Bøger i Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences serien

The field of nanotechnology for targeted therapy initiated more than decade ago has grown fast and interest is increasing. Given the importance of the field for targeted drug and gene delivery systems, there are a large number of laboratory investigations today researching nanobiomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Because of the ability of scientists to load nanoparticles with any agent, interest continues to grow and technology in this arena is rapidly evolving. These emerging nanobiomaterials-based medicines can overcome the disadvantages of traditional medicines by target-oriented and site-specific delivery of precise medicines (immunotherapeutic agents, chemotherapeutic agents, diagnostic agents, and so on).Pharmaceutical Nanobiotechnology for Targeted Therapy presents an updated overview of recent advancements in the field of pharmaceutical nanobiotechnology and nano-based drug and gene delivery systems. This comprehensive knowledge will allow researchers to discover innovative nanobiomaterials for targeted therapeutics. The chapters deal with various emerging nanobiomaterials for targeted therapeutic delivery systems and the writing is in a style that is easily disseminated and in a manner that can be readily adopted as sources for new and further studies.This book should be useful for researchers and professionals from academia and industry working in the field of nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, as well as in the field of pharmaceutical nanotechnology. It should also be useful to those interested in a range of disciplines from material science, chemistry, molecular biology, polymer chemistry, and many more interdisciplinary areas.

Quantum dots (QDs) are important in the research and industrial fields due to their diverse properties and technological importance. Recently, QDs have been found to be suitable for biological, biomedical, agricultural, and food science applications. Many research articles, review papers, and internet sources have published on the use of QDs to improve plant growth and yield, but a comprehensive overview in book form has not been available to date. This book provides detailed information on synthesis, functionalization, and the use of various types of quantum dots for plant systems. It also addresses the current state of knowledge on sensing mechanisms of QD-based biosensors used for microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plant virus detection. This book also offers in-depth knowledge related to QDs used for plant growth, nutrients, and plant protection from micro-organisms. This volume is beneficial as one comprehensive resource for students, researchers, scientists, technicians, academicians, and industrialists.

The main practical breakthrough of this century is nanobiotechnology, an amalgamation of biology and nanotechnology based on the standards and methods of metabolism. The field mainly involves the analysis, synthesis and the links between molecular biology, nutritional science and nanotechnology. In addition, the field involves the links between other life sciences branches, since the improvement of nanotechnology strategies might be directed by considering the structure and the capability of nanoparticles present in the living cells. This book is a comprehensive evaluation of the latest nanobiotechnological developments, with an emphasis on applications, especially in aquaculture. It outlines, in-depth, modern techniques, and includes a variety of important sources that make this the perfect resource for researchers in this captivating world of nanobiotechnology.

The range of nanomaterial applications has expanded recently from catalysis, electronics, and filtration to therapeutics, diagnostics, agriculture, and food because of unique properties and potentials of different nanoparticles and nanomaterials.

Various applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles have been discovered, especially in the field of biomedical research, such as applications to specific delivery of drugs, use for tumor detection, angiogenesis, genetic disease and genetic disorder diagnosis, photoimaging, and photothermal therapy.

Microbial Nanobionics: Volume 1, State of the Art, discusses a wide range of microbial systems and their utilization in biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The rich biodiversity of microbes makes them excellent candidates for potential nanoparticle synthesis biofactories.

