Bøger udgivet af University of Hawaii at Manoa, College of Agriculture & Tropical Resources

Part 1. Introduction to macadamia pest managementInsect growth and development; Types of insect damageHow insects become pests; Integrated pest managementEconomic thresholds, economic injury levels;Natural control vs. biological control; Natural enemiesBiological control: Types, Success rates for classical biologicalcontrol, Environmental concerns;Monitoring programs: Importance, Definitions, Design of monitoringand methods, Types of samples, Data recording;Insecticide and miticide application: Orchard handguns, Backpackmist blowers, Air-blast sprayers, Aerial application, Inspectionand calibration, Spray solution pH, Hazard to beesPesticide regulationsPart 2. Horticultural factors important inintegrated pest managementFlowering and fruiting patterns; Nut maturation processNormal harvest operations; Modified harvest operationsCultivar susceptibility; Fertilizer; Pruning; PollinationAlternate hostes, ground covers; Management of pests in nurseriesPart 3. Major pest insectsOverview of pest statusPatterns of damageTropical nut borerHistory; Life cycle and description; Identification; Alternate hosts;Damage; Time of damage; Monitoring; Cultivar susceptibilitySticktight nuts; Management strategies: General, Harvestmodification, Early season, harvest, Mechanical harvest, Use of ethephon, Natural enemies, Use of pesticidesNew orchard management; Economics of pest controlGeneral trendsSouthern green stinkbugHistory; Life cycle and description; Life history in macadamiaorchards; Alternate hosts; Damage; Time and location ofdamage; Monitoring; Cultivar susceptibility;Management strategies;Natural enemies; Chemical controlKoa seedworm, Litchi fruit mothHistory; Life history; Identification;Alternate host plants; Damage;Monitoring: Adult sampling, Distribution ofeggs and damage in the canopy, Sampling larvae and damage; Cultivarsusceptibility; Managementstrategies; Behavior-modifying chemicals;Natural enemies; Chemical controlPart 4. Secondary pestsBroad mite, Red and black flat mite, Katydids, Redbanded thrips, Hawaiianflower thrips, Black citrus aphidPart 5. Pests of macadamia not yet found in HawaiiMacadamia felted coccid, Fruitspotting bug, Banana-spottingbug, Macadamia leafminer, Macadamia flower caterpillar, Macadamia twig girdler, Twospotted bug, Yellowspotted bug, False coddling moth, Macadamianut borer, Leafcutting antsAppendixes: Heat-driven phenology models;Sequential sampling examples; Monitoring tools;Insect classification;Insects identified on macadamia in HawaiiGlossary of termsFurther readings and referen