Twin offers the potential of acquiring and processing a tremendous amount of data from the physical world.

The purpose of this work is to focus mathematical modeling on issues affecting women¿s health. Working in six collaborative teams, researchers developed new mathematical models to address questions in a range of application areas. Topics include HIV, oral contraceptives, blood clotting, breast cancer, neonatal respiration, and outbreak forecasting. The work is the result of newly formed collaborative groups begun during the Collaborative Workshop for Women in Mathematical Biology hosted by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and UnitedHealth Group Optum in June 2022.This is an open access book.

This textbook offers a hands-on introduction to general topology, a fundamental tool in mathematics and its applications. It provides solid foundations for further study in mathematics in general, and topology in particular.Aimed at undergraduate students in mathematics with no previous exposure to topology, the book presents key concepts in a mathematically rigorous yet accessible manner, illustrated by numerous examples. The essential feature of the book is the large sets of worked exercises at the end of each chapter. All of the basic topics are covered, namely, metric spaces, continuous maps, homeomorphisms, connectedness, and compactness. The book also explains the main constructions of new topological spaces such as product spaces and quotient spaces. The final chapter makes a foray into algebraic topology with the introduction of the fundamental group.Thanks to nearly 300 solved exercises and abundant examples, Point-Set Topology is especially suitable for supplementing a first lecture course on topology for undergraduates, and it can also be utilized for independent study. The only prerequisites for reading the book are familiarity with mathematical proofs, some elements of set theory, and a good grasp of calculus.

This translation of Musique au singulier (2001) from the French identifies what is common to music of all times and cultures. The author, François-Bernard Mâche is a composer and internationally renowned musicologist. He addresses the question of universals in music and demonstrates how musical play is a poetic and natural game that already takes shape in the animal world. Mâche invites the reader to reconsider the traditional opposition between nature and culture and to reflect on experiencing such intense emotions when both listening to and manipulating sounds. This title appeals to students and researchers working in musicology.

This book takes a novel approach by highlighting comparative and long-term historical perspectives on experimental practice. The juxtaposition of accounts of natural, social, and medical experimentation is very enlightening, especially because the authors put the emphasis on the different kinds of objects of experimentation (physical matter, chemical reagents, social groups, organizations, sick individuals, archeological remains) and demonstrate how much the kinds of objects matter for the practice of experimentation, its methods, tools, and methodologies. Taken together, the chapters raise several fascinating questions for further study: What do these different approaches have in common? Why do we call them "experimentation"? What are the intersections among the fields and their developments? The volume engages philosophical approaches that are not well known to Anglophone readers (Bachelard, Bergson, Bernard, Canguilhem, among others) and brings to attention a wealth of Francophone secondary literature on past and present scientific experimentation. The collection fills a yawning gap in science, science studies, and philosophy of science teaching, making it particularly valuable philosophers and historians of science in all subfields.

Fractures of the scapula are usually associated with high-energy trauma and its management has deeply changed in the last decade. The unfavorable scapular anatomy, combined with the complexity of the approaches for fracture fixation, make the treatment challenging, even for experienced surgeons. Furthermore, the literature is controversial regarding surgical indications and rationale for treatment. This book is designed to address and discuss critical aspects of decision making for the management of scapular fractures, including anatomy, epidemiology, surgical indications, rehabilitation, treatment, and outcomes. It also presents several challenging cases with adequate preoperative planning, emphasizing the different approaches, fixation strategies, soft tissue handling, and postoperative care. Floating shoulder and the association between scapular fractures and clavicle fractures are also addressed, as well as a hot topic and emerging issue: the periprosthetic scapular fracture following reverse shoulder arthroplasty. The approaches and fixation strategies will be the main points of the book and richly illustrated by images. Fractures of the Scapula - Current Concepts is an indispensable reference to shoulder surgeons, general orthopaedic surgeons, orthopaedic trauma surgeons, thoracic surgeons, orthopaedic fellows and residents, medical students, and physical therapists who are eager to deepen their knowledge in the management of the challenging scapular fractures. *the Editors modified the proposal based on the reviewer's feedback.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Big Data Analytics in Astronomy, Science, and Engineering, BDA 2023, which took place in Aizu, Japan during December 5-7, 2023. The 19 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 55 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Data management and visualization; data science: architectures and systems; data science and applications; and cyber systems and information security.

