Bøger udgivet af States Academic Press

Chitin is a polysaccharide which is a long chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is found in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, crustaceans, cephalopod beaks and scales of fish. It has a structure comparable to cellulose. Chitosan is formed by the treatment of chitin cells of crustaceans with an alkaline substance like sodium hydroxide. It is a linear polysaccharide which consists of randomly distributed β-(1→4) linked D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Chitin is used to create edible films in food industry. It is also used as an additive to stabilize and thicken foods and food emulsions. Chitosan is used as a pesticide to fight plant fungal infections. It also finds applications in beverage industry as fining agent and as an antibacterial agent in bandages to help reduce bleeding. This book outlines the properties and preparation of chitin and chitosan in detail. The topics included herein on chitin and chitosan are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. This book is a vital tool for all researching or studying chitin and chitosan as it gives incredible insights into emerging trends and concepts.

Regional geology is the geological study of large-scale regions. This area of study creates an important connection between local and global geology. The occurrence of geological processes and geologically significant boundaries help define the size and borders of each region. The objective of regional geology is to simplify local surface and subsurface data to a scale that helps in predicting and highlighting the generalizations that are implicit in continent-wide and global syntheses. Regional geology establishes the association among global plate tectonics, global climate changes, sea-level changes, and important studies in geoscience. It is applied in the search and conservation of natural resources such as water, ore deposits, and solid Earth energy resources. This book outlines the major concepts of regional geology in detail. Those in search of information to further their knowledge will be greatly assisted by this book.

Marketing is one of the primary aspects of business management. It is intended to create a new customer base as well as retain and satisfy it. It includes advertising, distribution and selling. Public relations refer to the management of the spread of information between an organization and the public. It maintains and establishes relationships between the organization, the target audience and the media. Writing news releases, designing communications campaigns, working with the press, writing speeches and arranging interviews are all functional areas of public relations. This textbook aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of marketing and public relations. Also included is a detailed explanation of the various concepts, principles and methodologies intrinsic to these fields. It will prove to be a complete reference guide to managers in all professional domains.

Roofing is the practice of roof construction. The person entrusted with this responsibility is a roofer. Roofers install, replace and repair the roofs of buildings using materials such as shingles, metal and bitumen. It is a physically demanding job involving heavy lifting, climbing, kneeling, etc. Flooring refers to the practice of floor covering. Flooring can be in the form of wood flooring, laminate flooring, resilient flooring, hard flooring or seamless polymer flooring. Subfloors also provide support to the flooring. Special purpose subfloors include raised floors, floating floors or sprung floors. This book unfolds the innovative aspects of roofing and flooring which will be crucial for a holistic understanding. Also included is a detailed explanation of the various techniques and methodologies intrinsic to these practices. In this book, constant effort has been made to make the understanding of the difficult concepts of roofing and flooring as easy and informative as possible, for the readers.

Probability and statistics are two sub-disciplines of mathematics. Probability is related to the chance of occurrence of an event, whereas statistics is involved in handling data utilizing various techniques. Probability deals with numerical explanations of possible occurrence of an event or likelihood of a proposition being true. The probability of an event is a number between 0 and 1, wherein 0 represents impossibility and 1 represents certainty. The higher the probability, it is more likely that the particular event will happen. Statistics deals with gathering, organizing, interpreting, analyzing, and presenting data. It is a common practice to start with a statistical model or statistical population to be researched when applying statistics to a scientific, social, or industrial problem. This book provides comprehensive insights into the fields of probability and statistics. It presents this complex subject in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. This book will provide comprehensive knowledge to the readers.

Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering, which is involved in the manufacture, design, maintenance and analysis of mechanical systems, by combining the principles of mathematics, engineering physics and materials science. The field of mechanical engineering requires knowledge of core areas such as thermodynamics, structural analysis, mechanics, materials science, dynamics and electricity. This branch of engineering aids in designing and analyzing heating and cooling systems, medical devices, transport systems, weapons, robotics, manufacturing plants, aircraft, industrial equipment and machinery and watercraft, using tools such as product lifecycle management, computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). It is concerned with the operation, design and manufacturing of machinery and it overlaps with metallurgical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering, manufacturing engineering, industrial engineering and chemical engineering in varying amounts. This book elucidates the concepts and innovative models around prospective developments with respect to mechanical engineering. It will serve as a valuable source of reference for graduate and post graduate students. This book traces the progress of this field and highlights some of its key concepts and applications.

