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A collection of essays of enduring interest in the history of science by Charles Coulston Gillispie, Dayton-Stockton Professor of History of Science, Emeritus, at Princeton University. He founded the undergraduate program in the History of Science at Princeton in 1956 and continues to work with students as they pursue their scientific studies. The pieces are arranged not chronologically but in broad topical categories: Early Papers; French Science; General Topics; Historians and Historians of Science; and Science and Society. Gillispie has provided introductory remarks in order to situate them in the circumstances wherein they were written.

George Sarton animated the discipline of history of science (HoS) in America. This vol. traces his youth & educ. in Belgium, & his marriage to Mabel Elwes. It follows the Sarton's in their path from idealistic refugees fleeing the invasion of Belgium in 1914 to destitute intellectuals at Harvard Univ. For 50 years, HoS as an acad. specialty owed much to Sarton's visions & anxieties, esp. as they were expressed in his marriage. Mabel Sarton sustained his enterprise & contributed to its form, which included parts of socialism, pacifism, aesthetics, & faith. Themes present in Sarton's early work include the common endeavor of artists & scientists, the private nature of scientific innovation, & the HoS as a bridge between the humanities & the natural sciences. Illus.

Humphry Davy's contemporaries bestowed on him their highest honors. Since Davy's death in 1829, each scholarly generation has accrued info. about him & his colleagues. His startling discoveries of the scientifically novel, his isolation & identification of 7 new elements, & his association of electrical properties & chemical behavior coupled with his fame as a lecturer, made him a popular cultural hero. Others saw him as the man who had made agriculture "scientific." Davy's refusal to profit financially from his invention of the miners' safety lamp endeared him to those humanitarians who idealized scientists as members of an altruistic brotherhood. Here is a readable, thoroughly researched biography of Davy's early life. Illus.

This English translation of Le Rider's study of the coinage and financial policy of Alexander the Great brings the magisterial scholarship of one of the world's greatest living numismatists before an Anglophone public. For more than 40 years Le Rider has published fundamental studies on the coinages of the ancient Middle East and eastern Mediterranean world, particularly from the time of Philip II (Alexander's father), and Alexander himself. Throughout his career Le Rider has demonstrated a rare ability to combine the meticulous analysis of coins with interpretations that convey the historical significance of the finds. This study draws the reader from detailed analysis and scholarly controversy into a compelling evocation of a pragmatic world conqueror. Illus.

In 1901 Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in med. for serum therapy against diphtheria, a disease that killed thousands of infants annually. Diphtheria serum was the first major cure of the bacteriological era and its develop. generated procedures for testing, standardizing, and regulating drugs. Emphasizes Behring's contrib. to the study of infectious disease, the formation of modern immunology, and research on remedies and vaccines against microbial infections. Explores his relations to the rival bacteriological schools of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, the emergent German pharmaceutical industry, and the institutionalization of experimental therapeutic research. Also contains translations of 13 key articles by Behring and his assoc.

Of all the political parties in German history none was more ambivalent than the Social Democratic Party (SDP). Beneath the misleading surplice of Marxism, the SDP was basically only a lower class reformist party. This study shows that, far from continuing revolution, very realistic, ordinary goals of pacification & recovery after WW1 determined the tactics of the SDP. A sober understanding of the importance of foreign policy for the post-war goals of Social Democracy, coupled with the fact that it could not control an electoral majority, led it to abandon its anti-collaborationism of imperial times. By 1930 the SDP was so enmeshed in foreign policy, collaboration, & toleration that it was powerless to summon the workers to battle against Nazism. Illus.

Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) was America's leading ethnologist in his day, & his scholarship played a role of exceptional importance during the critical period of the 1860s-1880s when anthropology was beginning to crystalize as a specialized field of research. Contents of this vol.: Lewis Henry Morgan & His Library; Morgan's Life & Works; The Library & Its Contents; Analysis of the Collection; Explanation of the Inventory, Catalogue, & Register; Bibliography of Morgan's Publications; The Inventory; The Catalogue; & Register of the Morgan Papers. Illus.

