Bøger i Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science Series serien

This new book addresses the status of the field of System Dynamics 60+ years after its inception. It presents state-of-the-art expositions by leading authorities in either a facet of the theory and methodology of the subject or its application in a specific domain. Exhibiting greater reach and authority than would be possible in a conventional authored textbook, the volume includes nine chapters covering methodological aspects, and 14 on various contemporary applications.Emerging from the System Dynamics section of the Encyclopedia of Complexity & Systems Science, First Edition (2009), the book features brand new chapters covering project management, workforce modelling, applications in defense, operations management, engineering of strategy, the roots of model validation, as well as many considerably enhanced versions of existing chapters. Together, the chapters reveal a remarkable landscape of theory and practice, and how System Dynamics can contribute critical policy insights to a broad audience of students and professionals across many fields of study.

This volume of the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, is a unique collection of concise overviews of state-of-art, theoretical and experimental findings, prepared by the world leaders in unconventional computing. Topics covered include bacterial computing, artificial chemistry, amorphous computing, computing with Solitons, evolution in materio, immune computing, mechanical computing, molecular automata, membrane computing, bio-inspired metaheuristics, reversible computing, sound and music computing, enzyme-based computing, structural machines, reservoir computing, infinity computing, biomolecular data structures, slime mold computing, nanocomputers, analog computers, DNA computing, novel hardware, thermodynamics of computation, and quantum and optical computing. Topics added to the second edition include: social algorithms, unconventional computational problems, enzyme-based computing, inductive Turing machines, reservoir computing, Grossone Infinity computing, slime mould computing, biomolecular data structures, parallelization of bio-inspired unconventional computing, and photonic computing.Unconventional computing is a cross-breed of computer science, physics, mathematics, chemistry, electronic engineering, biology, materials science and nanotechnology. The aims are to uncover and exploit principles and mechanisms of information processing in, and functional properties of, physical, chemical and living systems, with the goal to develop efficient algorithms, design optimal architectures and manufacture working prototypes of future and emergent computing devices.

Topics added to the second edition include: asynchronous cellular automata, stochastic cellular automata as models of reaction-diffusion processes, cellular automata hardware implementation, cellular automata basins of attraction, orbits of Bernoulli measures in cellular automata, and graphs related to reversibility and complexity in cellular.

This volume in the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science (ECSS) covers such fascinating and practical topics as (i) Vehicular traffic flow theory, (ii) Studies of real field traffic data, (iii) Complex phenomena of self-organization in vehicular traffic, (iv) Effect of automatic driving (self-driving vehicles) on traffic flow, v) Complex dynamics of city traffic, (vi) Dynamic control and optimization of traffic and transportation networks, including dynamic traffic assignment in the network, (vii) Pedestrian traffic, (viii) Evacuation scenarios, and (ix) Network characteristics of air control. Review articles are written by international experts covering the diverse and complex dynamics of traffic management. Topics new to the Second Edition of ECSS include microscopic traffic flow models, self-driving, complex dynamics of bus, tram and elevator delays, and breakdown minimization.

This volume of the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, focuses on current challenges in the field from materials and mechanics to applications of statistical and nonlinear physics in the life sciences. Challenges today are mostly in the realm of non-equilibrium systems, although certain equilibrium systems also present serious hurdles. Where possible, pairwise articles focus on a single topic, one from a theoretical perspective and the other from an experimental one, providing valuable insights. In other cases, theorists and experimentalists have collaborated on a single article. Coverage includes both quantum and classical systems, and emphasizes 1) mature fields that are not covered in the current specialist literature, (2) topics that fall through the cracks in disciplinary journals/books, or (3) developing areas where the knowledge base is large and robust and upon which future developments will depend. The result is an invaluable resource for condensed matter physicists, material scientists, engineers and life scientists.

The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science (ECSS, 2009) presented a comprehensive overview of granular computing (GrC) broadly divided into several categories: Granular computing from rough set theory, Granular Computing in Database Theory, Granular Computing in Social Networks, Granular Computing and Fuzzy Set Theory, Grid/Cloud Computing, as well as general issues in granular computing. In 2011, the formal theory of GrC was established, providing an adequate infrastructure to support revolutionary new approaches to computer/data science, including the challenges presented by so-called big data. For this volume of ECSS, Second Edition, many entries have been updated to capture these new developments, together with new chapters on such topics as data clustering, outliers in data mining, qualitative fuzzy sets, and information flow analysis for security applications. Granulations can be seen as a natural and ancient methodology deeply rooted in the human mind. Many daily "things" are routinely granulated into sub "things": The topography of earth is granulated into hills, plateaus, etc., space and time are granulated into infinitesimal granules, and a circle is granulated into polygons of infinitesimal sides. Such granules led to the invention of calculus, topology and non-standard analysis. Formalization of general granulation was difficult but, as shown in this volume, great progress has been made in combing discrete and continuous mathematics under one roof for a broad range of applications in data science.

This volume in the Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Second Edition, covers recent developments in classical areas of ergodic theory, including the asymptotic properties of measurable dynamical systems, spectral theory, entropy, ergodic theorems, joinings, isomorphism theory, recurrence, nonsingular systems. It enlightens connections of ergodic theory with symbolic dynamics, topological dynamics, smooth dynamics, combinatorics, number theory, pressure and equilibrium states, fractal geometry, chaos. In addition, the new edition includes dynamical systems of probabilistic origin, ergodic aspects of Sarnak's conjecture, translation flows on translation surfaces, complexity and classification of measurable systems, operator approach to asymptotic properties, interplay with operator algebras