The education which is provided in post-secondary institutions is known as higher education. Innovations within the domain of higher education involve researches on new ideas which include innovations at the policy and organization level. They encompasses innovations which improve equity, diversity and inclusion within higher education. It also includes innovative approaches for learning and teaching along with their potential impacts on students and teachers. This book studies, analyses and upholds the pillars of learning innovation and its utmost significance in modern times. It provides significant information on this topic to help develop a good understanding of future perspectives on higher education. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Water resources engineering is a subfield of civil engineering that is involved in the study and management of the equipment, facilities and techniques that are used to manage and preserve water. The budgetary concerns, government regulations and other factors are also handled within this field while designing and constructing such equipment and systems. Water resources engineering seeks to address the complicated problems associated with groundwater, hydrology, river flow and flood plain management, sediment transport, pipe flow, hydraulic structures, water distribution, climate change, environmental studies, etc. It also plays an important role in ensuring the safety of drinking water for consumption by humans, plants and animals. This book provides significant information related to water management and engineering which will help the reader develop a good understanding of the basic concepts of modern water resources engineering. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

Extractivism refers to the process of extracting natural resources from the earth in order to sell them in the global market. It exists in an economy which is based significantly on the removal or extraction of natural resources that are deemed valuable for exportation across the globe. Oil, gold, lumber and diamonds are some examples of resources acquired through extraction. It has emerged as a promising pathway for development following the neoliberal economic transitions. This progress becomes possible by attracting foreign direct investment and stabilizing growth rates. There are several environmental concerns of extractivism such as deforestation, dwindling biodiversity, climate change, loss of food sovereignty, contamination of freshwater and soil depletion. There are also some political and social consequences associated with it such as unbalanced wealth distribution and conflict, human rights violations, and hazardous labor conditions, which result in an imbalance in power and culture. This book unravels the recent studies on extractivism as well as its relationship to culture and power. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this subject.

Media literacy is a broad perception of literacy which encompasses the ability of analyzing and accessing media messages. It also includes the ability to act, create and reflect using the power of communication and information to instigate a change in the world. Media literacy is considered as a collection of competencies which are necessary for citizenship, work and life, and is not limited to a single medium. Media literacy education is a method for improving media literacy competencies. It aims to raise awareness of media influence and encourage people to take an active role in both producing and consuming media. Inquiry-based pedagogy model is frequently used in media literacy education, which inspires individuals to ask questions regarding the things they read, see and hear. This book brings forth a posthuman perspective on media technologies and media literacy. It is appropriate for students seeking detailed information in this area of study as well as for experts. This book is a vital tool for all researching and studying this field.

Solidarity refers to the unity of people that produces or is based on a community of common interests, standards and objectives. Transnational solidarity is defined as a relation of mutual support or recognition between partners that share the same goal in order to fulfill a shared political project by any type of transnational public power. It connects movements across large spans of space and time. Challenges to transnational solidarity include factors such as migration and global economic crises as well as authoritarian and populist governments. The topics covered in this extensive book deal with the core aspects of transnational solidarity. It presents the concept, challenges and opportunities related to transnational solidarity in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of study.

Social media refers to a computer-based technology that allows people to share information, ideas and thoughts by creating virtual networks and communities. It commonly features customized profiles and user-generated content. Twitter, Facebook, Tiktok, Instagram and YouTube are some of the most popular social media platforms. Social media is also considered as a learning platform that improves student capabilities and engagement. The utilization of social media in education assists parents, students and teachers in obtaining more helpful information, connecting with learning communities and other educational systems that make education more convenient. Another significant impact of social media is the improvement of student academic knowledge and performance through data and information gathering. This book presents the impact of social media on education in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. The readers would gain knowledge that would broaden their perspective about this area of study.

Russian literature includes both the literature of Russia and its émigrés as well as Russian-language literature. The origins of this body of literature can be found in the Middle Ages, when chronicles and epics were written in the Old East slavic. Russian literature has been classified into four broad historical eras including Old Russian, modern Russian, Soviet Russian and post-Soviet. Early Russian literature is largely composed of religious writings that follow the tradition of eastern orthodox Christianity. The beginning of the twentieth century marks the silver age of Russian poetry. This age flourished with the writings of various short-story writers and novelists. The canon of Russian poetry has been reformed since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This book presents a rethinking of the Russian literary canon in the most comprehensible and easy to understand language. Some of the diverse topics covered herein address the varied genres that fall under this category. This book is an essential guide for both academicians and those who wish to pursue this discipline further.

