Bøger udgivet af University of Pennsylvania Press

State of Shock decodes one of the most iconic images of Zionism and Israel: the kibbutz. Lior Libman offers original theoretical and historiographical insights into the imagery and the history of the kibbutz, and, through them, of Hebrew literature and Israeli culture more broadly. Arguing that the establishment of the State of Israel was a rupture that destabilized the kibbutz's deepest conceptual ground and shifted its history, the book uncovers the seemingly surprising Hasidic resonances in the identity of the kibbutz and its self-perception as fulfilling the metaphysical in the physical. By interrogating the changes and upheavals brought about by Jewish sovereignty, their impact on the kibbutz, and its response to them, Libman defines the kibbutz's transition into Israeli statehood as a cultural trauma which robbed it of its familiar frames for interpreting historical experience. Disoriented, the kibbutz reacted in shock: it was unable to reimagine itself in the new conditions. Libman charts how the kibbutz, originally conceived as avant garde--a political and aesthetic form that acts in history--began its demise in 1948, in the early years of the State of Israel. Turning from its origin as a breakaway human-creation engaged in a constant process of becoming--of history-making--the kibbutz, Libman shows, transformed into a fetish: a sanctified, substitutional, fossilized political and aesthetic object of compulsive metaphysical longing, frozen in time and detached from history.

On Revival is a critique of one of the most important tenets of Zionist thinking: "Hebrew revival," or the idea that Hebrew--a largely unspoken language before the twentieth century--was revitalized as part of a broader national "revival" which ultimately led to the establishment of the Israeli nation-state. This story of language revival has been commemorated in Israeli popular memory and in Jewish historiography as a triumphant transformation narrative that marks the success of the Zionist revolution. But a closer look at the work of early twentieth-century Hebrew writers reveals different sentiments. Roni Henig explores the loaded, figurative discourse of revival in the work of Hebrew authors and thinkers working roughly between 1890 and 1920. For these authors, the language once known as "the holy tongue" became a vernacular in the making. Rather than embracing "revival" as a neutral, descriptive term, Henig takes a critical approach, employing close readings of canonical texts to analyze the primary tropes used to articulate this aesthetic and political project of "reviving" Hebrew. She shows that for many writers, the national mission of language revival was entwined with a sense of mourning and loss. These writers perceived--and simultaneously produced--the language as neither dead nor fully alive. Henig argues that it is this figure of the living-dead that lies at the heart of the revival discourse and which is constitutive of Jewish nationalism. On Revival contributes to current debates in comparative literary studies by addressing the limitations of the national language paradigm and thinking beyond concepts of origin, nativity, and possession in language. Informed by critical literary theory, including feminist and postcolonial critiques, the book challenges Zionism's monolingual lens and the auto-Orientalism involved in the project of revival, questioning charged ideological concepts such as "native speaker" and "mother tongue."

Describes the hypothesis that Darwin's "natural selection," reformulated by R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, and S. Wright in the light of Mendelian genetics, is the exclusive mechanism for biological evolution. During the 1930s, alternatives such as Lamarchism, macromutations, and orthogenesis were rejected in favor of natural selection acting on small mutations, but there were disagreements about the role of random genetic drift in evolution. By the 1950s, research by T. Dobzhansky, E.B. Ford, and others persuaded leading evolutionists that natural selection was so powerful that drift was unimportant. This conclusion was accepted by most; however, some biology textbooks and popular articles mentioned drift in the late 1960s.

Contents: (1) Historical Overview; & Descartes's Perspectivist Sources; (2) Analysis of Refraction: Cartesian Light-Theory; & A Critical Evaluation; (3) The Foundations of Perspectivist Optics: Perspectivist Light-Theory; Quantization of Light; & Comparison with Descartes's Theory of Light; (4) The Perspectivist Analysis of Refraction: Physical Model; Physical "Explanation" & The Final Cause; (5) Perspectivist Grounds of the Cartesian Proof: Mathematical Implications; From Cosines to Sines; & Descartes Revisited; (6) Cartesian Light-Theory as a Culmination; Toward a Kinetic Theory of Light; & Epistemological Consequences. App.: The Sine-Law Before Descartes; The Fermat-Descartes Controversy; & Kepler, Descartes & the Anaclastic. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard-to-find journal. Treats ancient sites and monuments in the northern Campus Martius. For centuries during the Republic the field of the god Mars lay outside the city of Rome on its northwestern limit. Some political activities and many religious activities took place there. Pompey and Caesar began to alter the aspect of the land with a theater and its great colonnade, a hall of assembly and on the edge of the city a new forum with a temple. Emp. Augustus and his son-in-law Agrippa quickened the process of urbanization with a building program, combined with efforts to bring the Tiber River under control. Here is the story of the development of the terrain from the end of the Republic to the onset of church bldg. Illus.

