Bøger i Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Forschung Des Landes Nordrhein-Westf serien

Within the Federal Republic of Germany, the relationship between Church and State comes principally under the responsibilities of the various "Län­ der". In accordance with Federal Law, the Basic Law provides only a frame­ work which, above all, guarantees the religious freedom of the individual and the right of self-determination of the Churches. The national ecclesias­ ticallegal order, which is thus the responsibility of the Länder, is in many ways based upon history. The national ecclesiastical legal conditions have developed differently in the various territories of the Rhenish-Westphalian area since the Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Treaty of West­ phalia (1648), upon the foundation of the religious powers of the rulers of these territories. The ecclesiastical rulers in the Archbishopric of Cologne and the Bisbopries of Münster and Paderborn were confronted with the case of Cleve-Mark, which feil to the lot of reformed Brandenburg in 1614. Inter­ posed was the area of Jülich-Berg which belonged to Catholic Pfalz-Neu­ burg. In many cases conflicts arose from the claim of the ecclesiastics to jurisdiction over secular rulers. However, they also led to agreements which may be regarded as the precursors of the modern ecclesiastical agreements, adopting at an early date the ideals of tolerance and parity. The Reformed Church and Lutheran parish communities, which had arisen in all territories since the Reformation, united themselves in general Synods, which formed an all-embracing spiritual link between the different territories.

Owing to its original structure, the "National Centre of Scientific Research" (C. N. R. S. ), with its 10 000 employees in the service of science, with 106 institutes of its own, and with ist annual budget that has increased to 372 000 000 francs in 1963, plays a decisive part in the development of the French sciences. Its task is threefold, namely - to provide and to administrate centres of research in all fields of science that the existing institutions arenot sufficiently concerned with, to support scientific research wherever it is performed, to examine the prospects of scientific research in the different fields and to submit the results of these investigations, in an official report about the state of national research, to the government. The main organ is the "Comite National de la Recherche Scientifique". In the Comite National there are 32 sections comprising all of the fundamental sciences. Since 1959 the analysis of the state of national research belongs to its new tasks; the report of 1963/64 will be an important document, and will supply a complete survey about the scientific problems which are going to determine the tendency and the growth of sciences in France until 1970. The main contribution of the C. N. R. S. to research in France consists in the existence of a researcher team employed and paid by the C. N. R. S.

First an idea is given of the basic ideas underlying the new branch of science, Operations Research, and of the causes underlying its recent very rapid development. Then the main problems involved are introduced and classified according to the method of solution, and not, as would also be possible, according to the field of application. The most important of the methods is that of programming, by which one understands in this connection the maximization (or minimization) of a preference function of usually numerous variables, under usually numerous restraints, mostly in the form of inequalities. If the preference function and restraints are linear, then one speaks of linear programming, for which there exists a convenient solution process, G. B. Dantzig's Simplex Method. Should the preference function be quadratic and convex, while the restraints remain linear, then the solution process becomes more complicated. Recently, however, numerous methods have also been worked out for these conditions (Barankin and Dorfman, Wolfe, Frank and Wolfe, Beale, Hildreth, Rosen, Frisch and others). As yet unsolved remains the problem of non-linear restraints and non-convex preference functions. Inspite of considerable achievements (in particular those of Bellman), dynamic programming is still in a primary stage of development. Dynamic programming is concerned with problems in which the decision in one period alters the basis of the problem in the next period. Similarly in parametric programming the dependence of the solution on a parameter of the problem is examined.