The interdisciplinary field that studies the ways in which culture creates and transforms individual experiences, social relations, and power is known as cultural studies. It focuses on cultural analysis which concentrates on the political aspects of contemporary culture, traits, conflicts, historical foundation and contingencies. Cultural studies encompasses a range of methodological and theoretical perspectives and practices. The objectives of this domain include understanding culture in all its diverse and complex forms, and to analyze the political and social context in which culture displays itself. The exchanges and flows that occur across national borders fall under the umbrella of transnationalism. Transnational cultural studies is an area of enquiry, which can help in understanding the differences in global culture and develop a critique of globalization. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of cultural studies and transnationalism. The topics included herein are of utmost significance and bound to provide incredible insights to readers. The book is appropriate for those seeking detailed information in this area of study.

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is an arc welding process, which uses a consumable flux-covered electrode to lay the weld. The flux coating disintegrates as the weld is laid, emitting vapors in the process which serve as a shield and provide a layer of slag that protects the weld area from atmospheric contamination. SMAW employs minimal equipment such as a welding power supply, an electrode with a holder, a ground clamp and welding cables. The simplicity and versatility of this process makes it suitable for welding iron and steel, nickel, aluminium and copper alloys. It is used extensively in the repair and maintenance industry, industrial fabrication and for the construction of heavy steel structures. This book is compiled in such a manner, that it will provide in-depth knowledge about the theory and practice of shielded metal arc welding. It outlines the processes and applications of this welding process in detail. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.

Family relationships are important for psychological health. Family counseling is a branch of psychotherapy. Family counselors work with families and couples to nurture change and development. When problems develop within families or among couples, counseling can help them to resolve marital problems, overcome challenges, and resolve issues such as anxiety, depression, etc. Adoption counseling ensures positive outcomes with adopted children and teens, and their proper integration in the family. A family therapist should be able to influence conversations such that mutual strengths and support are enhanced. A wide range of counseling techniques are used such as structural and strategic therapy, narrative therapy, transgenerational therapy, communication theory, reality therapy, genogram, etc. Therapy interventions focus on relationship patterns instead of analyzing childhood traumas or the impulses of the unconscious mind. This book elucidates the principles and techniques of family counseling in a holistic manner. While understanding the long-term perspectives of the topics, the book makes an effort in highlighting their impact as a modern tool for the development of stronger familial relationships and resolution of disputes. It is a complete source of knowledge on the present status of this important field.

A sculpture is a form of visual arts. It involves carving, modeling and casting in stone, wood, ceramics, metal and other materials. Precious materials such as silver, gold and jade may be used for small works, while common materials such as wax, terracotta and hardwoods are used to design sculptures for wider consumption. Sculptures are distinguished from each other in the type of relief used, the carving technique and size. Modern sculptors experiment with a variety of materials and innovative approaches to the creation of sculptures. Modern sculpting includes light sculpture, sound sculpture, street art sculpture, kinetic sculpture, etc. This textbook elucidates the modern concepts, novel techniques and latest trends around prospective developments with respect to the art of sculpting. Such selected concepts that redefine this art have been presented in this book. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

"Aircraft mechanics and service technicians are professionals who carry out aircraft maintenance. They are entrusted with the inspection, repair and supervision of aircraft and aircraft systems. They are expected to have a good understanding of hydraulics, pneumatics, weight and balance, electricity, basic physics, ground operations of aircraft, cleaning and corrosion control, etc. Knowledge of rules and regulations, navigation and warning systems, position and warning systems, fire protection systems, cabin atmosphere control systems, etc. are also vital to the work of an aircraft mechanic and service technician. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the duties and responsibilities of aircraft mechanics and service technicians. It aims to serve also as a career guide to students interested to work in these domains."--

Body art refers to the art done on a human body. Some common forms of body art are body piercings, tattoos, hair designs and nail art. Other types include branding, scalpelling, subdermal implants, body painting and full body tattoo. Body art is a form of performance art, whereby artists make certain statements through their body. Body art can also involve writing rather than just painting. It helps individuals express themselves in a fun and fashionable way. This book provides comprehensive insights into the varied body arts, namely body painting, tattooing and nail art. It also unfolds the innovative techniques and latest trends in these domains. It attempts to assist those with a goal of gaining mastery in these arts.