The scientific revolution of the 17th century engendered diverse & prolific offspring, among which were the scientific societies. The French Academie Royale des Sciences, founded in 1666 by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's minister of finance, was the beneficiary of the most generous patronage of science known during the 17th century. It was an official, governmental expression of support for science rather than the independent, scholarly coterie characteristic of other contemporary scientific societies. As this study shows, the finances of the early Academy clarify the research & organization of the fledgling institution & the policies of its three ministerial protectors during the 17th century -- Colbert, Louvois, & Pontchartrain. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand publication. A study of the Nyugat movement in the late Austro-Hungarian Empire, one of the organizers of which was the father of author Mario D. Fenyo. The objective purpose of this study is twofold. First, it is an attempt to formulate a methodology, a theory of the political function of literature. Second, it is a case study. Contents: The Historical Context; The Literary Context; The Financial Context; The Political Attitudes of the Nyugat Writers; Numbers and Literature; The Nyugat and the Intellectuals; The Nyugat and the Working Class; The Nyugat versus the Establishment; and The Mirror or the Hammer. Illustrations.

This is a print on demand publication. Berengario da Carpi obtained his doctorate in med. in Bologna in 1489. He was elected to the chair of surgery in 1502 & to that of med. in 1505. In 1508 during an outbreak of plague he was charged by the city gov't. with combatting its ravages as chief health officer. In 1517 Berengario was called to Ancona, where Lorenzo dei Medici had been wounded, resulting in an occipital fracture & consequent shock trauma. His treatment is described in "De Fractura," f. 25 b. The event represented a significant advance in Berengario's professional experience, recorded in the "De Fractura Calvae sive Cranei," which was inspired by the occurrence. He dedicated the work to this patient, Lorenzo, to whom Machiavelli had also dedicated "The Prince" in 1513. Illus.

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Jamshid Ghyath al-Din al-Kashi (fl. 1420), a native of central Iran, worked at the Samarqand observatory of Sultan Ulugh Beg, grandson of Tamerlane. Kashi is best known as a virtuoso of computational mathematics, but he was also a competent astronomer. Among his major works is the "Zij-i Khaqani," an astronomical handbook written in Persian. The zij contains a list giving the latitudes & longitudes of some 515 places, mostly cities, the subject of this paper. Contents: Introduction; The Table; Analysis of the Table; & Bibliography. Illustrations.

The Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS) was formed in 1743 in Phila. Members contributed a wide variety of items to the APS, such as rocks, fossils, and plant specimens, which they acquired through their involvement in such activities as physics, astronomy, math, geography, med., chemistry, mechanics, agriculture, arts, trades and manufactures, and animal husbandry. This collection of items became known as the Cabinet of Curiosities (CoC). The APS Lib. and the CoC were kept in the homes of members, meeting rooms, and elsewhere. Contents of this book: Intro. to the CoC; The Role of the Curators; Native Amer. Artifacts; Botanical Specimens; Coins and Medals; Fossils; Manufactured Goods; Mineralogical Specimens; Oddities; and Zoological Specimens.

This Dictionary: explains technical Roman legal terms, translates & elucidate those Latin words which have a specific connotation when used in a juristic context or in connection with a legal institution or question, & provides a brief picture of Roman legal institutions & sources as a sort of an introduction to them. The objectives of the work, not the juristic character of available Latin writings, therefore, determined the inclusion or exclusion of any single word or phrase. This dict. is not intended to be a complete Latin-English dict. for all words which occur in the writings of the Roman jurists or in the various codifications of Roman law. The reader must consult a general Latin-English lexicon for ordinary words that have no specific meaning in law or juristic language. Reprinted 1980.

By 1750 Great Britain presided over an extensive Amer. empire of 24 separate colonies stretching from Barbados to Newfoundland. These colonies had played a crucial role in Britain's transformation into a wealthy & powerful state, & Britain endeavored to protect & extend its Amer. dominions during the Seven Years' War between 1754-1763. Yet at the same time the British gov't. undertook a series of measures that in rapid succession led to the alienation, military resistance, & loss of 13 of its most valuable & populous older mainland colonies. Why British leaders undertook those measures & persisted in them once the colonists had objected so vehemently during the Stamp Act crisis of 1765-66 & after are, arguably, the most important questions about the causes of the Amer. Revolution. The two book-length treatises in this vol. fully & systematically reveal the mentality, the objectives & considerations that underlay this behavior. They are both the work of James Abercromby (1707-1775), a barrister, former royal official & elected assemblyman in S. Carolina, then agent for N. Carolina & Virginia in London, & later M.P. for Clackmannshire, the family seat, in the Parliament of 1761-68.