In numerous organometallic complexes n-electrons are highly or even completely delocalized. In many cases chemical methods do not distinguish between a rapid equilibrium Involving two asymmetric structures or a single symmetrie structure. This problem can be solved by vibrational spectroscopy of isotopically labeled molecules. In metal acetylacetonates delocalisation between single and double bonds is complete. Nuclear magnctic resonance spectra of properly substituted derivatives unambigously show that these chelate rings have no aromatic character in contrast to arguments based on their chemical properties. Resume En beaucoup de composes organometalliques les electrons des double liaisons sont vastement ou totalement delocalises. Frequemment il est impossible de decider avec les methodes chimiques d'un rapide equilibre entre deux structures asymetriques ou une seule structure symetrique. On peut resoudre ce probleme a l'aide des spectres infrarouges des mole­ cules marquees avec des isotopes. En les complexes metalliques d'acetylacetone la delocalisation entre les simple et les double liaisons est complete. Quoique le comportement chimique de ces composes indique un « caractere aromatique», les spectres RMN des composes substitues proprement montrent que ces chelates ne sont pas aromatiques. Diskussion Professor Dr. rer. nato Burchard Franck : Ich habe zunächst eine Frage zur Kernresonanz-Methode. \'V'enn die Aktivierungsenergie der Protonenver­ schiebung auch kleiner als 10 kcaljMol ist, so könnte es doch vielleich mög­ lich sein, durch Kernresonanzmessung bei tiefer Temperatur eine Aussage über den aromatischen Charakter der Komplexe zu erhalten.

An evaluation ofPlato sine ira et studio seems hardly possible. Especially since the publication of Popper's sensational book "The open Society and its Ennemies" adherents and opponents have been more sharply divided than ever. lt may help to clear up the matter if we consider how Plato was regarded in Greece itself in his own time. Then we see that his contemporaries - with the exception of the more intimate circle of pupils and admirers-reacted partly with antipathy, partly with surprise because of the un-Grecian cha­ racter of his philosophical and political theories. Plato was thought to be haughty and unsympathetic. This fits in with the philosopher's personality as we encounter it in his books: nowhere do we find warm, genuine human kindness, spiritual values are the only thing that matters while, as with Plato's teacher Socrates, the heart does not receive its due. lt has been said, wrongly, that no humanist ideas may be expected from Plato, because the idea of humanism is of later origin, and in Plato's time unknown. In his treatise on Anthröpismos-Humanitas Dr. ]. Meerwaldt has shown this assertion to be at complete variance with the real facts and that the Greek equivalent of the Latin humanitas has already been formulated by Plato's contemparary Aristippos. In his judgment of slavery, in his militarism Plato is behind his times.

In 1785 Johann Gottfried Herder lamented the dearth of accurate infor­ mation concerning the peoples of Africa. His assertion is true even today of wide areas of this continent, despite developments in the sciences per­ taining to Africa, in which Germany lags far behind many other countries. Not only the need for a better understanding of the problems of Africa's peoples in the face of present-day radical social and cultural change, but our historical interest in the traditional ways of life, in the religious beliefs, and the arts and crafts, which, within a few decades, will belong irrevocably to a forgotten past, demand of us systematic research into the world views, the norms and the patterns of behaviour of numerous still scarcely known ethnic groups. This article is based on part of the ethnographie material collected by the author among the Bulsa of Northern Ghana between September, 1966 and April, 1967. It represents an attempt to disco ver whether the poetry and stories of this West African farming people can be used as a means to explore their value system and their conception of environmental and social "reality". But to understand these songs and stories, we must also understand the traditional religious customs and beliefs and the economic and social orders of this society. Our previous knowledge of this ethnic group, which numbers between 60,000 and 70,000 people, was limited to a few remarks by Cardinall, Tauxier and Rattray.