Alexander Wilson, expatriate Scotsman, poet, & reformer, has been called "the Father of American Ornithology." This collection of his letters, many of them new & many complete for the first time, captures a splendid & stimulating time in American history. Wilson was a confidant of William Bartram, a correspondent of Thomas Jefferson, a sensitive personality who set out as he said to make "a collection of all our finest birds." In pursuit of this goal he traveled through much of the eastern part of the U.S., often on foot. His letters well document the joy he felt at each new discovery as well as the terrible physical harships he endured. Though later overshadowed by J.J. Audubon, Wilson deserves much credit for being one of the pioneers in American ornithology. Includes an intro. by Clark Hunter, ed. of the letters.

Recounts the various styles of leadership shown by several prominent German chemists and biochemists during the period 1830 to 1914. Featured particularly are chemists Liebig, Baeyer and Emil Fischer and biochemists Hoppe-Seyler, Kuhne and Hofmeister. In a final chapter, Fruton considers the relevance of the conclusions drawn from the style of these 19th- and early 20th-centuy men to the styles of more recent research groups in the chemical and biochemical sciences. Special emphasis is placed on their influence on their scientific progenies in Germany, and in England, Russia, and the U.S. Attention is given to the individual contributions of the junior members of these scientific groups to the growth of knowledge within their disciplines.

Contents: Emancipation, Black Troops, & Hard War, by J. Paradis; A Reinterpretation of Sherman's Generalship during the 1864 March to Atlanta in Light of the Logistic Strategy, by J. Britt McCarley; The U.S. Navy & the Genesis of Maritime Education, by J. Speelman; U.S. Military Attaches & Military Intelligence, 1885-1920, by J. Votaw; Col. Conrad Babcock & Command Development during WW1, by D. Johnson; The Politics of Soldier Voting in the Elections of 1944, by C. DeRosa; Eisenhower as Ground-Forces Commander: The Brit. Viewpoint, by G.E. Murray; Operation Rollup: The U.S. Army's Rebuild Program during the Korean War, by P. Kindsvatter; Considerations on the Weakness of Brit. Imperial Power, by A. Lynde; & Weigley Bibliography.

Chu Hsi (1130-1200) exerted a lasting influence on the thought and life of the Chinese in subsequent cent. The core of his synthesis was moral and social philosophy, but it also included knowledge about the natural world. His doctrine of ke-wu (invest. of things) made him mindful of the specialized knowledged in such "scientific" traditions as astronomy, harmonics, med., etc. This study of Chu Hsi's thought gives a systematic account of the basic concepts of his natural philosophy. Also discusses Chu Hsi's actual knowledge about the natural world. And examines the relation between Chu Hsi and Chinese "scientific" traditions and compares his natural knowledge with that of the Western scientific tradition.

Since the publication of the previous version of this work (1982) and a supp. (1985), many books and journal articles have provided info. about persons who have played a role in the develop. of the biochem. sciences during the 19th and 20th cent. Moreover, recent discoveries have called attention to individuals whose research forms part of the historical background of these advances in biochem. knowledge. Hence this vol. includes additional citations for the many people listed in the previous edition, and the number of separate entries has increased. Includes individuals not usually listed among biologists or chemists, from disciplines ranging from physics to pharmacy. Each entry includes ref. to bio. or biblio. ref. works or citations of books and articles in serial pub., or both.

Rev. ed. of: Guide to the archives and manuscript collections of the American Philosophical Society. 1966.

Why are most scientists indifferent to scientific methodology? The answer: 'because what passes for scientific methodology is a misrepresentation of what scientists do.' This book explores what is wrong with the traditional methodology of 'inductive' reasoning; the alternative scheme of reasoning can give the scientist a certain limited but useful insight into the way he thinks. The force of scientific enquiry comes from a preconception of what might be true -- which is exposed to critical analysis, to find out whether or not the imagined world corresponds with the real one. It is essentially a dialogue between imaginative insight and critical appraisal; between the possible and the actual; between what could be true and what is in fact the case.

Covers colonial architecture in the two westernmost provinces of the Reino de Guatemala: Audiencia & Capitania General -- a region largely isolated from the rest of Central America & Mexico until recent times. The buildings of this region (known as Chiapas) reflect the soc. that produced them: the geographical setting, the conquest & Christianization of the natives, & the ethnic composition of the population. 47 buildings are discussed supported by material from contemporary sources as well as by photos & measurements gathered on the sites. This catalog of archival texts will be useful not only to historians of art & architecture, but also to archaeologists, anthropologists, & ethnohistorians working in Chiapas. Photos & drawings.