PrefaceChapter 1: Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensor and Biosensors for Environmental ContaminantsWei-Wei Zhao, Nanjing University, ChinaChapter 2: Research Insights on the Development of BiosensorsMohan Kumar A., Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, IndiaChapter 3: Toxic Gas Sensors and BiosensorsUmesh Arun Fegade, Bhusawal Arts Science and P.O. Nahata Commerce College, IndiaChapter 4: Biosensors Used for Monitoring Environmental ContaminantsNaveen Patel, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Agartala, IndiaChapter 5: Screen Printed Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental ContaminantsVinu Mohan A.M., Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, IndiaChapter 6: Sensors and Biosensors for Environmental ContaminantsHeba M. Mohamed, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, EgyptChapter 7: Green Synthesis of (Nano)Materials for (Bio)SensingJose Maria Palacios-Santander, Institute of Research on ElectronMicroscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Cadiz, SpainChapter 8: Green Synthesis of Plasmonic Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application of Environmental ContaminantsAli Mehdinia, IranChapter 9: Ionic Liquids Modified Sensors and Biosensors for Detection of Environmental ContaminantsAbdur Rahim, Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, PakistanChapter 10: Nano-Biosensors for Detection of Phenolic CompoundsFethi Achi, Kasdi Merbah University, AlgeriaChapter 11: Noble Metal: Metal Oxide Hybrid Nanoparticles for SERS-Based SensorsNeena S. John, Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, IndiaChapter 12: Molecularly Imprinted Nanosensors for Microbial ContaminantsNeslihan Idil, TurkeyChapter 13: Nanomaterials as Toxic Gas Sensors and BiosensorsMichael Kobina Danquah, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, USAChapter 14: Flexible Substrate-Based Sensors in Healthcare and Biosensing ApplicationsRashmi Madhuri, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines, IndiaChapter 15: Lab-On-A-Chip Devises for Water Quality MonitoringPrabhakar Sivaraman, Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM IST, IndiaChapter 16: Advanced Nanostructure-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Drug DetectionRazium Ali Soomro, IranChapter 17: Green Sensors for Environmental ContaminantsMahmoud Hamed El-Maghrabey, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Mansoura University, EgyptBibliographyIndex

PrefaceChapter titles and Names of the Contributors and emails:  Heavy metals - definition and nanoparticle uptake in plants Cristina Buzea 1, * (a) and Ivan Pacheco 1,2,3 (a,b,c) 1IIPB Medicine Corporation, Owen Sound, ON N4K 6S5, Canada 2Department of Pathology, Grey Bruce Health Services, 1800 8th St East, Owen Sound N4K 6M9, Canada 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sch├╝lich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada Corresponding author e-mail: cristinabuzea@mdcorporation.ca 2.  Cellular and molecular responses of plant cell against heavy metal toxicity Shatrohan Lal, Sheel Ratna and Rajesh Kumar* Department of Microbiology Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India Corresponding author e-mail:  rajesh_skumar@yahoo.co.in3. Effect of heavy metal stress on growth and yields of crop plants Zahir Muhammad Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Corresponding author e-mail: kzahirmuhammad@yahoo.com4. Heavy metal induced toxicity responses in plants: an overview from physicochemical to molecular levelRitu Chaturvedi1, * and Garima Malik2 1St. John''s College, Agra (U.P.), India, 2R.G. (PG) College, C.C.S University, Meerut (U.P.), India  Corresponding author e-mail:  rituchaturvedi88@gmail.com 5. Heavy metal stress responsive phyto-miRNAs  ├ûzge ├çelik* Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, Istabul, Turkey Corresponding author e-mail: ocelik@iku.edu.tr 6. Phytoremediation: A useful and environment friendly option to combat phytotoxicity of soil heavy metalsMuhammad Ehsan* National Technological Baccalaureate System, Tlaxcala State, Mexico Corresponding author e-mail: muhammadehsan2000@yahoo.com7.Heavy metal contaminated soils: weeds as potential phytoremediation agents - issues and prospects Abdul Majeed*, Zahir Muhammad, Rehmanullah and Habib Ahmad Department of Botany, Government Degree College Naguman Peshawar, Pakistan Corresponding author e-mail:  saikatgantait@yahoo.com  8. Role of beneficial microbes in molecular phytotoxicity of heavy metals.Renu Bhardwaj Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India Corresponding author e-mail: renubhardwaj82@gmail.com9. Mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in plants  Bahman Khoshru1, Mehdi Taghizadeghan 2, Behnam Asgari Lajayer1, Mansour Ghorbanpour3* 1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 2Department of Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 3Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran Corresponding author e-mail:  m-ghorbanpour@araku.ac.ir10. Mechanistic of phytotoxicity caused by heavy metals nanoparticles     Shweta Gehlout