Methods of micro detection and estimation, distribution in plant king­ dom, biological functions, and biogenesis of volatile amines are reviewed. So far the occurence in plants of the following volatile amines has been proved: methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, i-propyl-, i-butyl-, i-amyl-, n-hexyl-, ß-phenylethyl-amine. Investigations carried out in the authors laboratory with saprophytically grown mycelia of Claviceps purpurea have demonstrated that several ali­ phatic amines are formed by decarboxylation of the respective amino acids. As acetaldehyde was shown to be aprecursor of ethyl amine another pathway of amine biogenesis is likely to ex ist. Resume L'auteur donne une vue d'ensemble des methodes de microdetermination et de microdosage des amines volatiles, de leur distribution dans le regne vegetal, de leurs fonctions biologiques et de leur biogenese. Jusqu'ici, on a reussi a demontrer la presence dans les plantes des amines volatiles suivan­ tes: methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, n-propyl­ amine, i-propylamine, i-butyl amine, i-amyl amine, n-hexylamine et ß-phe­ nyIethylamine. Les essais faits dans le laboratoire de l'auteur, avec du mycelium de Claviceps purpurea cultive dans des conditions saprophytiques, ont montre que quelques amines aliphatiques prennent naissance par decarboxylation des amino-acides correspondants. L'acetaldehyde s'etant avere un precurseur de l'ethylamine, on peut en conclure que la biogenese des amines peut encore se faire vraisemblablement par une autre voie. Diskussion Professor Dr. phil. Lothar Jaenicke Ich möchte fragen, ob die Gas-Chromatographie von Aminen nicht eine geeignetere Methode zur Analyse dieser Substanzen ist als die Papier­ Chromatographie.

Modern high-pressure-high-temperature methods, mainly developed within the last twenty years, have vastely extended the pressure-temperature-region for synthesis work from pressure of about 1000 atm. at temperatures up to 0 500 C twenty years aga to some 100000 atm. and temperatures weH above 0 4000 C today. Thus a broad promising /ield 0/ experimental research has been opened out for science and technology. An incentive to the development of these new experimental techniques has been the diamond synthesis which after it was first achieved in 1953/54 (Gen. EI. Comp. ; Norton Comp. ; ASEA) has since been taken up by numerous other research groups and which has already been applied industrially to a certain extent. In detail: I. The basic phase equilibria of the diamond synthesis and the problems connected with the transformation curve graphit -+ diamond were discussed, and on this basis the experimental conditions of the hitherto secured syn­ theses were criticaHy reviewed. H. The construction principles, materials and measuring techniques of the new synthesis equipments were discussed as the main items of the new high­ pressure-high-temperature methods. Special interest was shown in the auto­ clave construction and material as weH as in the methods for measuring extremely high pressures. III. The construction principles of the most important high-pressure-high­ temperature-apparatus were expounded, viz. the "Belt" of the Gen. EI. Comp. as an example of a 2-piston-autoc1ave, the ASEA 6-piston-autoc1ave, the Hall 4-piston-tetraeder-autoclave and the Norton-Coes universal auto­ clave. IV.

In this paper recent work at the Physics Institute of the University of Technology Aachen and the Institute of Plasmaphysics of the Nuclear Research Center jülich is reported. In the first part the hydromagnetic theory of bearings is given. At first the hydromagnetic case of a flow between two plane plates slightly inclined towards each other is calculated. The results are applied to the case of the flow of an electrically conducting fluid in a cylindrical bearing. In analogy to the treatment in the hydrodynamic theory of bearings similarity laws have been derived. In the hydromagnetic case these laws could be calculated explicitly only in the limiting case of high magnetic fields. The effective viscosity is found to be equal to the product of the Hartmann number and the mechanical viscosity. In the second part of the paper magnetically driven shocks of high values of the Mach-number are discussed. The planarity of the luminous front has been studied by streak-camera photographs. The velocity of the luminous front as a function of the distance from the shock-generating coil and of the initial pressure have been measured. Precursor signals and the electron temperature immediately behind the luminous front have been measured with the he1p of time resolved spectro­ scopy.