A biography of Joseph Nicollet, the brave & tireless explorer in 1838 & 1839 of the great northwestern triangle between the Missouri & the upper Mississippi rivers. Author Martha Coleman Bray has founded her very readable story on Nicollet's journals, survey documents, correspondence, & published writings. Trained as an astronomer in Paris, Nicollet came to America after the revolution of 1830. His early travels took him to the South & to the sources of the Mississippi River. He won the confidence of the leaders of the newly-founded Corps of Topographical Engineers (precursor of the U.S. Geological Survey) & with John Charles Fremont as his assistant, he led the first of two expeditions to the Northwest. The superb "Map of the Hydrographic Basin of the Upper Mississippi River," which resulted from these expeditions, was basic to the further exploration of the West & is our only source of Indian names of landscape features of the region. The "Report" which accompanied the map reveals Nicollet's breadth of knowledge which brought him into the liveliest scientific circles of the U.S. He died in Washington in 1843. 300 illlus. & a fold-out map.

The major portion of this study is devoted to the lyric poems of the 12th & 13th century which constitute Southern France's greatest contribution to world literature. Nevertheless, chronology requires that this study begins by glancing briefly at two narrative pieces, the oldest Provencal poems of which we have any knowledge. Contents: The Earliest Provencal Verse: "Boeci," & the "Chanson de Sainte Foy"; Guilhem VII, Comte de Peitieu (or Peiteus); Marcabru; Marcabru's Contemporaries; "Trobar clus"; "Trobar leu"; The Generation of '80; Thematic Genres in the 13th Century; Genres Based on Form; Non-lyric Genres; & Bibliography.

This fourth volume of the "Census" provides all available bibliographical info. concerning works in jyotihsastra & related fields & biographical info. concerning their authors. Jyotihsastra is traditionally divided into 3 skandhas or branches: hora or genethlialogy & other forms of horoscopic astrology, ganita or mathematics & mathematical astronomy, & samhita or divination. This volume contains articles on authors whose names being with labials (p, ph, b, bh, & m). These are preceded by material supplemental to vol. I, II, & III. This material consists of abbrev. of new periodicals & serials that have been consulted, a biblio. of books & articles that have been noticed since volume III went to press, & a list of additional catalogs that have been utilized.

This is a print on demand publication. The storage battery may seem to be little more than the device which starts a car, but during the hundred years of its commercial existence, it has filled many different roles. These roles have changed with the years, the technology of the storage battery adapting itself to these changes. This book is a study of the evolution & the interaction between changes in the needs for batteries & the response of battery designers to these needs. The chapters separate the different environmental periods of the storage battery. Since the standard lead-acid battery has comprised the vast bulk of all rechargeable battery manufacture, the first four chapters deal solely with it. The last chapter is devoted to nickel-iron & nickel-cadmium batteries, which comprise almost all of the market not covered by lead-acid batteries. Illus.

Two striking discoveries made 1740 a turning point in the history of 18th-century biology. Charles Bonnet established that aphids could reproduce without male fertilization. Shortly afterwards Abraham Trembley proved that a tiny aquatic animal, the fresh water polyp, or hydra, could regenerate from cuttings like some plants. The discovery of the polyp was important because of the disturbing metaphysical issues that it raised. In their letters written during the decade of the 1740s to Reaumur, the great French Academician, both Trembley & Bonnet referred to the polyp as an enigma. Not only did it seem to present a new mode of animal reproduction, previously unsuspected, but it called into question the prevailing mechanistic view of animal biology & brought into focus the problem of animal soul. Drawing on some of the most illuminating letters from the private archives of the Trembley family, this study focuses on the discovery of the polyp, using the correspondence of Bonnet & Trembley to understand their common Genevan background & their possible differences in approach from that of Reaumur.

This is a print on demand publication. The singing of psalms was one of the incontestably distinguishing marks of Calvinist culture in Europe & America in the 16th & 17th centuries. Contents of this study: Introduction; The Point of Origin; The "Institution" of 1536; The "Articles" of 1537; The influence of Bucer; Calvin's Pastorate in Strasbourg; The "Ecclesiastical Ordinances"; The "Epistle to the Reader": 1542; The "Institution" of 1543; The addition to the "Epistle": 1543; The uniqueness of the Psalms; The Singing of the Psalms; Conclusion; Appendix; & Bibliography.