This book is an all-in-one resource on providing and establishing high quality care in clinical gastroenterology. The text provides an in-depth analysis of not just guideline-based care, which is usually covered in shorter articles, but a combination of guidelines, quality metrics, and general standard of care in all areas of clinical practice and endoscopy. The book also covers high quality care for specific gastrointestinal disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, motility disorders, and pancreatic diseases, reviewing the appropriate timing of procedures for those conditions. Each chapter features a table of key quality measures for easy use and access. The chapters also discuss avoiding overuse of procedures, as well as instances where it may not be indicated to perform procedures. In addition, this volume combines the standards put forth by many different societies and groups into a single source for providers to use as a blueprint for standards of high quality care. Quality in Gastroenterology summarizes everything a practicing clinician needs for providing high quality care in one convenient place.

This book constitutes the refereed conference proceedings of the second International Conference on Speech and Language Technologies for Low-Resource Languages, SPELLL 2023, held in Perundurai, Erode, India, during December 6-8, 2023. The 27 full papers and 6 short papers presented in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 94 submissions. The papers are divided into the following topical sections: language resources; language technologies; speech technologies; and workshops - regional fake, MMLOW, LC4.

The book offers a must-have tool primarily for psychiatrists, geriatricians, neurologists, and psychologists, but will also be of interest to general practitioners for first line assessment.The aim of this book is to establish a gold standard: a reference work to be used as a clinical guide to the assessment of mental illness in older persons in the field. Psychogeriatrics is generally a very specific field in the midst of different disciplines, where there is hardly a clinical consensus on how to best assess and treat elderly subjects with mental or behavioral symptoms, possibly resulting from psychiatric disorders. This book provides clear and practical indications, prepared by a panel of international experts in the field with extensive scientific and clinical experience. Boxes with first and second line actions for assessing and treating mental illness in the elderly are included, and all chapters are uniformly divided into sections on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment.

This text builds upon the over 1500 papers published in peer-reviewed journals revealing that there are more than 200 biological codes in living systems. The author claims this experimental fact is bound to change biology forever. This book shows how this very discovery reveals that coding is a new mechanism of life, just as the discovery of electromagnetism revealed the existence of a new physical force in the universe. The existence of many biological codes, furthermore, Barbieri argues, is one of those experimental facts that have extraordinary theoretical consequences. It implies that coding is not only a mechanism that constantly operates in all living systems, but also a mechanism of evolution, more precisely a mechanism that gave origin to the absolute novelties of the history of life. This amounts to saying that evolution took place by two distinct mechanisms, by natural selection and by natural conventions, two mechanisms that are fundamentally different because natural selection is the result of copying and deals with information whereas natural conventions are the result of coding and deal with meaning. This volume appeals to students and researchers working in the fields of semiotics, philosophy, biology and mathematics.

In today's world, where the pursuit of profit often takes precedence over the well-being of people and the planet, humanistic management offers a refreshing and much-needed alternative. This book explores the concept of humanistic management as a model for organisations that emphasises individual freedom, dignity and ethics, and presents practical approaches and challenges for implementing it. The author provides a comprehensive overview of the humanistic management approach, exploring its values and principles, as well as the benefits it can bring to companies, employees and society as a whole. Through a combination of theory and case studies, the book offers insights into the cultural and behavioural changes required for organisations to adopt a humanistic approach to management. The book illustrates didactic experiments, social and territorial conjunctures, intellectual and moral postures. Whether you are a business leader, manager or management student, this book is an essential guide for anyone who wants to create a more sustainable and socially responsible organisation. With its clear and insightful analysis of humanistic management, it is sure to inspire and inform readers of all backgrounds and lifestyles.

