Bøger i Monographiae Biologicae serien

The present monograph carefully revises the taxonomy, nomenclature, and ecology of all nominal species of spathidiids and shows that spathidiid diversity has been greatly underestimated.

How many marine species are there in Costa Rica? Recent estimates of the numbers of species on coral reefs range from 1-9 million, so that the true number of marine species in Costa Rica is certainly far higher. Indeed the task of describing marine species is daunting - if there really are about 9 million marine species and Costa Rica has 3.

PAR A. LAFONTAINE Directeur de l' Institut d' Hygiene et d' Epidemiologie, Bruxelles L'histoire des fievres typhoides et paratyphoides presente une etonnante opposition entre le caractere definitif des descriptions magistrales des diniciens du XIX 0 siede et la fiuctuation des decouvertes biologiques qui, a chacune de leurs etapes, ont a la fois ouvert un chapitre pathogenique nouveau et servi de depart ades techniques nouvelles. C'est en 1820 que BRETONNEAU decrit la dothienenterie; neuf ans plus tard, LOUIS realise la synthese anatomo-clinique de la maladie et, en 1834, CHAUVEL lui donne le nom de fievre typhoide: leurs descriptions resterent inattaquables jusqu'au moment OU les fievres typhoides et paratyphoides virent leur pronostic modifie et leur evolution acceleree par l'usage du chloramphenicol de WOOD­ WAARD et SMADEL. La nature epidemique et l'allure contagieuse furent demontrees par TROUSSEAU, par PETTENKOFER et par BUDD, mais ce n' est qu' en 1880 qu' EBERTH decela Je bacille typhique dont les caracteres furent mis en evidence par GAFFKI: c'etait la premiere Salmonella, debut de la longue serie que nous continuons a identifier. WIDAL et SCHOTTMÜLLER ouvrirent deux nouveUes etapes biolo­ giques de la maladie en ajoutant aux possibilites de diagnostic l'appoint considerable de l'agglutination specifique et de l'hemocul­ ture.

2 In China, there are more than 2,759 lakes with surface area greater than 1km , and 2 the total lake area is 91,019km . Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China, with an area of about 2 2338km and a mean depth of 1.

This book synthesises the historical trends of the lake fisheries, the lake ecology, biology and biodiversity, socio-economics, stock assessment, aquaculture, fish quality assurance, environmental quality and management of the fisheries resources.

What have we learnt about the Nile since the mid-1970s, the moment when Julian Rzoska decided that the time had come to publish a comprehensive volume about the biology, and the geological and cultural history of that great river?

This book synthesises the historical trends of the lake fisheries, the lake ecology, biology and biodiversity, socio-economics, stock assessment, aquaculture, fish quality assurance, environmental quality and management of the fisheries resources.

The book is divided into three parts whereby the first part is devoted to several groups of aquatic organisms which are under-studied in terms of the dormancy's role in the life cycle.

2 In China, there are more than 2,759 lakes with surface area greater than 1km , and 2 the total lake area is 91,019km . Lake Taihu is the third largest freshwater lake in China, with an area of about 2 2338km and a mean depth of 1.

The book is divided into three parts whereby the first part is devoted to several groups of aquatic organisms which are under-studied in terms of the dormancy's role in the life cycle.

This book is the third in aseries of publications devoted to the biogeographieal and ecological research in the Southern Hemisphere, published in the "e;Monographiae Biologicae"e;. After dealing with Australia (vol. VIII) and Southern Africa (Vol. XIV) it was thought essential to include Antarctiea in this series. Ever since the expedition of the "e;Belgiea"e; made the first suc- cessful wintering within the antarctie circle in 1898 and brought back a very rieh harvest of scientific data, Belgium kept a vivid interest in Antarctiea and took an active part in the modern and international exploration of this vast continent. As part of their programs for the International Geophysieal Year (I. G. Y. ) twelve nations established permanent or semi-permanent bases on the Antarctie Continent or on subantarctie islands. Thus a new era of vast and free international scientific collaboration in the Antarctie was opened and it culminated in the formulation and the signing of the Antarctic Treaty (Washington 1959). It was recognized and accepted that "e;Antarctiea"e; shall be used for peaceful purposes only and "e;Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctiea and coopera- tion toward that end, as applied during the I. G. Y. , shall continue . . "e; In order to organize this collaboration e. g. by full exchange of programs and resuIts a "e;Special Committee on Antarctie Research"e; (S. C. A. R. ) was founded in 1957.