In ate-complexes, i.e. coordination complexes with a negative charge cen­ ter, all the ligands are anionically activated and hydrogen atoms bound to IX-or ß-carbon are hydride-mobile. This hypothesis is substantiated, in cor­ relation with known onium-complexes which behave in the opposite way, by aseries of typical examples, or is brought into the discussion as to whether short-lived, i.e. non-isolable, ate-complexes are involved in the reaction process. Resume Dans les complexes at (combinaisons coordinatives dont l'atome central possede une charge negative), tous les ligants sont actives anioniquement; les atomes d'hydrogene lies aux carbones IX et ß sont mobiles sous forme d'ions hydrures. Cette hypothese, qui est mise en correlation avec les complexes oniums, connus et au comportement oppose, est confirmee par quelques exemples typiques; elle peut etre mise en discussion pour autant que des complexes at ephemeres, qu'on ne saurait donc isoler, interviennent dans le processus reactionnel. Diskussion Professor Dr. phil. Otto Schmitz-DuMont Herr Wittig, Sie sind auf die sehr interessante Reaktion eingegangen, die Herr Hellwinkel zwischen Phosphorpentachlorid und Diphenyldilithium durchgeführt hat. Dieses Reaktionsbild steht in einem völligen Einklang mit der Struktur des festen kristallisierten Phosphorpentachlorid-Komplexes. Nun haben Phosphorpentafluorid und Phosphorpentabromid ganz an­ dere Strukturen. Da würde mich interessieren, wie es etwa bei Phosphor­ pentafluorid und Phosphorpentabromid ist. Phosphorpentabromid ist ja in festem kristallisierten Zustand eine salzartige Verbindung mit [PBr ] + als 4 Kation und Br und nicht etwa [PBr ] - als Anion.

The "Haus der Wissenschaften", which houses the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung in Nordrhein-Westfalen, was completed in 1960. It is not built on a grand scale, but, as befits its purpose, has been provided with a great amount of up-to-the-minute technical equipment. Its builder, who has been made a member of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft, takes this building as an example in his demonstration to other members, from other fields of science and research, of the working methods, the difficulties, the duties and the risks involved in modern architecture. Examples are given of the constructional, technical, financial, sodologi­ cal, sodal and organizing sides of the master-builder's work, as also of its physiological and psychological aspects. An outline is given of the number of factors that influence him and the risks involved in calculating between them: these include tradition, experience, the results of research, scientific knowledge, emotional factors and effects, design laws artistic intention and functional demands. The importance of team-work is stressed, and team­ work itself praised. Finally it is emphasized with due seriousness that, today as always, the architect and his team bear only half the responsibility. The other half lies with the man commissioning the work, not only in respect of his building programme and its requirements, but also, and this is of primary importance, of his continual cooperation in the reallzation of the building.

The human sense of hearing can derive information not only from asound impulse with respect to the source of the sound and the signal emanating from it, but, within certain limits, can also detect the direction of sound in­ cidence, the distance from the sound source and - in the case of sounds within closed areas - specific characteristics of these areas. The knowledge that our sense of hearing possesses these capabilities is of importance for certain tech­ nical processes of transmission and, conversely, new technical processes of transmission open up new research possibilities in the field of spatial hearing. Resume L'ouie humaine ne peut pas seulement gagner, a partir d'une excitation acou­ stique, une information sur la source du son et le signal emis de celle-ci mais, au-dela de cela, aussi percevoir, au-dedans de certaines limites, la direction d'incidence du son, la distance de la source du son et, pour des evenements sonores dans des pieces fermees, certaines caracteristiques de celles-ci. La connaissance de ces capacites de notre ouie est importante pour certains pro­ cecles techniques de transmission et, inversement, de nouveaux procedes tech­ niques de transmission creent de nouvelles possibilites de recherche sur le sec­ teur de l'ouie spatiale. Diskussion Staatssekretär Professor Dr. h. c. , DrAng. E. h. Leo Brandt Haben die zuletzt erwähnten Versuche einen besonderen technischen Zweck gehabt; standen sie in einem Zusammenhang mit dem Rundfunk in Köln? An dieser Frage sind einige der hier Anwesenden sehr interessiert. Magnifizenz Professor DrAng.