Man has been intrigued by the origin of pearls, sensitive to their beauty, and convinced of their medicinal value for at least 5 cent. A mixture of folklore and observation preceded the earliest scientific inquiries. Fishing and trade commenced in S. Asia, between India and Sri Lanka and around the Persian Gulf. In W. and Central Europe, Inner Asia and China, and N. Amer. Freshwater pearls were probably known and treasured before those of marine origin. A refined nomenclature points to a long familiarity with etymologically related words for 'pearl'. Pearls were prominent among the luxury products of world trade and were high among the objectives of expeditions to the eastern and western Tropics. Illustrations.

This "Garden Book" contains the most varied entries of all Thomas Jefferson's memorandum books. The book that began as a diary of the garden became a written repository for numerous interests of Jefferson. The entries range from contracts with overseers, plans for building roads and fish ponds, and observations on the greatest flood in Albemarle, to comments on Mrs. Wythe's wine and figures on the number of strawberries in a pint measure. Jefferson's love of nature was so intense that his observant eye caught almost every passing change in it. And whatever he saw rarely escaped being recorded. The varied entries also give us a clue as to his interests in introducing new plants and in improving farming, horticulture, viticulture, and many other aspects of the rural life of his time. These interests at Monticello were also tied up with agricultural and horticultural needs of the U.S. Includes annotations by Edwin Morris Betts. Illus.

This is a print on demand publication. Contents: Part One: Preliminary Observations & Suggestions for Further Study; & Part Two: An Annotated Bibliography of Printed & Manuscript Holdings at the American Philosophical Society (APS) Library.

This is a print on demand publication. This work deals with a topic to which philosophy, most notably analytic philosophy, has given considerable attention. Indian thinkers discuss the denotation of generic terms in a very sophisticated manner at a very early time. This book seeks to make these discussions available to philosophers today. Tables.

Forget not Mee & My Garden. . . , Peter Collinson wrote his Maryland friend George Robins in 1721. "If you have any Shells, Curious Stones, or any other Naturall Curiosity Remember Mee. I want one of your Humming Birds which you may send dry'd in its Feathers, and any Curious Insect." This theme echoed through Collinson's letters for the rest of his life, along with thanks for rarities received, introductions, cultivation instructions, encouragements, importunings, queries. Armstrong describes Collinson's correspondence as, "vigorous, brisk, and emphatic." His letters talk mainly of plants, but there are also antiquities, birds, butterflies, British imperial interests, sheep management in Spain, electricity, weather, fossils, insects, earthquakes, vine culture, Colonial policy, tithes, wars, terrapins, "an Infalible Remedy for the bite of a Mad Dog,' red Indians, astronomy, the making of salt, cheese fairs, the price of wheat, the power of snakes to charm, the Spanish threat to Florida, geology, French expansion," Hints . . . to Incorporate the Germans more with the [Pennsylvania] English. . . , the history of rice growing, premiums to encourage the production of silk, whether swallows migrate or winter-over under water, "Old Hock" as a remedy for gout, thundergusts, magnetism, Bezoar stones, & now & then a Quakerly comment. This selection of 187 letters is enhanced with over 120 illustrations (portraits and botanical drawings among them), some by Mark Catesby, Georg Dionysius Ehret, William Bartram, many in color. Includes notes & commentary for most letters.

This volume discusses in particular the suggested relationship of microsaurs with reptiles and the determination of the ancestry of the various groups of living amphibians. Twenty-five general of microsaurs are recognized in this work. Contents: History of the Microsaur Concept; Definition of Micrausaurs; Methods of Study; Taxonomy; Systematic Description; Comparative Anatomy; Relationships of Microsaurs; Geological and Geographical Distribution and Biology of Microsaurs; Summary; and References Cites. Illustrations.

Unlike most metrological systems throughout W. Europe, the Italian developed during the Middle Ages (MA) & Early Modern era without any ref. to a commonly accepted set of nat.-ethnic standards. Italy, with its many kingdoms, duchies, communes, etc., was never able to attain any level of metrological standardization outside the confines of severely restricted, small, independent, political jurisdictions. Not until unification in 1871, were Italian weights & measures (W&M) given a totally nat. character. And it was the metric system, & not a conglomerate of units from the old, that finally accomplished the task. This book presents a quantitative compilation, synthesis, & analysis of the principal pre-metric W&M employed throughout Italy & in those areas controlled or influenced by Italy from the Later MA to the age of metrication in the later 19th cent. Tables.