Understanding the biogeography of Australia requires knowledge of both existing and former environments. The existing environment is discussed elsewhere in the volume but a few salient points should be reiterated. Three-quarters of Australia is either arid or semi-arid and even much of the better-watered fringes has long dry seasons. Vast stretches of ocean separate it from other land masses except in the north where New Guinea and Indonesia form 'stepping stones' to and from Asia. It is also a low continent with over 99% of its area below 1000 m; even the highest summits barely exceed 2000 m. Since most of the surface has undergone prolonged weath­ ering, poor soils are the rule. The impact of man on the landscape has been less than in more densely settled continents. Aboriginal man has inhabited the continent for 40,000 years or more but agriculture and stock rearing have operated for less than two centuries and the present rural population is sparse. Large parts of the dry interior are not occupied although they are affected to some extent by introduced feral animals.

Radiochemical methodology constitutes the most important base for the successful functioning of a PET group in the routine production and development of radiopharmaceuticals. Of the several hundred products which have been labelled with positron emitters during the past two decades about 35 are presently considered to be of major interest. The time for a state-of-the-art review is right, since this field has advanced over the past fifteen years to reach a level where guidelines can now be suggested. Chapters of this book deal with each of the main methodological aspects of the chemistry needed to develop an effective radiopharmaceutical, namely radionuclide production, automation and metabolite analysis. A further chapter on QA/QC is written by a broadly-based expert group and is meant to provide a guideline and a base for future monographs and regulations on major PET radiopharmaceuticals of today. This book will help the increasing numbers of scientists who are now entering the field of PET to appreciate the methodological aspects that are normally addressed by chemists in relation to PET radiopharmaceuticals; it provides many useful practical guidelines and will promote early success in their own endeavours, since these will often necessarily begin by establishing chemical methodology of the kind discussed here.

Lake Titicaca, because of its area and volume and its situation at high attitude within the tropics, is a unique hydrological site in the world. It should be noted that it stands at the transition point between two very distinct geographical regions: the desert fringe of the Pacific coast to the west and the great Amazonian forest extending to the Atlantic coast to the east. Many scientists have been attracted to the lake in the past because of its unusual limnological features. In this book the editors have compiled an exhaustive review of current knowledge from the existing literature and from the results of more recent observations. It is certain that this book will become the essential reference work for scientists wanting to make progress in revealing the lake's secrets. It can be stated unequivocally that this work constitutes a complete review of the present state of knowledge on Lake Titicaca and that it provides the latest results of research on this habitat.

Baikai is the deepest lake on earth and one of the most ancient. The pronounced endemism and specific wealth of its fauna andflora has attracted the keen interest of biologists and biogeographers all over the world. A start on the Baikai studies was made more than 200 years ago, but they have been carried on with the greatest intensity in the last 30 to 40 years, and more than 1,000 scientific works devoted to it have appeared in this period. Hence there is an urgent need for a summary of the main results of more than 200 years' study of one of the most remarkable lakes of our planet, and this the author has endeavoured to provide. A zoologist and hydrobiologist hirnself, he has concentrated on the living world of the lake. The author has for many years worked at Baikai as head of the Biologo-Geographical Institute and the Baikai Biological Station of Irkutsk University. In preparing this book for the press the author has received invaluable assistance from cartographer N.V. TYUMEN­ TSEV, algologists N.L. ANTIPOVAandO. M. KOZHOVA, hydrobiologists G. L. VASILYEVA, G. J. SHNYAGINA, L. J. PROTASOVA and R. A.

This book is the third in aseries of publications devoted to the biogeographieal and ecological research in the Southern Hemisphere, published in the "Monographiae Biologicae". After dealing with Australia (vol. VIII) and Southern Africa (Vol. XIV) it was thought essential to include Antarctiea in this series. Ever since the expedition of the "Belgiea" made the first suc­ cessful wintering within the antarctie circle in 1898 and brought back a very rieh harvest of scientific data, Belgium kept a vivid interest in Antarctiea and took an active part in the modern and international exploration of this vast continent. As part of their programs for the International Geophysieal Year (I. G. Y. ) twelve nations established permanent or semi-permanent bases on the Antarctie Continent or on subantarctie islands. Thus a new era of vast and free international scientific collaboration in the Antarctie was opened and it culminated in the formulation and the signing of the Antarctic Treaty (Washington 1959). It was recognized and accepted that "Antarctiea" shall be used for peaceful purposes only and "Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctiea and coopera­ tion toward that end, as applied during the I. G. Y. , shall continue . . " In order to organize this collaboration e. g. by full exchange of programs and resuIts a "Special Committee on Antarctie Research" (S. C. A. R. ) was founded in 1957.