An account of the life and circumstances of a little known Augustinian friar with an interesting career, Johannes Klenkok. Author Christopher Ocker attempts to reconstruct his biography more accurately than has been achieved up to now, but in so doing he considers as much as possible the organizations and habits that Klenkok shared with those among his contemporaries of a similar station in life, namely, mendicant friars. The sources led Ocker to pay particular attention to the character of education within the mendicant orders and to Klenkok's campaign against the "Sachsenspiegel," the first written code of traditional German laws.

This is a print on demand publication. From 1975-1978, the Rift Valley Research Mission in Ethiopia recovered the most diverse collection of elephantoids known from a single area, from the Middle Awash Valley in the southwestern Afar Depression. This report describes in detail the elephantoids from the middle Awash region, from the pre-Hadar Adu-Asa & Sagantole formations to the post-Hadar Matabaietu & Wehaietu formations. It also reports on the fossil elephants from the Hadar Formation itself & notes elephantoids collected from deposits north of Hadar & south of the Middle Awash (the Chorora region). Also, this study describes the relationships of the Awash "Anancus" to other "Anancus" in Africa, & to other late surviving "gomphotheres." Extensive illustrations.

This is a print on demand edition of a hard to find publication.

Spine title: Von Baer-Dohrn correspondence.

The two "physico-mechanical" dissertations by the Swiss mathematician Johan Bernoulli, "On Effervescence and Fermentation" and "On the Movement of Muscles," published here for the first time in English translation by Paul Maquet, are treatises belonging to the 17th century European academic tradition. In both works the author employs the new mechanical philosophy of science. Contents of this volume: Introduction by Troels Kardel, M.D., including a short biography of Bernoulli; the translated texts of the two dissertations; references; and glossary. Illustrations.

History, especially ancient history, gains reality when it can be related to modern geography. The interplay appears in instances cited throughout this study -- specifically of Mexican geographical identifications that help recover segments of the country's pre-Columbia past. This study's principal aim is to show how a particular identification augments the history that can be extracted from a related group of Mexican pictorial manuscripts, whose historical value, though well recognized, has as yet been little explored. These are the lienzos -- genealogical, historical & geographical documents painted on cloth -- of the Coixtlahuaca Valley in the northern region of the state of Oaxaca known as the Mixteca Alta. Illustrations.

Thousands of footprint impressions, probably of Norian age, have been discovered on a single bedding plane in a quarry in the Culpeper Basin of N. Virginia. About 830 tracks on this bedding surface, contained in 32 recognizable trackways, were studied in detail. The other tracks were too obscure for meaningful analysis. Herbivores greatly outnumber carnivores, & small herbivores are more abundant than large ones. The order of appearance of these trackmakers suggests that smaller & less agile species preferred soft ground, whereas larger carnivorous forms preferred a firmer substrate. From the measured print sizes, stride lengths, & pace angles, it was possible to estimate the hip height, body length, Froude numbers, & speed of each trackmaker. Illus.

This is a print on demand publication. The right to defend oneself & one's property came into conflict with medieval rulers' attempts to maintain public order. As the French monarchy asserted its claims to sovereignty, the concept of "lese-majeste," or treason, grew, but so did the belief that the king ruled by popular consent for the good of the kingdom. By the late 16th cent., heresy was being seen as a kind of treason, & religious arguments began to play a vital role in the new context of religious warfare. It was the convergence of these various elements during the 16th-cent. wars of Religion which resulted in the formulation of theories of resistance which asserted the right of the people to defend themselves against "bad" kings. This work explores the legal theories used to justify that development.

This vol., while encompassing the entire reign of Louis XIV & all the parlements of the realm, has the narrow focus of investigating the impact of royal policy on the judicial authority of the parlements as revealed in their relations with the king's councils, notably the one that specialized in judicial affairs, the Conseil Prive. This is above all a study of the evolution of conciliar jurisprudence & judicial procedure, as much an exercise in what the French call "l'histoire du droit" as an opportunity to observe in a novel way the resolution of some of the most pressing political problems in the Age of Louis XIV. But the overall aim is to understand the practical consequences of royal absolutism for the kingdom's highest judicial institutions.

Several of the early versions of the Declaration of Independence (DoI), prepared or printed within two weeks of July 4, 1776, are preserved in the Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS), in Phila. In 1976, the APS offered facsimile reproductions of several of its early versions of the DoI. For this publication, the APS selected: (1) Jefferson's Manuscript Copy: a handwritten copy of the document by Thomas Jefferson, with notations by Richard Henry Lee; (2) The First Official Printing by John Dunlap; (3) The First Newspaper Printing; and (4) A Unique Printing on Parchment by John Dunlap. Includes a Historical Intro. on the events leading to the DoI and Biblio. and Provenance, both by Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. This is a 1986 reprint of the original 1976 edition.