Radio astronomy is irreversibly moving towards the exabyte era. In the advent of all-sky radio observations, efficient tools and methods to manage the large data volume generated have become imperative. This book brings together the knowledge of several different research fields to present an overview of current state-of-the-art methods in data-intensive radio astronomy. Its approach is comprehensive and data-centric, offering a coherent look at the four distinct parts of the data lifecycle: Data creation, storage and archivesData processingPost-processing and data analysisData access and reuse Large data management has been the topic of discussion within the astronomical community for decades. Some relevant areas explored in this volume are: ongoing technological innovations in interferometers and computing facilities; difficulties and possible solutions for the huge processing demands of radio telescope projects such as LOFAR, MeerKat, ASKAP; concepts for reliable and fast storage for archiving; and more. Written by experts across astrophysics, high-energy particle physics, data science, and computer science, this volume will help researchers and advanced students better understand the current state of data-intensive radio astronomy and tackle the major problems that may arise from future instruments.

This textbook arises from a master's course taught by the author at the University of Coimbra. It takes the reader from the very classical Galois theorem for fields to its generalization to the case of rings. Given a finite-dimensional Galois extension of fields, the classical bijection between the intermediate field extensions and the subgroups of the corresponding Galois group was extended by Grothendieck as an equivalence between finite-dimensional split algebras and finite sets on which the Galois group acts. Adding further profinite topologies on the Galois group and the sets on which it acts, these two theorems become valid in arbitrary dimension. Taking advantage of the power of category theory, the second part of the book generalizes this most general Galois theorem for fields to the case of commutative rings. This book should be of interest to field theorists and ring theorists wanting to discover new techniques which make it possible to liberate Galois theory from its traditional restricted context of field theory. It should also be of great interest to category theorists who want to apply their everyday techniques to produce deep results in other domains of mathematics.

This book discusses the latest information and advancements on all aspects of sustainable sludge management including treatment, characterization, stabilization, digestion, thickening, dewatering, thermal processing, utilization, valorization production of usable materials, and disposal, with associated pros and cons addressed. It provides an up-to-date resource on industrial sludge generation in various industries, its disposal and treatment by various modern treatment approaches, its physico-chemical and microbiological characterization, as well as legislation, risk assessment, and methodological aspects related to its characterization. Past and recent trends in industrial sludge handling are covered to understand and overcome the environmental risks posed by industrial sludge, with a focus on the brick and agrochemical industries and how to implement sustainable sludge managements practices in these industries. The book is intended for environmental engineers, chemical engineers, soil scientists, and policymakers, and will be of interest to students and researchers of environmental biotechnology, environmental engineering, and chemical engineering.

This book initially delves into its fundamentals to initiate the exploration of online incentive mechanisms in wireless communications. Three case studies are provided to elaborate details on designing online mechanism design in practical system. For crowdsensing with random task arrivals, this book introduces a linear online incentive mechanism model with insurance of the quality of information for each incoming task. In the context of edge computing systems, the authors model a nonlinear online incentive mechanism with the consideration of mobile users' energy budget constraints. It also explores online incentive mechanism for collaborative task offloading in mobile edge computing to achieve on-arrival instant responses. This book not only disseminates current knowledge but also sheds light on future research directions. The design of incentive mechanisms in wireless communication systems is of paramount importance as it encourages dormant terminals within networks to contribute their valuable resources. The consideration of randomness of network processes enhances the mechanism design under online settings and decision making on the fly. This book endeavours to bridge existing knowledge gaps by comprehensively presenting and developing fundamental insights into online incentive mechanisms and their design methods in the realm of wireless communications. It's one of the first books to provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles of online incentive mechanisms and their intricately designed methods in the dynamic world of wireless communications. Future research directions include an investigation in the evolving domain of online incentive mechanism designs within wireless communications. This book strikes a balance between theoretical knowledge and practical application, making it a valuable resource for both researchers and practitioners in the field of wireless communications and network economics. Advanced-level students majoring in computer science and/or electrical engineering will want to purchase this book as a study guide.