In spite of its proximity to Africa (the distance between Cap Saint­ Andre and the African coast is only 300 km. ) Madagascar cannot be considered as adependent part of that continent. The Great Island has been separated from Mrica from at least the middle of the Secondary, and has evolved separately: its flora and fauna have acquired a very pronounced individuality, in spite ofsome affinities with Africa (although they also have affinities with India and the Indian archipelago). No naturallaboratory could lend itselfbetter ifnot to all, at least to the majority, of the absorbing problems offered for study by the history and evolution of plant and animallife in Madagascar. The edirors have tried to ensure that each of these problems is presented by the foremost authority in his particular field. In the first section, the natural environment, the foundation of any biogeographical study, is analysed. Professor R. BATTISTINI, Director of the Laboratoire de Geographie of the Faculte des Lettres et Sciences humaines of Tananarive opens with a description of the relief and the mairi types of landscape found in Madagascar. Professor P. BRENON, who initiated the teaching of geology and founded the Laboratoire de Geologie of the Faculte des Sciences of Tananarive presents the result often years ofresearch on the geology ofMadagascar. The climate, an essential factor, preliminary to any biogeographical study, is examined in detail by G. DONQ. UE, Maitre-Assistant at the Laboratoire de Geo­ graphie. Professor J.

In 1964 the Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute (LKFRI) was created in Kariba, Rhodesia as a United Nations Development Program Project, and executed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAD) in cooperation with the Governments of Rhodesia and Zambia. Dr. A. G. COCHE took charge of the Limnological Section and conducted research on the entire lake between January 1965 and January 1966. In 1966 the Central Fisheries Research Institute (CFRI) was created in Chilanga, Zambia by the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and National Parks. It was also supported by a UNDP Project executed by FAD. Between 1967 and 1971 Dr. E. K. BALON & Dr. A. G. COCHE were in charge of the Sections of Ichthyobiology and of Limnology respectively. The results of their FAD research activities on Lake Kariba are united in this volume. In the first part A. G. COCHE presents a limnological synthesis. In the second part E. K. BALON studies in detail the fish production and succession. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Distribution and Range . . . 142 The Tasmanian Trout Fishery 153 Population Dynamics of Tench 163 Conservation Notes 167 Bibliography . . . . . . . . 168 VII. Littoral Biogeography by A. J. DARTNALL 171 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 The Maugean Marine Province. . . . . . 175 Distribution Patterns of some Tasmanian Marine Animals 178 Conclusions. . . . 190 Acknowledgements 191 Bibliography . . . 191 VIII. The Zoogeography and Evolution of Tasmanian Oligochaeta by B. G. M. JAMIESON. . 195 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 The Australian Region: A World Perspective 198 Earthworms and Continental Drift. . . . . 206 Tasmanian Earthworms - Relationships with the Australian Fauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Tasmanian Megasco1ecid Species and Aspects of their Evolution . 218 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . 226 IX. Oniscoidea (Terrestrial Isopoda) by ALISON J. A. GREEN . . . . . . . 229 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Ecological Distribution. . . . . . . 229 Comments on Ecological Distribution 235 Geographical Distribution of Species Recorded from T- mania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Geographical Distribution of Genera Recorded from T- mama. . . . . . 239 Acknowledgements 247 Bibliography . . . 247 X. The Amphibia of Tasmania by M. J. LITTLEJOHN and A. A. MARTIN 251 Introduction 251 Taxonomy. 251 Distribution 265 Biology . . 268 Zoogeography . . 272 Evolution . . . . 277 Acknowledgements 282 Bibliography . . . 282 Key 1: Key to Frogs (Adults) . 286 Key 2: Key to Male Mating Calls . 287 Key 3: Key to Eggs. . 288 Key 4: Key to Tadpoles . . . . . 289 XI. Biogeography and Ecology of the Reptiles of Tasmania and the Bass Strait Area by P. A. RAWLINSON. 291 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Cainozoic Climates and Pleistocene Sea Levels. 292 Present Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Ecological Requirements of Reptiles. . . . . 299 The Reptile Fauna of Tasmania and the Bass Strait Area - Composition, Ecology and Distribution. . . .