Plant growth and development is closely dependent on the plant environment, including the wide-spread presence of organic and inorganic xenobiotics and pollutants. Currently, heavy metals are the most common inorganic environmental pollutants and they have pronounced effects and consequences not only for plants, but also for the ecosystem in which the plants form an integral component. It has been suggested that these contaminants accumulate in agricultural crops, thus entering the food chain and posing a significant health risk. Plants growing in polluted sites exhibit altered metabolism, reduced growth, and decreased biomass production. These pollutants adhere to plant roots and exert physical or chemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. Yet, plants have developed various defence mechanisms to counteract the toxicity induced by heavy metals. Only detailed study of the processes and mechanisms would allow researchers and students to understand the interactions, responses, and adaptations of plants to these pollutants; however, there are several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological e¿ects of heavy metals. Therefore, this volume provides relevant, state-of-the-art findings on environmental phytotoxicity and the mechanisms of such interactions at the cellular and molecular levels. This volume consists of chapters on relevant topics contributed by different experts or group of experts so as to make available a comprehensive treatise designed to provide an in-depth analysis of heavy metals phytotoxicity.This book may serve as a reference to scientists, researchers and students in the fields of toxicology, environmental toxicology, phytotoxicology, plant biology, plant physiology, plant biochemistry and plant molecular biology, and especially those interested in heavy metals toxicology.

This book blends the science of biology, medicine, bioinorganic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, material and physical sciences, biomedical engineering, electrical, mechanical, and chemical science to present a comprehensive range of advancements.

The book offers in-depth detail that benefits academics and researchers alike, containing broad research from experts in the field, and serves as a guide for students and researchers in the field of nanomedicine, drug delivery, and nanotechnology.

Agriculture is considered as a backbone of developing nations as it caters the needs of the people, directly or indirectly. The global agriculture currently faces enormous challenges like land degradation and reduced soil fertility, shrinking of land, low production yield, water accessibility and a dearth of labor due to evacuation of individuals from farming. Besides, the global population increases at an exponential rate and it is predicted that the global population will be 9 billion by 2050 that in turn leads to food crisis in near future. Although, green revolution revolutionizes the agriculture sector by enhancing the yield but it was not considered as a sustainable approach. Exorbitant use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to boost the crop yield is definitely not a convenient approach for agriculture sustainability in the light of the fact that these chemical fertilizers are considered as double-edged sword, which on one hand enhance the crop yield but at the same timepossess deleterious effect on the soil microflora and thus declines its fertility. Besides, it cause irreversible damage to the soil texture and disrupts the equilibrium in the food chain across ecosystem, which might in turn lead to genetic mutations in future generations of consumers. Thus, the increased dependence on fabricated agricultural additives during and post green revolution has generated serious issues pertaining to sustainability, environmental impact and health hazards. Therefore, nano-biotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to tackle the above problems especially in the agriculture sector. Nano-agribusiness is an emerged field to enhance crop yield, rejuvenate soil health, provide precision farming and stimulate plant growth. Nano-biotechnology is an essential tool in modern agriculture and is considered as a primary economic driver in near future. It is evaluated that joining of cutting edge nanotechnology in agribusiness would push the worldwide monetary development to approximately US$ 3.4 trillion by 2020 which clearly indicates that how agri-nanobiotechnology plays a pivotal role in the agricultural sector, without any negative impact on the environment and other regulatory issues of biosafety. Agri-nanobiotechnology is an innovative green technology, which provides the solution to global food security, sustainability and climate change. The current book is presenting the role of nano-biotechnology in modern agriculture and how it plays a pivotal role to boost the agri-business.

Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection: Volume 2 continues the important and timely discussion of nanotechnology applications in plant protection and pathology, filling a gap in the literature for nano applications in crop protection.

Environmental risks with recent data are discussed as well as risks associated with the transfer of nanoparticles through the food chain. This volume highlights the study of a mechanistic approach and the study of nanoparticles towards nanobionics.

This book focuses on the application of nanotechnology in medicine and drug delivery, including diagnosis and therapy.

Microbial Nanobionics: Volume 2, Basic Research Applications continues the important discussion of microbial nanoparticle synthesis with a focus on the mechanistic approach of biosynthesis towards nanobionics.

One of the most important environmental applications of magnetic nanostructures has been in the treatment of water, whether in the remediation of groundwater or through the magnetic separation and/or sensing of contaminants present in various aqueous systems.

This book serves as a thorough guide for researchers working with nanotechnology to address plant protection problems. Novel nanobiotechnology methods describe new plant gene transfer tools that improve crop resistance against plant diseases and increase food security.