Sales refer to the activities related to the promotion and selling of goods and services. Persuasion is a key aspect of selling. Sales form a separate department in a corporate structure, which employs specialist operatives such as sales representatives, who are responsible for building a business through sales. They sell retail goods, services and products to customers. At the center of sales success is the ability to collect and provide information such that clients are persuaded to do business with the organization. Therefore, good and effective communication skills are crucial to become a sales representative. Finding sales leads through client referrals and business directories, and visiting clients in the field are some of their core responsibilities. This book provides a comprehensive guide on how to become a successful sales representative. It attempts to understand the multiple techniques and strategies of sales and how such concepts have practical applications. Those with an interest in sales will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

An athletic trainer is a licensed and certified professional who works in the field of sports training and coaching. The roles and responsibilities of an athletic trainer are manifold. These encompass the prevention and treatment of bone and muscle injuries, management of rehabilitation programs, creation of exercise, training and fitness modules, and the organization of various training programs. An athlete is susceptible to a range of injuries from a sprained ankle and injured toe to tennis elbow and dislocated shoulder. Athletic trainers are responsible for the management of such injuries and ensuring quick recovery. They devise extensive training programs, which incorporate diverse exercises for fitness, speed and stamina, such as squats, jumps, stamina building exercises, warm up and cool down exercises, stretching exercises, etc. to build strength and agility to give athletes a competitive advantage. Athletic trainers also coach young athletes and prepare them for diverse sports. They are employed in schools, universities and professional sports teams. This textbook provides comprehensive insights into the field of athletic training. Also included herein is a detailed explanation of the diverse careers and specializations of this field. It aims to serve as an athletic trainer's guide to a successful career.

Cruising is a major part of the tourism industry. Cruise ships offer a great traveling experience to travelers with elaborate facilities and top class amenities. Cruise ships offer a range of accommodations, depending on the budgetary allocation of each traveler, such as inside cabins, ocean view cabins, mini-suites and full suites. Cruise ships may come with an in-built casino, library, gaming zones, shopping venues, gym and health centers, spa and massage centers, among others. Many professionals are vital for the efficient operation of a cruise ship, principal among which are the captain, the cruise director, the manager and the headwaiter. The management of a cruise ship requires co-ordination between the different departments. This book is an elaborate guide which elucidates the diverse management operations on a cruise ship and the respective skills required for the same. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

Drug delivery refers to the formulations, storage systems, methods, production processes and technologies used to transport a pharmaceutical compound to its target site for achieving intended therapeutic effect. It aims to change the specificity and pharmacokinetics of the drug by combining it with various drug carriers, excipients and medical devices. The synthesis and design of effective drug delivery systems (DDS) is critical for healthcare and medicine. Nanotechnology and materials innovation are utilized together for making improvements in drug delivery. Liposomes, hydrogels, micelles and thin films with distinct biological and mechanical properties are used as carriers in novel drug delivery systems. Poly glycol acid (PGA) and their copolymers, poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) as well as poly lactic acid (PLA) are some of the materials most frequently utilized in DDS development due to their properties of biocompatibility, biodegradability and ease of processing. This book provides comprehensive insights into materials design and clinical perspectives in drug delivery. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Computational pharmaceutics is a new discipline that integrates big data, artificial intelligence, and multi-scale modeling techniques into pharmaceutics. It facilitates the understanding of drug delivery mechanisms, and the development of various novel systems in drug delivery. The conventional trial-and-error experiments, which are still used for formulation development in drug delivery systems, are time-consuming, costly and unpredictable. There are various molecular modeling techniques that are widely used to develop new drug delivery systems. These include solid dispersions, polymorphism prediction, dendrimer-based delivery systems, surfactant-based micelle, polymeric drug delivery systems, liposome, protein, and non-viral gene delivery systems. This book contains some path-breaking studies in the field of computational pharmaceutics. The various studies that are constantly contributing towards the application of molecular modeling in drug delivery are examined in detail. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

Herbal medicine refers to the study of medicinal plants and other natural resources, which are the foundation of traditional medicine. It also involves the use of minerals, fungal and bee products, some animal parts, and shells. Plants synthesize various chemical compounds, which serve a variety of functions such as defense against diseases, insects, fungi, and herbivorous mammals. Many phytochemicals have been found in plants with established or potential biological activity. A single plant may synthesize a vast range of phytochemicals. There are four main biochemical classes of compounds found in plants, which include polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenes and glycosides. This book provides significant information to help develop a good understanding of herbal medicine. It presents researches and studies performed by experts across the globe. This book will prove to be immensely beneficial to students and researchers in this field.