Who was John Ogden (1824-1910), the first Superintendent -- later Principal and President -- of Fisk School, today's Fisk Univ.? Was he Dr. Ogden? A Methodist minister? An educator from Pennsylvania? An ex-Army Captain? A veteran of the Civil War from the second Wisconsin Cavalry regiment? A moral threat to female students? A despiser of blacks? A man not interested in church building? No; all these terms of address and descriptions are incorrect -- but they provide hints about where and how Ogden did spend his life, what interested him, and how he was the subject of inaccurate, scurrilous gossip, and the subject of inaccurate, respectful addresses. This volume presents a study of Ogden, in his role as one of the early participants in Southern Negro educ.

This is a print on demand publication. Born in 1698, Della Valle came to Rome in 1725 upon the death of his master, Giovanni Foggini. There he remained until his death in 1768. The phrase "passive tranquillity" refers both to the style of Della Valle's sculpture & the ambiance of 18th-cent. Rome, &, further, serves to distinguish Della Valle from his better known precursors, Gianlorenzo Bernini & Michelangelo. Theirs was a sculpture of the heroic & expressive. Della Valle's sculpture represents figures of an introverted, serene type. In its demonstrations of the ways in which Della Valle's art could have been formed by the institutions & cultural currents of 18th-cent. Rome, the text seeks to account for that sense of quiescence & composure common to the arts of settecento Rome. Illustrations.

Donald Trump shocked the nation in 2016 by winning the presidency through an ultraconservative, anti-immigrant platform, but, despite the electoral surprise, Trump's far-right views were not an aberration, nor even a recent phenomenon. In Far-Right Vanguard, John Huntington shows how, for almost a century, the far right has forced so-called "respectable" conservatives to grapple with their concerns, thereby intensifying right-wing thought and forecasting the trajectory of American politics. Ultraconservatives of the twentieth century were the vanguard of modern conservatism as it exists in the Republican Party of today. Far-Right Vanguard chronicles the history of the ultraconservative movement, its national network, its influence on Republican Party politics, and its centrality to America's rightward turn during the second half of the twentieth century. Often marginalized as outliers, the far right grew out of the same ideological seedbed that nourished mainstream conservatism. Ultraconservatives were true reactionaries, dissenters seeking to peel back the advance of the liberal state, hoping to turn one of the major parties, if not a third party, into a bastion of true conservatism. In the process, ultraconservatives left a deep imprint upon the cultural and philosophical bedrock of American politics. Far-right leaders built their movement through grassroots institutions, like the John Birch Society and Christian Crusade, each one a critical node in the ultraconservative network, a point of convergence for activists, politicians, and businessmen. This vibrant, interconnected web formed the movement's connective tissue and pushed far-right ideas into the political mainstream. Conspiracy theories, nativism, white supremacy, and radical libertarianism permeated far-right organizations, producing an uncompromising mindset and a hyper-partisanship that consumed conservatism and, eventually, the Republican Party. Ultimately, the far right's politics of dissent--against racial progress, federal power, and political moderation--laid the groundwork for the aggrieved, vitriolic conservatism of the twenty-first century.

Ven. Fulton J. Sheen, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Rev. Jerry Falwell-religious leaders who popularized theology through media campaigns designed to persuade the publicIn Religion in the Public Square, James M. Patterson considers religious leaders who popularized theology through media campaigns designed to persuade the public. Ven. Fulton J. Sheen, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and Rev. Jerry Falwell differed profoundly on issues of theology and politics, but they shared an approach to public ministry that aimed directly at changing how Americans understood the nature and purpose of their country. From the 1930s through the 1950s, Sheen was an early adopter of paperbacks, radio, and television to condemn totalitarian ideologies and to defend American Catholicism against Protestant accusations of divided loyalty. During the 1950s and 1960s, King staged demonstrations and boycotts that drew the mass media to him. The attention provided him the platform to preach Christian love as a political foundation in direct opposition to white supremacy. Falwell started his own church, which he developed into a mass media empire. He then leveraged it during the late 1970s through the 1980s to influence the Republican Party by exhorting his audience to not only ally with religious conservatives around issues of abortion and the traditional family but also to vote accordingly.Sheen, King, and Falwell were so successful in popularizing their theological ideas that they won prestigious awards, had access to presidents, and witnessed the results of their labors. However, Patterson argues that Falwell's efforts broke with the longstanding refusal of religious public figures to participate directly in partisan affairs and thereby catalyzed the process of politicizing religion that undermined the Judeo-Christian consensus that formed the foundation of American politics.