The book describes the theory of electromagnetic orientation in sharks and rays. The theory evolved from studying the publications of Faraday, von Arx, and Longuett-Higgins. Sharks and rays can detect the earth's magnetic field as well as the ambient electric fields, utilizing their electrosensory system, the Ampullae of Lorenzini. Dr. Kalmijn provides the physical description of this sensory system in the context of his previously published behavioral studies performed in the laboratory and in natural, open-ocean settings. The book lays bare the physics bedrock of the motional electric fields.The physics of the entire sensory environment interacting with these very sensitive organs is made clear step by step so the reader can understand the source of the fields and how the animals detect them. Dr. Kalmijn analyzes the sensory organs from the perspective of the animal moving through these electric and magnetic fields to arrive at the appropriate relativistic frame to understand how the sensory system works. Relying on his thorough understanding of Maxwell, Faraday, and Einstein, he has sought to understand the miraculous abilities of Elasmobranchs.The detailed presentation clears away many of the misunderstandings and mistakes of previous researchers. Nearly all the mistakes pertain to the underlying physics. The existing literature is discussed, put in context, and corrected. This summary and final presentation of Dr. Kalmijn's life-time study of electromagnetic reception in Elasmobranchs will surely be recognized as the definitive treatise in years to come. It gives researchers and students in biology, physics, oceanography, and fisheries a detailed mathematical physics background for the understanding of electroreception in Elasmobranch fishes.

This book presents fundamental principles and recent advancements in managing waste in an environmentally sustainable manner. It explores a wide array of methods and technologies designed to transform waste, thereby reducing health impacts across various stages such as waste minimization, transportation, handling, storage, and disposal of solid wastes. Moreover, the book delves into waste-contaminated site assessment methods, environmental issues and impacts, as well as the latest regulatory and policy statutes. The inclusion of case studies allows for the assessment of diverse waste management challenges, showcasing how environmental engineering methods can be applied to process industrial waste sustainably. For instance, certain sections of the book delve into the intricate microbial communities and their metabolic pathways, illustrating their role in the remediation and management of municipal waste at landfill sites. This book caters to a broad audience, including teachers, researchers, practitioners, environmental engineers, chemical engineers, soil scientists, policymakers, and students specializing in environmental engineering, chemical engineering, environmental biotechnology, and environmental science.

This book features a selection of papers presented at the 15th International Conference "Economies of the Balkan and Eastern European Countries" (EBEEC), held at the University of the Aegean in Chios, Greece, May 12-14, 2023. The EBEEC conference serves as an annual meeting of policy makers from Eastern European and Balkan countries as well as scientists. More than 300 researchers and students attended the conference and presented their work in parallel sessions.This volume deals with various aspects of economic growth, prosperity and (environmental, social and economic) sustainability of countries in the region in the context of globalization and digitalization. It also examines topics such as consumer behavior towards new products and services, human capital, teleworking, the food market, international trade and foreign direct investment. In turn, the book proposes frameworks and solutions to help countries deal with and manage the complex local and global environment.

This book contains selected papers from the 2023 Greek Marketing Academy and the Global Alliance of Marketing and Management Associations Joint Symposium (GMA-GAMMA2023) held from July 20 to 23, 2023, in Seoul, Korea. It presents cutting-edge research in the marketing field, showcases how the recent challenges have affected marketing management and/or marketing communications and introduces the solutions to the practical problems under the Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous (VUCA) environment.

This volume features more than 20 essays that explore the work of one of the most important contemporary philosophers of mathematics. It will help readers to better appreciate this significant and prolific philosopher. Within philosophy of mathematics, Penelope Maddy initially advocated realism. She then went on to advance naturalism. Both of her positions became very influential in the field, along with her other work in the philosophy of logic. The contributors comment on and otherwise engage with Maddy's work. They also weigh in on the state of set theory and its philosophy, the philosophy and history of logic, naturalism, skepticism, and the myriad other areas to which Maddy left her mark. Overall, coverage traces her influence on these various ideas over the years. It will also help readers to better understand how philosophers working at the forefront of these areas see these concepts today. These essays will be essential reading for the wide group of philosophers working in these different areas as well as graduate students studying philosophy of mathematics and logic and the other related issues to which Maddy has contributed. The volume will also appeal to logicians and set theorists in general, as well as to philosophers working in analytic philosophy more widely, as well as to those working in the history of philosophy.