Bladder cancer refers to numerous types of cancer that can develop in the tissues of the urinary bladder. The signs and symptoms of bladder cancer include low back pain, blood in the urine and pain during urination. The epithelial cells lining the bladder become malignant and cause bladder cancer. There are various risk factors associated with this type of cancer, such as recurrent bladder infections, smoking, prior radiation therapy, exposure to specific chemicals and family history. The most prevalent type of bladder cancer is transitional cell carcinoma that starts in the cells of the deepest tissue layer in the bladder. Other types of bladder cancer include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Treatment for bladder cancer is determined by the type of cancer and the stage of the disease, and may include immunotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This book contains some path-breaking studies in bladder cancer research. It will serve as a reference to a broad spectrum of readers.

A 3D stem cell culture is an artificially created environment that allows biological cells to grow or interact with surrounding extracellular environment in three dimensions. It can be classified into two types of methods, namely, scaffold techniques and scaffold-free techniques. Solid scaffolds, hydrogels, and other materials are used in scaffold techniques. Recent studies have explored the potentiality of human CD34+ stem cells generated in-vitro agarose gel 3D model to understand the process of bone ossification. Scaffold-free techniques include the use of low adhesion plates, hanging drop plates, micropatterned surfaces, rotating bioreactors, magnetic levitation, and magnetic 3D bioprinting. This book presents recent researches on 3D stem cell culture. Scientists and students actively engaged in the field of stem cell biology will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The Earth is primarily composed of minerals and rocks. These components are the source of all chemical elements that have an effect on human and animal populations. Medical geology is an emerging interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the interrelation between natural geological factors and their impact on human and animal health. There are various geologic processes in which humans are exposed to chemical elements of the Earth. Some of the geologic processes are erosion, transportation and deposition, and the action of wind, water and ice. Volcanic eruption is also a major source that can release huge quantities of harmful chemicals such as arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, mercury, lead, radon, and uranium into the atmosphere. The field of medical geology is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach to find the right balance and intake of elements in order to improve and maintain health. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of medical geology. Students, professional researchers, policymakers and the general public will find it full of crucial and unexplored concepts.

The psychological disorders wherein people develop abnormal eating habits are referred to as eating disorders. Disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorders are the most common types of eating disorders. There are various physical and behavioral signs of eating disorders. Some common physical signs and symptoms include sleep irregularities, hair loss, stomach cramps, muscle weakness, and poor immune system function. The major behavioral and mental signs include binge eating and purging, intense fear of weight gain, excessive exercise, and preoccupation with weight, food, calories or dieting. Factors such as genetics and biology, and psychological and emotional health may lead to the development of eating disorders. This book includes some of the vital pieces of work being conducted across the world, on various topics related to eating disorders. Such selected concepts that redefine the study of these disorders have been presented herein. Its extensive content provides the readers with a thorough understanding of the subject.

Bone diseases refer to a group of diseases or injuries that affect human bones, which lead to abnormalities of the human skeletal system. Abnormal stress on bone, metabolic bone diseases, deficient blood supply to bone, bone tumor, infectious diseases of bone and fractures are a few major types of bone diseases. Lack of physical activity has a profound impact on the bone tissue because of lower level of mechanical stimulus that aids in bone formation. Metabolic bone diseases are a result of inadequate supply of amino acids for the production of collagen, calcium and phosphate. There are several therapeutic and corrective measures to treat bone diseases. One such measure is anthroplasty that helps in restoration of normal joint motion in rheumatoid arthritis of the elbow or hip. Bone transplantation targets stimulation of bone formation that provides structural support until a defect gets bridged by new bone. This book includes contributions of experts and scientists which will provide innovative insights on the translational research and its clinical applications in the treatment of bone diseases. Coherent flow of topics, student-friendly language, and extensive use of examples make this book an invaluable source of knowledge.