The book offers a wide range of research topics that are addressed with the aim of contributing to the knowledge of geomorphological hazards in the Himalaya. It is emphasized the integration of climate-driven morphogenetic and tectonic processes in the Nepal Himalaya as a substantial phenomenon of active collisional orogeny. The extreme dynamics of landform evolution in the Himalayan terranes triggers severe natural hazards and risks. Interdisciplinary research of geomorphological processes and events related to natural hazards in the Nepal Himalaya follows general efforts to reduce geoenvironmental disasters. Visual documentation is of particular importance in the conception of the book, which is intended for specialized researchers as well as students.

NEW VERSION This book introduces readers to the astonishing civilisation of the Incas. Its novelty lies in its general but highly informative synthesis of their history and astronomy through the accounts of contemporary chronicles and recent archaeological findings. Richly illustrated with the author's own photographs, it will attract the attention of seasoned travellers interested in ancient civilisations and keen to discover what people were capable of achieving so long ago, but also any reader interested in the history and prehistory of South American peoples, including students or university researchers wanting to know more about the pre-Columbian civilizations of Peru. The Inca civilisation was in fact the culmination of cultural contributions from a dozen or so complex pre-Columbian civilizations, such as those of Chavín, Nazca, Wari, or Tiwanaku. Intensely spiritual, the Inca people attributed metaphysical powers to all manner of objects and places they considered sacred, but at the same time the numerous alignments in their buildings show that they result from careful observations of the Sun, the Moon, and the stars at different times of the year. Indeed, the Incas were an essentially agrarian people, so time measurement and calendar devices were essential for the purely pragmatic problem of planning agricultural tasks during the tropical year. The book sets out to describe the Incas in their historical and geographical context, avoiding specialization or excessive technicality, but retaining a certain scientific rigor, and including a detailed consideration of their interest in the sky and astronomy. OLD VERSION The aim of this book is to transport the reader to the heart of the marvelous and fascinating history of the Andean peoples.This work synthesizes information about the Inca civilization and those which preceded it and highlights for these cultures the intimate relationships between the life of the peoples and the observation of the sky. The novelty of this work lies in the general character of the synthesis, avoiding specialization or excessive technicality but retaining the scientific rigor. The text immediately immerses the reader in the surprising cultural diversity of Peru. It quickly becomes apparent that limiting the history to only the Inca Empire would amount to considering only part of the historical diversity of this society and would neglect a major part of its richness.The prestigious Inca civilization was in fact the culmination of the cultural contributions of a dozen astonishing and complex pre-Columbian civilizations such as those of Chavín, Nazca, Wari or Tiwanaku. A major part of the book is focused on the study of the sky and on astronomy, which was of considerable importance in the peruvian universe. If these populations devoted themselves to observing the Sun, the Moon or the brightest planets, they also observed certain "dark" constellations appearing clearly in contrast against the bright background of the Milky Way which played an important role in the cosmic conception of the pre-Columbian worlds. The study of numerous architectural alignments testifies to the fact that these result from astronomical considerations such as the observations of the Sun and other stars (the Pleiades for example) at privileged moments (solstices and equinoxes) of the year. The importance of time measurement and calendar devices used for correct planning of agricultural tasks during the different seasons of the tropical year is also emphasized. The observation of the Sun certainly played a key role in the Inca civilization, particularly for determining the privileged moments of the astronomical year in relation to the agrarian rhythms associated with the tropical year. The history of the Inca people is imbued with an astonishing and pervasive spirituality that is discussed in great detail. These people in fact attributed metaphysical power to objects and places considered sacred which were integrated into a system of privileged directions radiating from the Cuzco temple of the Sun. On reading the various chapters of this book, the reader will undoubtedly retain the dominant idea that Peru has a long, eventful and fascinating history of very rich cultures and civilizations. This book is aimed at a rather wide and cultivated audience, passionate about history, ethnology, and astronomy of south american cultures. It is also intended for students or university researchers interested in the pre-Columbian civilizations of Peru.